双曲度蒙皮纵向拉形过程模拟技术研究

目的双曲度蒙皮主要通过可实现曲夹钳的纵向拉形方法成形,通过研究双曲率蒙皮纵拉过程模拟技术,对拉形机夹钳加载轨迹进行优化。方法主要针对蒙皮纵向拉形模拟中,板料在拉形机夹钳中的装夹和夹钳加载轨迹的设计等关键技术问题进行研究,给出了合理的处理方法,建立了相应的模型。结果应用有限元仿真软件进行仿真验证,并通过改变拉伸量和补拉量,对成形模拟结果进行了对比,优化了夹钳轨迹。结论通过拉形加载优化,提高了蒙皮零件贴模度,保证了蒙皮外形精度的要求。     

飞行器蒙皮多点拉形研究分析

飞行器的研究中,针对外部蒙皮的制造,提出很多理念和思想,多点拉形就是蒙皮成形技术的一种,本文研究分析多点拉形技术、多点拉形的有限元分析模型,同时还对飞行器蒙皮成形中的缺陷进行研究分析,总之通过不同的技术和工艺,最终达到设计要求。     

蒙皮多点拉形过程中压痕的数值模拟及控制

蒙皮拉形是航空制造领域的一个重要加工方法,其先进程度是衡量一个国家飞机制造能力和水平的重要标志.为了节省制造成本和提高工作效率,将多点成形技术应用于蒙皮拉形中,但同时产生了特有的压痕现象.利用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS对双曲度蒙皮件的多点拉形过程进行模拟,分析了不同工艺参数对压痕的影响,并提出利用弹性垫可以有效地抑制压痕产生.模拟结果表明:通过对弹性垫厚度及其弹性变形量进行补偿,基本能够满足成形精度的要求.弹性垫技术是抑制多点拉形过程中最有效的方法.     

大型飞机机身双曲度蒙皮纵向拉伸成形加载优化设计与试验研究

目的针对C919大型客机机身双曲度蒙皮进行纵向拉形的加载轨迹优化与试验研究。方法应用蒙皮拉形工艺设计制造软件,采用优化设计的方法,对机身典型蒙皮零件进行纵向拉形加载轨迹设计;进行拉形过程的有限元仿真,判断设计的加载轨迹是否满足成形要求,将优化后的加载轨迹应用于实际零件成形;进行实际零件拉形试验,对毛料伸长与局部应变进行测量,与有限元仿真进行对比,验证有限元仿真的准确性。结果实际零件的毛料伸长与轨迹设计和有限元模拟的伸长量十分接近;将优化设计后的加载轨迹应用于实际零件的成形,获得了满足零件交付要求的蒙皮零件。结论通过加载优化设计与试验,验证了有限元模拟有较好的精度;通过加载轨迹优化与有限元模拟结合的拉形工艺设计方法,可以用于零件的实际生产。     

某复杂蒙皮拉形中起皱缺陷的消除

目的对某复杂飞机蒙皮零件在拉形工艺过程中的起皱行为进行研究,以得到消除起皱缺陷的方法。方法分析了该蒙皮零件的型面特点,指出了拉形过程中出现起皱的原因。设计了3种改进的拉形方案,采用有限元仿真的方法对这3种方案进行模拟评估,确定了对起皱缺陷改善最为明显的一种,基于设备与工装的限制对该方案进行了调整,作为改善拉形质量的最终方案,并再次进行了有限元仿真验证。结果根据改进方案,在拉形工艺设计软件上生成拉形设备的数控代码,进行了生产性验证,与有限元仿真结果符合的很好,基本消除了起皱缺陷,提高了零件的成形质量。结论通过对拉形工艺中工装模具的优化设计,可以减少或避免起皱缺陷的出现。     

