Simultaneous spectrum sensing,data transmission and Energy harvesting in multi‐channel cognitive sensor Networks with imperfect signal cancellation

In multichannel cognitive sensor networks, the sensor users which have limited energy budgets sense the spectrum to determine the activity of the primary user. If the spectrum is idle, the sensor user can access the licensed spectrum. However, during the spectrum sensing, no data transmits. For improving the network throughput and saving more energy consumption, we propose the simultaneous spectrum sensing and data transmission scheme where the sensor receiver decodes the received signal, and from the remaining signal, the status of the channel (idle/busy) is determined. We also consider that the sensor users are powered by a radio‐frequency (RF) energy harvester. In this case, energy harvesting, data transmission, and spectrum sensing are done simultaneously. On the other hand, we select the proper sensor users for spectrum sensing and energy harvesting. We also allocate the best channels for data transmission simultaneously so that the network throughput maximizes and the constraints on the energy consumption and the detection performance are satisfied for each band. We formulate the problem and model it as a coalition game in which sensors act as game players and decide to make coalitions. Each coalition selects one of the channels to sense and transmit data, while the necessary detection probability and false alarm probability and also the energy consumption constraints are satisfied. The utility function of a coalition is proposed based on the energy consumption, false alarm probability, detection probability, and the network throughput. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to reach a Nash‐stable coalition structure. It is demonstrated that the proposed method maximizes the network throughput and reduces the energy consumption while it provides sufficient detection quality, in comparison to other existent methods.     

Adaptive Spectrum Sensing Algorithm in Cognitive Ultra-wideband Systems

Energy detection is a simple spectrum sensing technique that compares the energy in the received signal with a threshold to determine whether a primary user signal is present or not. Setting the threshold is very important to the performance of the spectrum sensing. This paper proposes an adaptive spectrum sensing algorithm where an optimal decision threshold of energy detection is derived based on minimizing the weighted sum of probabilities of detection and false alarm. Since the optimal decision threshold is dependent on the noise power and signal power, a simple, practical frequency domain approach is devised to estimate both. The algorithm can be used for the detection of various kinds of signals without any prior knowledge of the signal, channel or noise power, and is able to adapt to noise fluctuation. Simulations for detecting narrow-band and wideband signals (phase shift keying signal, frequency shift keying signal, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal) and ultra-wideband (UWB) signals (direct sequence spread spectrum signals) in an IEEE 802.15.3a UWB band are presented. The results show that the proposed algorithm has excellent robustness to noise uncertainty and outperforms the existing spectrum sensing algorithms in the literature.     

Sensing throughput trade‐off for an energy efficient cognitive radio network under faded sensing and reporting channel

The trade‐off between sensing time and throughput is investigated in the context of an energy‐efficient cognitive radio network considering both the sensing and reporting channels are Rayleigh faded, while the existing literature considered the fading in sensing channel only. In this paper, such a trade‐off is re‐examined under Rayleigh faded sensing as well as reporting channel. Novel analytical expressions for overall detection probability and false alarm probability are developed under such scenario. The performance is investigated in terms of detection probability, false alarm probability, throughput and energy efficiency of the network for different sensing parameters such as sensing time, number of samples, sensing channel signal‐to‐noise ratio and reporting channel signal‐to‐noise ratio. Our analysis shows that the quality of the reporting channel significantly affects the trade‐off performance of the network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive wideband spectrum sensing using cosine-modulated filter banks

A multichannel joint spectrum sensing strategy based on cosine-modulated filter banks (CMFBs) was developed to improve sensing efficiency. The received wideband signal was split into several bands through the filters that are constructed by grouping continuous sub-band filters. Through flexibly designing prototype filter, not only the spectrum of non-uniform bandwidth can be estimated, but also the spectral leakage between adjacent channels can be adjusted. The probabilities of false alarm and detection for multichannel jointly spectrum sensing in the Rayleigh fading channel were deduced. The decision thresholds of different channels were obtained as regards the probability of false alarm. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional energy detector, the detection capability and sensing efficiency have been improved, especially at low signal-to-noise ratio. The CMFB-based multichannel joint sensing scheme not only increases the efficiency of detection, but also enhances the flexibility on the control of bandwidth and spectral leakage between neighbouring channels.     

