A novel process for extraction of tea oil from Camellia oleifera seed kernels by combination of microwave puffing and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction

The objective of this study was to extract the oil from Camellia oleifera seed kernels by aqueous enzymatic oil extraction (AEOE). We describe a novel process for extraction of tea oil preceded by tea saponin extraction from C. oleifera seed kernels. The extraction efficiency obtained with microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) is very high, which the recovery yield is up to 83% in 30 s and the saponins in camellia seed kernels can be completely removed by the second MAE. Moreover, an important step in the process development has been the pretreatment by microwave puffing of camellia seed kernel residues followed by AEOE increased oil extraction yield from 53% to 95%, which will is comparable to hexane oil extraction yields from plant materials.     

茶籽皂素的提取及应用研究

介绍了茶籽皂素在农业、医药、日用化工、养殖、建筑等领域的应用研究,重点综述了近些年从茶籽饼中提取茶皂素的各种提取工艺及其特点,并就茶皂素目前的生产和应用情况提出了一些看法和急需解决的问题。     

乙醇提取-丙酮沉淀法提取分离茶皂素的工艺研究

以油茶饼粕为原料,采用乙醇提取-丙酮沉淀法对茶皂素进行提取分离。以茶皂素纯度和得率为考察指标,对乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数、提取液浓缩程度和丙酮用量等工艺参数进行了单因素优化。结果表明：体积分数95%的乙醇为提取溶剂,乙醇与预处理过的油茶饼粕液料比为9：1（mL：g）,提取温度为70℃,提取时间为4 h,提取次数为2次,提取液浓缩至刚好有固体析出,丙酮用量为4倍浓缩液体积量时提取分离效果较佳,得到的茶皂素纯度为85.17%,得率为9.82%。不同溶剂打浆对产品纯化效果的比较发现：丙酮、乙酸乙酯、无水乙醇、体积分数95%的乙醇作为打浆纯化溶剂用于提高茶皂素纯度效果均不明显。     

茶皂素提取和纯化工艺研究

以贵州省优势资源油茶利用后产生的油茶籽和废弃茶籽饼为主要原料,从中提取表面活性剂茶皂素,介绍了目前茶皂素的提取和纯化工艺,并进行了一定对比,以对生产实践进行指导。     

超临界二氧化碳流体萃取油茶籽油及其GC／MS分析

采用环境友好的超临界二氧化碳流体萃取技术制备油茶籽油,考察了压力、时间、温度和二氧化碳流量等因素对茶籽油萃取率的影响,得到优化的工艺参数：当萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度35℃、CO2流量30L／h、萃取时间为3h时茶籽油萃取率可高达44．4％。根据中华人民共和国国家标准进行检测的结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体萃取出的茶籽油,无需进一步精制即可达到国家食用植物油卫生标准GB／T2716—2005,而除含皂量、水分及挥发物外的指标均达到国家一级茶油标准GB11765—2003;GC／MS分析结果表明油茶籽油富含73．6％不饱和脂肪酸。实验结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体技术萃取茶籽油具有操作简便、萃取率高、无溶剂残留、绿色环保等优点,萃取出的茶籽油具有较高的品质和良好的应用前景。     

油茶资源利用及产业发展现状

油茶是世界四大木本油料植物之一,也是我国特有的优质木本油料资源.油茶籽油是一种高档植物油,具有丰富的营养物质和保健功效成分.为了促进油茶资源的合理配置,延伸油茶产业链,提高综合效益,本文对油茶资源的分布和总量进行概述;对油茶籽油、油茶果壳、油茶饼粕的功能成分及利用现状进行分析;纵观油茶产业发展历程总结出油茶产业可推广经...     

茶皂素提取新工艺研究

介绍水提法和醇提法从茶饼粕中提取茶皂素的传统工艺,指出茶皂素水解、杂质去除及滤液浓缩是水提法工业化生产茶皂素的三个关键问题。发明了一种新的水提法,浸提前用化学处理抑制、消除茶饼粕中水解酶的活性,有效抑制茶皂素的水解;用纳滤膜浓缩澄清的浸提液,减少废弃相中茶皂素含量;高速离心分离,有效除去浸提液中的糖类、蛋白质、淀粉、果胶等杂质。从 2个实例来看:该工艺过程简单、设备投资和生产成本低、能耗少,所得茶皂素产品呈淡黄色,纯度超过80%,得率超过 70%。     