柔性压辊拉形方式及其夹钳对板材成形的影响

为提高大型板类件拉形精度,介绍了传统整体夹钳拉形机的特点,提出了新型柔性压辊拉形原理.以球形件为例,分别对两种夹钳结构的拉伸成形过程建立有限元模型,并进行数值模拟,对比分析了两种夹钳结构作用下的成形结果.研究表明:柔性压辊拉形方式所得的成形件,其应力、应变分布均匀,成形质量较整体夹钳方式明显提高;而采用传统整体夹钳所成形的部件,其局部应力集中现象相对严重.利用柔性压辊拉形理论,分别对采用平板式结构夹钳和拉延筋式结构夹钳成形球形件的过程建立有限元模型并进行模拟分析,根据板材拉形过程的流动理论,对比分析两种夹持方式下板材的流动状态.研究发现:采用拉延筋式夹钳进行拉伸成形,处于夹钳中的板材流动效果较好;而利用平板式夹钳的成形过程中,板材流动量较小.实验验证结果与模拟结果趋势一致.     

浅论多点柔性模具在飞机蒙皮成形中的应用

多点模具技术是将柔性制造和计算机技术结合为一体的先进制造技术,其核心是将传统的整体拉形模具离散成规则排列的基本单元体矩阵,形成多点式、可数字化控制的模具,配合蒙皮拉伸机,可进行不同形状蒙皮零件的拉形。     

钛合金TCl隔板热成形工艺研究

对钍合金TC1隔板热成形工艺进行了研究,结果表明钛合金TCl隔板适宜于一次热拉廷校形.     

利用高速振动降低零件回弹及蒙皮件制造——电磁成形技术的新应用

目的 为了解决传统大型蒙皮成形需要大型装备及零件回弹大的问题,提出带弹性垫的蒙皮件电磁渐进成形新方法.方法 通过电磁线圈放电,材料在磁压力和弹性垫的反弹力作用下出现高速振动,消除零件回弹.采用ANSYS和ABAQUS有限元分析软件分别进行电磁场和结构场模拟,分析有无弹性垫、线圈结构和放电位置对蒙皮成形质量的影响规律.结果 在无弹性垫的条件下对板料进行冲击,板料上的塑性应变几乎没有变化.如果采用螺旋方形线圈和带弹性垫的成形工艺,虽然板料上的塑性应变增加,但是线圈正对板料区域出现1.5 mm的鼓包.采用电磁屏蔽方法调整板料上的电磁力分布和材料流动,当线圈在6个位置多次放电后,板料回弹明显减低,并且零件表面光滑.结论 在模拟得到的最佳工艺参数下,建立了实验装置,实验结果与模拟一致.     

基于数值模拟的盒形件拉深成形变拉深筋技术研究

以盒形件为研究对象,建立了盒形件拉延筋成形的数值模型,分别对盒形件固定拉深筋和变拉深筋成形进行了数值模拟研究,并进行了工程试验的验证,对结果及误差进行了分析,实现了基于拉深筋高度变化的变拉深筋技术.这种方法能有效发挥板料成形性能,提高零件拉深成形质量.     

New Quality Level of Packaging Components from Paperboard through Technology Improvement in 3D Forming

Three‐dimensional forming is a key technology for the application of sustainable materials, like paperboard, in packaging technology. Until now, deep drawing is not considered as a suitable process for manufacturing of packaging components with advanced geometrical design because of the sensitive process and a large number of failure mechanisms. To better understand and apply the physics of deep drawing, the process was studied by experimental investigations. Therefore, an evaluation strategy for formed parts was developed to describe their quality by measurable values. The influence of the technological parameters temperature configuration, moisture content of material and blank holder force on the quality of formed parts was described by a statistic regression model. This model gives an indication of the quantity and the direction of effects that parameter changes have on the quality of 3D‐formed parts. An optimization of the process according to quality criteria showed that, in a first step, the quality of cylindrically drawn paperboard parts was increased drastically compared with that of the state of the art. Furthermore, the existing limits in the height of formed parts were exceeded, and the geometrical shape of the base offered far more opportunities for packaging design than expected. The process turned out to be suitable for a flexible manufacturing of packaging components for multipart packages from paperboard, which are highly sustainable in terms of recycling and reuse of fibres and thereby able to compete in the marketing‐oriented packaging sector. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plasmaprozesse für 3D‐Formteile

