脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠在洗涤剂中的应用性能研究

将脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠(MES)分别配成液体和粉状洗涤剂,测定不同时间内MES的水解率、表面活性剂的发泡力、表面活性剂和洗涤剂的去污力。结果表明,MES在碱性液体洗涤剂和洗衣粉料浆中容易水解,在10%的碳酸钠溶液中水解率达28.87%;MES在硬水中的发泡力明显好于烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)。无论是表面活性剂还是在洗涤剂中,MES均显示出超强的去污力,去污力比值是LAS的1.6~1.7倍;MES与LAS复配时,去污力无协同增效作用。     

α -磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐在餐具 洗涤剂中的应用研究

对α-磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐的性能作基础研究,对其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用配方及使用效果进行了研究。研究结果显示,复配α-磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐的餐具洗涤剂配方,增稠性、温和性、泡沫性和去污力都有不同程度的提升。     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠的性能及在洗衣粉中的应用

采用将脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠（MES）与洗涤剂常用表面活性剂复配的方法,研究了在洗衣粉配方中MES与LAS、AOS复配体系的去污性能及泡沫性能,以及MES中二钠盐的含量对去污力的影响。结果表明,在洗衣粉配方体系中,MES与LAS复配去污性能增效明显,与LAS＋AOS复配体系有一定的去污增效作用,而与AOS复配没有增效作用。随着复配体系中MES用量的增加,洗衣粉泡沫减少。得出MES中二钠盐含量对洗衣粉去污力有较大影响。     

C16～18MES的物化性能及其在洗衣液中的应用研究

α-脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠（MES）以其良好的洗涤性能和卓越的降解性能成为替代石油基表面活性剂的新一代绿色表面活性剂的亮点。研究了C16～18MES水溶液的表面张力等物理化学性质,给出了拟二元相图,并对其在洗衣液配方中的配伍性进行了研究,对研发含MES的液体洗涤剂具有一定指导作用。     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐简称(MES)是以天然动植物油脂为原料制得的脂肪酸系阴离子表面活性剂。它具有良好的去污性、钙皂分散性、抗硬水性、乳化性、增溶性和生物降解性,并能改进肥皂的溶解性。由于MES性能优良,主要用于合成洗衣粉、复合皂粉、复合肥皂、香波以及个人清洁用品中。对MES的生产现状、产品形式、性能以及应用进行了概述。     

Development of an Environmentally Acceptable Detergent Formulation for Fatty Soils Based on the Lipase from the Indigenous Extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain

A lipase derived from an indigenous extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from rancid metalworking fluid was evaluated as a detergent additive. Applicability of the obtained enzyme as an additive in detergent formulations was confirmed by its implementation in the formulations of several new products differing in surfactant type and concentrations, demonstrating satisfactory performance in terms of degreasing efficiency and composition of the washing wastewater. The degreasing efficiency of different enzyme‐containing detergent formulations was studied on cotton fabric samples stained with triolein and compared to that of formulations containing only surfactant. The highest efficiency of the fatty soil removal in formulations with a low content of surfactants (0.4 %) was noted in the enzyme formulation containing Lutensol^® XP‐80 (degreasing efficiency >80 %) and Triton^® X‐100 (degreasing efficiency >60 %). An attempt was then made to optimize the composition of the enzyme formulation on the basis of one or both of these surfactants using statistically planned experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Taking into consideration the environmental aspects and the shown detergency, it appeared that rather high degreasing effects were achieved in formulations based on a low quantities of Lutensol^® XP‐80 (0.4 %) at all pH values. However, pH seemed to have a notable effect since the degreasing efficiency significantly increased with increasing pH and the amount of the enzyme. Formulations having a moderate alkaline pH profile and higher amount of enzyme exhibited a high cleaning performance of fatty soil even at a low concentration of the surfactant.     