基于多尺度功率谱子带梯度的宽带频谱感知算法与性能分析

为了应对复杂环境下非合作通信、电磁频谱监管等宽带接收中存在的先验信息缺失、信道失真严重以及频域呈现不平坦色噪声的挑战,提出一种基于多尺度功率谱子带梯度的宽带频谱感知算法,该算法不要任何的先验信息,对功率谱进行分段计算梯度,再进行自适应双阈值检测,通过多尺度的技巧提高了宽带频谱感知的稳定性。对该算法在不同信道模型下的统计特性、虚警概率、检测概率以及判决门限的表达式进行了理论推导。理论分析和实验仿真表明,算法适用于高斯噪声信道和平坦衰落信道,能够有效克服色噪声,并且能够实现用户频带范围定位,运算复杂度低、实时性强,对噪声不确定度具有稳健性,能够用于低信噪比场合。     

利用功率谱最大最小平均比的频谱感知算法

由于载波频偏未知和噪声不确定性影响,信号功率谱的最大值和最小值不能根据单个频点来准确估计。该文提出利用功率谱最大最小平均比的频谱感知算法。利用基频附近一段功率谱的平均值作为功率谱最大值估计,利用功率谱中点频率附近一段的平均值作为功率谱最小值估计,将此二者之比作为检测统计量。推导了算法的虚警概率,得到了判决门限。加性高斯白噪声信道和瑞利衰落信道下的仿真结果表明:该算法性能优于基于功率谱分段对消频谱感知算法（PSC）和基于功率谱的平均比值算法（PSRA）,降低了载波频偏未知和噪声不确定性对频谱感知算法性能的影响。      

A micropower CMOS, direct-conversion, VLF receiver chip formagnetic-field wireless applications

A micropower CMOS, direct-conversion very low frequency (VLF) receiver is described for receiving low-level magnetic fields from resonant sensors. The single-chip, phase locked loop (PLL)-synthesized receiver covers a frequency range of 10-82 kHz and provides both analog and 9-b digital baseband I and Q outputs. Digital I and Q outputs are accumulated in a companion digital chip which provides baseband signal processing. Emphasis is plated on the receiver micropower RF preamplifier which uses a lateral bipolar input device because of the significant increase in flicker noise illustrated for PMOS devices in weak inversion. Lateral bipolar transistors are also utilized in the mixer and IF stages for low flicker noise and low dc offsets. Special attention is given to isolating the internal local oscillator signals from the low-level RF input (0.3 μV noise floor in 300 Hz BW), and local oscillator feedthrough is indiscernible in the RF preamplifier output noise spectrum. The 100% duty-cycle receiver, intended for miniature, battery-operated wireless applications, operates approximately four months at 80 μA from a 6-V, 220-mA-hr battery     

衰落信道下的协作频谱检测及其性能分析

在低信噪比和复杂性环境下,协作频谱检测是准确实现频谱感知的有效手段。文中分析了基于能量检测的单用户频谱检测算法以及基于硬判决和等权重的多用户协作频谱检测技术,导出了在高斯信道、Rayleigh衰落信道和Nakagami-m衰落信道情况下协作频谱检测虚警概率和漏检概率的闭合解析式,并对此进行了仿真验证和比较。结果表明,等权重协作频谱检测算法能够有效克服衰落信道对频谱检测的影响。     

Quickest Detection of Multi-channel Based on STFT and Compressed Sensing

This paper proposes a multi-channel quickest detection method based on compressed sensing and short-time Fourier transform. Quickest detection performs a statistical test to obtain the minimal detection delay subject to given false alarm constrains. Short-time Fourier transform, which reflects the time–frequency information, implements the multi-channel quickest detection. Compressed sensing reduces the sampling rate at first. Compared with single-channel spectrum sensing, this method substantially improves the spectrum access opportunity in time and frequency domain. The relationship between the detection delay and other parameters, such as the probability of false alarm, SNR, sparsity, and sampling rate, verifies the validity of the method. While simulation results show that this method can perform spectrum sensing in high detection probability and low probability of false alarm.     