乙醇-氨水浸提法提取油茶饼粕中茶皂素的工艺研究

研究乙醇-氨水浸提法从油茶饼粕中提取茶皂素的提取工艺。以乙醇为提取剂,分别考察提取次数、氨水量、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对茶皂素得率的影响,再经正交试验L16(45)得到茶皂素最佳提取工艺为:提取温度78℃,脱脂茶枯质量与溶剂体积的比值(料液比)为1∶10(g/mL),提取时间55 m in,乙醇水溶液的体积分数为70%,氨水的体积分数为0.1%,其茶皂素得率达到22.41%。     

乙醇提取油茶饼残油的研究

探讨了乙醇为溶剂热回流提取油茶饼中残油的方法。通过单因素实验及正交实验考察了乙醇体积分数、液料比、浸提温度、浸提时间及提取次数对油茶饼中残油收率的影响,确定了优化的提取条件为：乙醇体积分数95%、液料比10∶1（mL∶g）、浸提温度92℃、浸提时间3h、提取次数2次。在此优化条件下,油茶饼中平均残油收率达到残油含量的96.04%。研究结果表明,乙醇具有替代6号溶剂油提取油茶饼中残油的前景。     

从茶籽饼中提取茶皂素的生产工艺研究

本文就从茶籽饼③中提取茶皂素的生产工艺进行了比较研究，通过对五种不同提取方法的比较，综合了水浸法和有机溶剂法的优点，总结出了一种新的提取工艺──水提──醇萃法。可得到纯度为９５％的茶皂素，并且成本低，产率高     

茶皂素提取条件的优化及纯化研究

以油茶茶籽粕为原料，采用乙醇水溶液提取茶皂素。在茶籽粉和乙醇料液比1 : 9(g : mL)，乙醇体积分数60%，提取温度60 ℃和提取时间3 h的最佳条件下茶皂素的提取得率达14.9%。用NKA-9型大孔吸附树脂吸附纯化茶皂素粗品，树脂静态吸附与解吸结果表明：树脂静态吸附茶皂素粗提液0.5 h基本饱和，体积分数80%乙醇解吸率为91.1%；动态吸附与解吸时，上样流速8 mL/min较佳，吸附率为66.04%，体积分数80%乙醇洗脱，洗脱流速5.0 mL/min，洗脱体积50 mL时，可使流出液中茶皂素质量浓度在1.25~1.57 g/L之间，茶皂素纯度为95%。     

Distribution and Antioxidant Activities of Free,Conjugated, and Insoluble-Bound Phenolics from Seven Species of the Genus Camellia

Free phenolic (FP), conjugated phenolic (CP), and insoluble-bound phenolic (IBP) acids were extracted from the seeds of seven species of oil-tea camellia and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results indicated that Camellia vietnamensis has the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (31.84 ± 0.11 g of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] kg⁻¹) and that Camellia polyodontia has the lowest TPC (12.34 ± 0.22 g GAE kg⁻¹) in the kernel. The average TPC among the species is similar in both the kernels and in the shells, and the content order of the three forms of phenolic compounds is FP > IBP > CP. HPLC-MS analysis showed the presence of 9–11 phenolic compounds in the FP, CP, or IBP extracts of the seven species of oil-tea camellia seed. Among the phenolics identified, ferulic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were the major contributors of antioxidant activity. Hierarchical cluster analysis conducted based on the phenolic properties showed that C. vietnamensis and Camellia semiserrata belong to the group characterized by high antioxidant capacities (FRAP, ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power; ABTS assay), and Camellia chekiangoleosa and Camellia oleifera are arranged in a group with moderate phenolic properties. The other species constitute the third cluster with low phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The study demonstrated that oil-tea camellia seed contains significant amounts of phenolic acids. In addition, extracts from various parts of the seed could be interesting novel sources of natural antioxidants.     

茶皂素的提取及纯化新方法

以茶枯(即油茶饼粕)为原料,通过有机溶剂提取法进行浸提,并通过实验定用正丁醇萃取法来纯化茶皂素,同时利用一系列的有机法进行定性和紫外可见分光光度法进行定量的分析。     