Algerian montmorillonite as a builder in a detergent powder

Algerian montmorillonite treated with sodium chloride was used as a substitute for the builders sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium sulfate in a detergent powder. The following performance parameters of the substituted composition powder were examined: pH, foaming, cleaning, sequestering, and ion exchange capacities. The latter factors remained the most important ones for effective detergency. Despite anticipated improvement in hard water ion removal, constant detergency results were observed with the treated montmorillonite-containing powder. This level of efficacy does not meet the cost-effectiveness of a standard detergent powder containing STPP.     

Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Sodium P Zeolite as a Nonphosphate Detergent Builder

This study reports the preparation of hierarchical NaP zeolite with the aim of obtaining a non-phosphate detergent builder as an alternative for environmental remediation from eutrophication phenomenon. Hierarchically structured NaP zeolite was easily synthesized hydrothermally and under different syntheses conditions. Samples were characterized using several standard techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis. Three powder detergents were prepared by mixing main components such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium sulfate, sodium silicate, and sodium carbonate as well as different amounts of as-synthesized zeolite and sodium tripolyphosphate in the detergent formulation as potential detergency builders. Some different detergency tests as pH value, water insolubility, foam height, moisture content, alcohol insolubility, and surface tension measurement were carried out for all synthetic detergent samples and two commercial ones. The results demonstrated that the high cleaning performance of the powders was obtained as using eco-friendly zeolite builders in comparison with phosphate-based commercial and synthetic detergent samples.     

Synthesis and Application of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Based Alkyd Resin in Liquid Detergent

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is the by-product obtained during physical refining of crude palm oil, which mainly consists of free fatty acids along with minor amounts of glycerides, bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, squalene, other hydrocarbons. In the present work, an eco-friendly alkyd resin was prepared using sustainable feedstock such as PFAD along with rosin. The various physico-chemical properties of PFAD-based alkyd resin (PFAD-AR) such as acid value, saponification value, viscosity and volatile matter were determined and compared to palm oil based alkyd resin (PO-AR). The structural properties of the alkyd resins were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The study presents the utilization of PFAD-based alkyd resin with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) in the liquid detergent formulation. The performance properties of the PFAD-based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations such as surface tension, wetting power and detergency were comparable with palm oil based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations and with commercial liquid detergent (CLD). Surface tensions of liquid detergent formulations varied from 20 to 30 mN/m with decrease in concentration. The foaming properties of alkyd resin based liquid detergents are reduced with the increase in the amount of alkyd resin polymer in the formulations. Therefore, it has potential application as a foam reducer in detergent for washing machines.     

烯基磺酸盐的开发,生产,性能及其应用

本文综述了α－烯基磺酸盐的开发,生产过程,产品性能及其在家用洗涤剂中的应用。     

新型无磷洗衣粉配方的研究

由玉米淀粉为原料开发出新型无磷洗涤助剂———玉米淀粉水解氧化物。玉米淀粉水解氧化物含有大量的羧基,对重金属离子如钙、镁离子等有一定的络合能力。以玉米淀粉水解氧化物为主要洗涤助剂,与LAS、AES、AEO9、1631等表面活性剂进行复配,研究了所设计的27种配方的去污能力,并与标准洗衣粉作对比。实验表明:有18种配方其相对标准粉的去污比值P≥1。其中,玉米淀粉水解氧化物∶AES∶AEO9=25∶5∶2和25∶6∶1这两个配方最佳。由此可见,玉米淀粉水解氧化物是一种具有较好发展前途的洗涤助剂,可代替三聚磷酸钠,解决环保问题。     

Comparative study of conventional and compact detergents

Experimental work has been carried out on conventional and compact detergent formulations. Comparative study has focused not only on the package size but also on the type of builder contained in the finished product. The detergency as a function of dosage and some parameters concerning the environmental impact of each category of formulation also have been evaluated. Soiled (with carbon black/olive oil) cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics have been used to determine the detergency (% soil removal). Considering the overall results obtained, it can be stated that compact tripolyphosphate-built detergents impose the lowest chemical load upon the environment for the same detergency performance.     