Robust spectrum sensing under noise uncertainty for spectrum sharing

Spectrum sensing plays an important role in spectrum sharing. Energy detection is generally used because it does not require a priori knowledge of primary user, (PU) signals; however, it is sensitive to noise uncertainty. An order statistics (OS) detector provides inherent protection against nonhomogeneous background signals. However, no analysis has been conducted yet to apply OS detection to spectrum sensing in a wireless channel to solve noise uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a robust spectrum sensing scheme based on generalized order statistics (GOS) and analyze the exact false alarm and detection probabilities under noise uncertainty. From the equation of the exact false alarm probability, the threshold value is calculated to maintain a constant false alarm rate. The detection probability is obtained from the calculated threshold under noise uncertainty. As a fusion rule for cooperative spectrum sensing, we adopt an OR rule, that is, a 1‐out‐of‐N rule, and we call the proposed scheme GOS‐OR. The analytical results show that the GOS‐OR scheme can achieve optimum performance and maintain the desired false alarm rates if the coefficients of the GOS‐OR detector can be correctly selected.     

Smart antenna‐assisted spectrum sensing for robust detection in cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of multiband spectrum sensing by employing smart antenna arrays at the cognitive receiver. Although energy detection is widely used for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks because of its simplicity and accuracy, it is severely deteriorated by the noise uncertainty. This paper introduces robust spectrum sensing techniques to circumvent this difficulty, which operate simultaneously over the total frequency channels rather than a single channel each time. To enhance the detection performance, the proposed schemes jointly utilize the information of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, signal and noise subspace components in conjunction with the likelihood functions and Gerschgorin radii. Neither subjective decision threshold setting nor the estimation of noise power is required in our schemes, making them robust to noise uncertainty. Simulations are presented to validate the performance of the proposed schemes, and the results show that our schemes can outperform other existing spectrum sensing methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于功率谱分段对消频谱感知算法研究及性能分析

在实用的认知无线电系统中,频谱感知技术必须具备在噪声电平高动态变化和无线信道严重衰落电磁背景下,进行实时盲频谱感知的能力,这为经典的频谱感知算法带来巨大的挑战。该文提出的功率谱分段对消频谱感知算法,依据傅里叶变换的渐进正态性和相互独立性,计算出功率谱的统计特性,利用监测频带内部分谱线强度和与全部谱线强度和的比值作为检验统计量进行信号存在性的判断。该文推导了算法的虚警概率和不同信道模型下正确检测概率的数学表达式,并依据Neyman-Pearson准则得到判决门限的闭式表达式。理论分析和仿真结果均表明:功率谱分段对消频谱感知算法对噪声不确定度具有鲁棒性;固定信噪比,算法的频谱感知性能不受噪声电平改变的影响;应用于高斯白噪声和平坦慢衰落信道中,可在较宽的信噪比范围内获得较优越的频谱感知性能;算法计算复杂度低,可在微秒级时长内完成频谱感知。     

The application of complex quantized feedback in integrated wireless receivers

Integrated wireless receiver architectures, such as direct-conversion receivers, offer many advantages over the conventional heterodyne receivers including smaller size, lower cost, and reduced power consumption. However, the design of monolithic receivers, using direct-conversion, involves many challenges including dealing with low-frequency disturbances, namely, dc-offset and 1/f noise (especially in CMOS implementations), in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) amplitude and phase mismatch, local oscillator (LO) leakage, and even-order distortions. A cost-effective method to minimize the low-frequency disturbances is to use ac-coupling in the baseband signal path. However, it results in baseline wander effects, especially in spectrally efficient modulation schemes such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) where the baseband signal spectrum contains a significant amount of energy near dc. A system solution to mitigate the effects of low-frequency disturbance is presented in this paper. The quantized feedback (QFB) technique is used in conjunction with ac-coupling to minimize the baseline wander effects. A cross-coupled (CC) QFB extension to compensate for the receiver local oscillator phase error as well as the IQ mismatch is also described. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this complex QFB technique.     

Cooperative spectrum sensing with relay selection

In this paper, we evaluate the detection and false alarm probabilities for relay based spectrum sensing techniques using the energy detector. The communication process consists of two phases. In the first phase, the primary user P transmits and K relays listen. In the second phase, the relays amplify the signal to the fusion center where spectrum sensing based on the energy detector is performed. All relays transmit over orthogonal channels. We also consider cooperative spectrum sensing with best relay selection. Both opportunistic amplify and forward, partial and reactive relay selection are considered. The results are valid for Rayleigh fading channels in the absence or presence of a direct link between P and the fusion center D.     