油茶饼粕生物吸附剂对Ni2+的吸附性能

为充分利用油茶资源,采用醇提、超声辅助醇提、水提和超声辅助水提方法,提取油茶饼粕中的茶皂素,考察了提取剩余物作为油茶饼粕生物吸附剂的可行性和机理.研究表明,超声辅助醇提茶皂素提取率最高,达到19.63%,5种牛物吸附剂吸附Ni2+均可在25 min之内达到吸附平衡,各吸附剂对Ni2+的等温吸附线更符合Langmuir等...     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Pluvialis by Response Surface Methodology and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for the extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction parameters to the content of astaxanthin. Four independent variables such as microwave power (W), extraction time (sec), solvent volume (mL), and the number of extraction were optimized in this paper. The optimal conditions were determined and tri-dimensional response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. The F-test and p-value indicated that microwave power, extraction time, the number of extraction, and their quadratic had a highly significant effect on the response value (p <0.01), then the solvent volume and the interaction effects of microwave power and the number of extraction also displayed significant effect (p <0.05). Considering the extraction efficiency, the optimized conditions of MAE were as follows: microwave power was 141 W, extraction time 83 sec, solvent volume 9.8 mL, the number of extraction four times. About 594 ± 3.02 µg astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis the dried powders (100 mg) under the optimal conditions, and it close to the predicted contents (592 µg). The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained under optimal conditions were analyzed, and the results showed that the extracts presented strong ability of inhibiting the peroxidantion of linoleic acid, exhibited strong radical-scavenging properties against the DPPH, as well as strong reducing power.     

Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid from Radix Astragali using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict optimum conditions for microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of flavonoid from Radix Astragali. A central composite design was used to monitor the effect of temperature, extraction time, solvent‐to‐material ratio, and the ethanol concentration on yield of total flavanoid (TFA). Optimum extraction conditions were predicted as 108.2°C, 26.7 min, 23.1 ml/g solvent‐to‐material ratio and 86.2% ethanol. The maximum yield 1.234±0.031 mg/g was close to the yield of Soxhlet and higher than that of ultrasound assisted extraction and heat reflux extraction. MAE was an effective alternative to conventional extraction methods.     

Prepress solvent extraction of cuphea seed

Simulation of commercial processing of Cuphea seed to obtain needed quantities of oil and meal was accomplished with pilot facilities. Cuphea seed was conditioned in a single-deck cooker. Cooked seed was pressed with a mechanical screw with two-speed shaft, variable-speed drives and a four-section cage with cored sleeves. A feed rate of 22 kg seed/h and a feed screw-to-main shaft ratio of 2:1 gave good press cake with 8.1% residual oil. Press cake was extracted in a batch-type modular extraction pilot plant. Miscella stages were sequentially pumped through the beds, followed by hexane rinses. Spent cake was desolventized and toasted, and full miscellas were stripped to recover the crude oil. The finished Cuphea meal had only 0.30–0.55% residual oil. Thus, conditioned Cuphea seed was easily pressed without prior flaking to acceptable cakes, and conditions simulating commercial solvent extraction efficiently removed residual cake oil.     

Pretreatment Camellia Seeds by Protease and Application to Extraction of Camellia Oil

High-temperature pretreatment that is currently used in camellia oil extraction can have negative effects on the quality of camellia oil. In this study, the enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds is explored as an alternative to high-temperature pretreatment. The main conditions for enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds including enzyme, pH, temperature, time, and buffer solution are optimized using the response surface methodology. Under the optimal conditions of enzymatic pretreatment, the oil recovery is close to 75%. Moreover, residual oil recovery from camellia seeds subjected to 1398 neutral protease pretreatment (4 g per kg seeds) and high-temperature pretreatment are 5.62 ± 0.08% and 9.97 ± 0.18%, respectively. The enzymatic pretreatment is further applied to pre-pressing solvent extraction of camellia oil, the cake oil recovery from camellia seeds subjected to enzymatic pretreatment is higher than that from high-temperature pretreatment. These results show that enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds has potential for application in the oil industry. Practical Applications : This study suggests that enzymatic pretreatment can replace high-temperature pretreatment and improve oil recovery and oil quality. Ultimately, this method can be used to extract camellia oil.     

生物法提取纯天然茶籽油联产茶皂素工艺研究

探讨了生物法提取纯天然茶籽油联产茶皂素的工艺,选择碱性蛋白酶对油茶籽仁进行酶解,经三相离心,茶籽油的提取率高达95％。所得产品属于纯天然高级健康食用植物油,各项指标均符合国家标准。通过膜分离技术可得到具有高生物活性的天然茶皂素,且纯度高达90%。     

茶皂素提取工艺及其应用研究进展

介绍了从茶籽饼提取茶皂素的生产工艺以及茶皂素的化学组成和理化性质,并重点综述了其表面活性、生物活性、药理活性及其在化妆品、洗涤剂和纺织工业等领域的研究和应用;就目前的生产和使用情况提出了一些看法和需要解决的问题。