Production of Microencapsulated Crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) Astaxanthin in Oil by Spray Drying Technology

In this study, an emulsion prepared with flaxseed oil containing crawfish astaxanthin, sodium caseinate, lactose, and water was spray dried to produce microencapsulated flaxseed oil containing crawfish astaxanthin powder (MCA). Production rate and energy used to produce MCA were estimated. Physicochemical properties and storage stability of MCA were determined. The energy required to spray dry the microencapsulated flaxseed oil containing astaxanthin was 2.36 × 10⁴ kJ/kg of emulsion. The microencapsulation efficiency for MCA was 86.06%, which indicated that more oil was encapsulated than on the particles’ surfaces. The particle size of MCA ranged from 6 to 100 µm. The astaxanthin concentration in MCA was 13.76 μg/g powder and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was the predominant fatty acid (53%) in MCA. Degradation of astaxanthin in MCA followed first-order reaction kinetics and could be well described by the Arrhenius equation. The astaxanthin in MCA was more stable when the powder was stored at 5°C than at 25 or 40°C.     

Performance Improvement of Cleaning Formulations for the Exterior Surface of High-Speed Trains

With the development of high-speed railways, there is an increasing demand for high-efficiency and environmentally friendly high-speed rail exterior surface cleaning agents. Based on emulsification experiment, contact angle experiment, solvent solubility experiment, and decontamination effect, this article provides the initial formulation for basic high-speed rail surface cleaner and a variety of improved formulations for special environments. The initial formulation uses cetostearyl alcohol ethoxylate C_16-18-EO₁₀ (O-10) and 2-propyl-1-heptano ethoxylate i-C₁₀-EO₅ (XP-50) as surfactants, dipropylene glycol butyl ether as solvent, citric acid as chelating agent, benzotriazole (BTA), sodium benzoate (SB), and triethanolamine (TEOA) as corrosion inhibitors. Then it is confirmed that adding 3% sodium percarbonate to the initial formula can effectively clean stubborn dirt. Increasing the BTA mass fraction to 3%, TEOA to 12%, add linoleic acid 2%, aluminum corrosion inhibitor (CIA) 3%, and Antirust 316 3%, can significantly improve the high-temperature corrosion-resistant detergent. Controlling BTA concentration not exceed than 0.5%, and adding an appropriate amount of hydrotrope (such as sodium xylenesulfonate), can ensure that the detergent will not delaminate within 6 h at 60°C, which effectively prolong its high temperature stability. The performance test results show that both initial formula and the improved formula meet the basic requirements, but the improved formula shows better performance in terms of cleaning ability, high-temperature corrosion resistance or high-temperature stability.     

Spray Drying of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Juice to Maintain Its Phenolic Content

Spray drying was studied with Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) juice using a Buchi B-290 spray dryer. Different inlet temperatures ranging from 70°C to 120°C and two feed flow rates of 180 ml/hr and 300 ml/hr were considered for the experiment. The operating parameters were optimized in terms of total phenolic content retention, color, and powder recovery. The inlet temperature of 80°C with feed flow rate of 180 ml/hr gave high phenolic content retention with good color but lower recovery of the dried powder, i.e., less than 50%. To increase the recovery percentage during the drying process, the elderberry juice was spray dried with five different wall materials, i.e., soya milk powder, soya protein powder, isolated soya protein, gum acacia, and maltodextrin. Wall materials were evaluated in terms of total phenolic content retention, color of the powder, and mass recovery percentage. The gum acacia and maltodextrin gave better results and high recovery percentage, i.e., more than 70%. The best three combinations were stored under three different storage conditions in three different packagings to monitor the stability of the phenolic content and color of the powder.     

Worldwide studies of mixed active laundry detergency

A cooperative study involving laboratories in the United States, Europe and Japan was conducted to investigate the detergency performance of mixed active detergents. Each location tested mixtures commonly manufactured in their region using wash conditions typical of their area. The utility of the data in selecting optimum cost/performance formulations is discussed. Under typical wash conditions found in the United States and Japan, a mixed-active formulation is not required. In most cases, optimum detergency is obtained by a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) based formulation. In Europe, a mixed active detergent is required. Although LAS provides optimum performance, some soap (or soap plus nonionic |NI|) must be added to control foam.     