Plasma treatment and coating processes for 3D parts Many articles of our daily use are only able to feature their outstanding performance due to innovative plasma surface treatments. Semiconductor components like flat panel displays, solar panels, DVD / Blu‐ray Discs, as well as optical components, coated glass panes, cutting tools and other components with reduced wearing are just a few examples. One important quality feature is to reach uniform properties over the entire surface to be treated. In case of planar or slightly curved surfaces this can be relatively easily achieved by using common plasma sources. For complex 3D parts, the effort required for uniform surface treatments greatly increases, and complex movements of the 3D parts are often required to achieve uniformity. This article deals with the plasma surface treatment and plasma coating of such complex 3D parts referring to some selected examples.     

Technical and industrial approaches for super plastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) titanium alloy leading edge manufacturing

The A330/340 HTP leading edge has shifted the prior composite into a new metallic design based on a SPF/DB manufacturing process for a two sheet D‐nose. Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding were the technological means to obtain an integrated detailed part. Moreover, this component was part of the set that made introduction and development SPF/DB feasible within EADS CASA at its facilities located in Cadiz. The main driving factor to launch this program was the weight saving intended for the A330/340 horizontal stabilizer. The design concept was based on two raw material sheets (with initial nominal thicknesses of 3 mm and 0.8 mm) forming skins and spars. The skin was shaped into an aerodynamic nose and the flat spar was also stiffened by swages. It was diffusion bonded to the above mentioned skin by means of two flanges. The final shape is denominated by the term D‐nose, due to the resulting geometrical configuration. The initial manufacturing process was based on a two step press forming process, with part integration as the main goal. This process was robust enough to achieve structural parts with industrial tolerance ranges. Since tighter tolerances ranges and higher than expected ramp up arose, creative improvements were set up to meet the program expectations. A single press forming phase was implemented, resulting in a lower press labour time and a higher quality product. Further increased mass production rates challenged the industrial means to reach higher efficiency. A compromise between part integration, costs and industrial means best practices has shown how detail parts assembly constitutes also a cost effective solution under specific industrial conditions. This article describes the advantages and drawbacks of three alternative SPF manufacturing processes to fabricate superplastic titanium alloys leading edges, which have been validated for mass production purposes.     

飞机复杂曲面蒙皮零件充液拉深技术研究

目的研究充液拉深工艺参数对飞机复杂曲面蒙皮零件成形质量的影响规律。方法以飞机灯罩蒙皮零件为研究对象,结合材料力学特性分析了零件的工艺性。基于破裂和起皱失稳条件理论研究了零件的加载工艺窗口,利用有限元方法分析了零起皱和破裂等缺陷,通过优化工艺参数和拉延筋参数获得了合格的构件。结果基于仿真优化结果,进行了模具设计和工艺验证实验,分析了实际充液拉深过程中缺陷产生的原因,为落差较大蒙皮零件的精密制造提供参考。结论对于具有多特征的复杂零部件,过渡曲面易产生起皱缺陷,仅通过调整液室压力或毛料尺寸的方法无法在保证不发生拉裂和贴模问题的前提下消除起皱缺陷。通过设置拉延筋来增加材料流动阻力、控制材料流动,可以消除过渡区域的起皱缺陷。     

基于Pro/E机构模块的齿轮三维实体建模研究

齿廓曲线尤其是齿根过渡曲线的构建是渐开线圆柱齿轮三维实体建模的难点,也是其关键问题。现在所采用的构建方法操作复杂,计算繁琐,且不适合不同刀具加工的齿轮模型的构建。以范成法加工齿轮的原理为理论基础,介绍在Pro/E平台下利用其机构模块的“轨迹曲线”(trace curve)功能精确构建各种刀具加工出来的渐开线圆柱齿轮齿廓曲线的方法,并以磨前滚刀加工直齿圆柱齿轮为例,详细介绍该方法的使用步骤,构建其精确的三维实体模型。该方法无需推导渐开线和过渡曲线的方程就能够方便、快捷地构建出任何刀具加工出来的齿轮模型,为基于啮合原理的复杂曲面零件的有限元建模提供了参考,特别是为复杂曲面零件的CAD/CAE建模与分析奠定了基础。     