Reducing the effects of the noise uncertainty in energy detectors for cognitive radio networks

Because of its ease of implementation and minimum requirements about the primary signals' information, energy detection is broadly considered for signal detection in spectrum sensing algorithms. However, the noise uncertainty phenomenon, caused by the random variations in the noise power, degrades the performance of an energy detector, particularly when the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is low. In this work, we propose to reduce the negative effects of the noise uncertainty in the performance of an energy detector by dynamically adapting its detection threshold to the noise conditions experienced at each sensing epoch. The noise power is estimated from the received signal samples using an algorithm based on a high‐pass filters bank and median filtering. With our proposal, it is possible to maintain a constant and low false alarm rate in the presence of noise uncertainty, without increasing the probability of misdetection, even in the low SNR regime, and without increasing the number of samples considered for spectrum sensing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的频谱能量检测研究

频谱传感是下一代无线通信网络的基础。基于蒙特卡洛方法,建立了频谱能量检测的数学模型,仿真了典型信道条件下频谱能量检测的性能,并分析了相应信道条件下虚警率、信噪比、检测时间与检测率之间的关系,以及Log-Normal信道下标准差对检测率的影响。结果表明:仿真结果与理论一致,增加观察时间、提高信噪比或采用分集技术都有利于提高检测率;与理论方法比较,蒙特卡洛方法具有通用性,适用于更复杂的信道情况。     

高斯混合噪声环境中基于分数低阶矩的频谱感知算法研究

传统的频谱感知算法因非高斯噪声的干扰,其检测性能严重退化。为抑制实际通信环境中非高斯噪声的干扰,本文提出了一种基于分数低阶矩的空闲频谱检测方法,该方法不需要主用户信号、通信信道和噪声的先验信息。本文采用高斯混合分布拟合非高斯噪声环境,根据中心极限定理及广义二项式定理推导出信道为无衰落和Nakagami衰落时基于分数低阶矩感知算法的检测概率和虚警概率。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在非高斯噪声环境中,基于分数低阶矩感知算法的检测性能明显优于传统的能量检测算法,且采用多天线技术有助于进一步提高感知性能和频率资源的利用率。      

The optimum constant false alarm probability detector for relatively coherent multichannel signals in Gaussian noise of unknown power

In this paper, the method of "most powerful similar tests" is used to obtain the optimum (largest probability of detection) constant false alarm probability detector for multichannel signals received in the presence of additive Gaussian noise of unknown power. The signals are assumed to contain a common random phase angle, and hence are relatively coherent over the multiple channels. The noise is assumed to be correlated from channel to channel. The performance of the optimum detector is calculated. Finally, for illustrative purposes, the technique is applied to the detection of a signal in the presence of a jammer, and to the detection of a single channel signal in white and colored noise of unknown power.     

一种基于能量检测的协作式频谱感知算法

为提高认知无线电系统中频谱检测的可靠性,提出了一种基于能量检测的协作式频谱感知算法。利用授权用户的状态在相邻感知帧之间变化的概率小这一特性,通过将当前感知帧的能量值与相邻值相结合来判断授权用户状态,这样当授权用户使用授权频段时,所提算法能有效减小采样信号能量值骤减时发生误判的概率。另外给出了所提算法检测概率和虚警概率的闭式表达式。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提算法比传统的协作式频谱检测算法检测性能好。     

Effects of IQ imbalance for simultaneous transmit and receive based cognitive anti-jamming receiver

In order to enhance the anti-jamming capability of Cyberspace data-link (CDL) in the complex electromagnetic environment, the performance of jamming sensing of simultaneous transmit and receive based cognitive anti-jamming (SCAJ) receiver impaired by IQ imbalance is investigated. Firstly, energy detection (ED) based the jamming detection and false-alarm probabilities in closed-form for single- and multi-channel SCAJ receiver are derived. Then, the image channel interference cancellation (IC) scheme is proposed to mitigate the image channel crosstalk. Simulation results show that the false-alarm probability is increased by IQ imbalance, and the proposed interference cancellation scheme can reduce the adverse effect of IQ imbalance, thus the anti-jamming performance of SCAJ receiver in CDL system can be improved.