A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies

The comparative detergency of a series of built detergents of commercial interest has been measured via the use of a doubly labeled multicomponent synthetic soil. Four test fabrics: cotton, nylon, Dacron, and Dacron/cotton were soiled with the seven-component soil, which was in turn almost completely and then individually labeled. The fabrics were washed in a conventional Tergotometer under cold-water and hot-water conditions. Analyses of the fabrics before and after washing were made by liquid scintillation counting. Two sets of experiments were run, the first based on cold-water detergent formulation (heavy-duty liquid), the second based on hot-water detergent formulation (heavy-duty powder). A number of nonionic surfactants were compared with linear alkyl aryl sulfonate in the first set, and two anionics were compared with two nonionics in the second set. Expressing results as total detergency, i.e., amount of soil removed from all four fabrics, it was found that, under cold-water conditions, LAS (average side chain C₁₃) is significantly less effective than the nonionics investigated. The linear primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₅ and C₁₄-C₁₅) ethoxylates removed slightly more soil than the ethoxylates of a Ziegler alcohol (C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈) and random secondary alcohols (C₁₁-C₁₅). The same tabulation for the heavy-duty powder formulations under hot-water conditions showed LAS to be least effective over-all, sulfated linear primary alcohol somewhat more effective, and ethoxylated linear, primary alcohol slightly more effective still. Redeposition of the various soil components onto unsoiled cotton was found to be slight, ranging from 0.2% to 1.7% of the amount in the wash water. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Philadelphia, October 1966. US Testing Service, Hoboken, N. J.     

Physicochemical Properties of Encapsulated Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) Powder: Influence of High-Pressure Homogenization

Encapsulated red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) powders with gum arabic were produced using a spray-drying method. The raspberry puree samples were treated with and without high-pressure homogenizers prior to spray drying. The physicochemical properties of spray-dried raspberry powders were analyzed. The median particle size (X ₅₀) of raspberry powder produced with high-pressure homogenized puree (14.6 µm) was smaller than raspberry powder produced without high-pressure homogenization applied to puree (18.3 µm). Glass transition temperatures and water contents of encapsulated raspberry powders were not significantly different (p > 0.05) at equivalent water activities. High-pressure homogenization of puree resulted in greater apparent density and porosity for encapsulated raspberry powder. Greater particle size resulted in higher hygroscopicity and water solubility index (WSI) for encapsulated raspberry powder produced without high-pressure homogenization of puree. Anthocyanins concentration was greater in raspberry powder pretreated with high-pressure homogenization although powder exhibited lower brightness, redness, and yellowness.     

Builder performance in detergent formulations and biodegradability of poly(sodium carboxylate) containing vinyl alcohol groups

Two series of poly[(disodium fumarate)co-(vinyl alcohol)] and poly[(disodium maleate)-co-(vinyl alcohol)], containing vinyl alcohol moieties as biodegradable segments in the polymer chain, were prepared and evaluated for builder performance in detergent formulations as well as for their biodegradability. From the biological oxygen demand test and gel permeation chromatography of the polymer in the biodegradation test media, it was found that biodegradability of the copolymers was dependent on the content of vinyl alcohol moieties in the polymer chain. Significant degradation was observed for fumarate copolymers containing more than 75% vinyl alcohol units and for maleate copolymers containing more than 88≈99% vinyl alcohol units in the copolymer chain. The decisive factor for rapid degradation of the polymer by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-degrading microbes seems to be the chainlength of the successive vinyl alcohol groups in the polymer chain. A definite chainlength is needed to become a substrate for the PVA-degrading enzyme. For rapid biodegradation to occur, a copolymer containing more than about five to seven successive vinyl alcohol blocks is needed. Builder performance in the detergent formulation is dependent on the content of carboxylate groups in the polymer. Polymers with high carboxylate content showed better detergency, and the fumarate copolymer was more effective than the maleate copolymer. Detergency performance improved greatly with increasing amounts of polymeric builder used in the detergent formulation.