皮肤对于声音信号响应的研究

为了研究皮肤响应声音信号的理论,构造了测试皮肤响应声音信号的实验环境。通过实验测试了变压器、平面电极与皮肤听“声”之间的频率电压特性曲线,讨论了皮肤响应声音信号的关键部件与皮肤“听”声效果之间的关系,说明了通过声-电转换实现皮肤“听”声的可行性。     

Recent advances in 3D printing of porous ceramics: A review

3D printing, alongside the rapidly advancing field of porous ceramics, is quickly expanding the horizon of what is going to be possible in the future. In this paper, 3D printing technology is evaluated for its compatibility with porous ceramic materials, due to its competitive process in terms of speed and specific tooling, especially for good quality fabrication. The paper reviews the capabilities of these new technology techniques for the fabrication of porous ceramic. The basic technology is the 3D printing techniques, which are used to fabricate porous green ceramic parts that are later sintered. Different ceramic materials are evaluated and the classification of different powders according to their 3D printing quality as well as material aspects is examined. The evaluation of 3D printing process in terms of the powders’ physical properties such as particle size, flowability and wettability is also discussed. The relationship between the different 3D printing parameters and the final printing outcome are assessed.     

气辅成型过程气体穿透行为的MPI三维模拟及实验

采用MPI/GAS-3D模块分析了不同延迟时间和气体压力条件下的气体穿透效果,并与该工艺条件下实验测定的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)气体辅助注射成型(GAIM)制品的气体穿透长度(GPL)及残余壁厚(RWT)进行比较,探讨了气辅成型中延迟时间和气体压力等关键工艺参数对制品气体穿透长度和残余壁厚的影响,利用实验数据分析了气体穿透长度与残余壁厚之间的定性关系。     

Methods for automated manufacturability analysis of injection-molded and die-cast parts

In this article, a mathematical framework to automatically evaluate the manufacturability of injection-molded and die-cast parts is presented. The framework includes an implemented mathematical algorithm to solve key outstanding challenges in feature recognition for manufacturability analysis of injection-molded and die-cast parts. A novel feature recognition method is developed that is based on decomposing the part into elemental cubes and then, making use of their individual manufacturability, the manufacturability of the part as a whole is evaluated. This article discusses a procedure to obtain a 3D binary representation of the solid model and develops feature recognition techniques to extract critical manufacturability information from this 3D binary array. The outstanding challenges addressed by the method presented include the finding of parting surfaces, parting lines, undercuts, holes, bosses, and finding the direction of mold closure in the context of injection-molded or die-cast parts. The algorithm is implemented using a combination of C++ code and Unigraphics solid modeling software. A short example is presented.     

Characterizing the feasibility of processing wet granular materials to improve rheology for 3D printing

Rheological measurements and extrusion tests are used to evaluate the viability of high mass fraction (80% solids content) wet granular materials for extrusion-based 3D printing. Such materials have diverse applications from making dense, strong ceramic custom parts to 3D printing uniquely shaped energetic materials. Traditionally, 3D-printed colloidal materials use much lower mass fraction inks, and hence, those technologies will not work for systems requiring higher mass fraction solids content. These wet granular materials are highly non-Newtonian presenting non-homogenous flows, shear thinning, yield stress, and high elasticity. Such behaviors improve some aspects of print quality, but make printing very difficult. In this work, the relationship between the rheological behavior of wet granular materials and the processing parameters that are necessary for successfully extruding these materials for printing is examined. In the future, such characterizations will provide key indicators on how to alter printer design/operating conditions and adjust material behavior in order to improve printability. This study is a fundamental first step to successfully developing 3D printing technology of wet granular materials.