Erythrocyte Toxicities of Imidazolidinyl Urea and Diazolidinyl Urea

The addition of antimicrobial preservatives to pharmaceutical and cosmetic products is necessary to prevent microbial growth. However, the use of preservatives can also produce other undesirable effects. For several years, researchers have been investigating the use of alternative methods in safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and formulations by means of variety methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erythrocyte toxicities of two commercial preservatives： imidazolidinyl urea and diazolidinyl urea. Relatively few studies about the cytotoxicity of these preservative are available. The determination of their cytotoxicity is an essential step to warrant their safe use. Erythrocyte toxicities were evaluated by assessment of the amount of hemoglobin released by red blood cells after their lysis. In this study, both imidazolidinyl urea and diazolidinyl urea showed cytotoxic activity against red blood cells. The imidazolidinyl urea induce a small release of hemoglobin after 120 min of incubation. But, the diazolidinyl urea induce a massive release of hemoglobin from the imidazolidinyl urea （a rate of 83% at concentrations of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL）.     

Study of the Adsorption Space of Modified Clinoptilolites

Carbon dioxide （CO2） adsorption is an important adsorbent characterization method and a significant industrial process. In separation and recovery technology, the adsorption of the CO2 is important to reduce the concentration of this gas considered as one of the greenhouse gases. Natural zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, are widely applied as adsorbents. In this regard, in the present research, the structure, composition and morphology of modified with hexafluorosilicate （HFSi） and orthophosphoric acid （H3PO4） clinoptilolites were investigated by characterizations and measurements made with, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis （SEM-EDAX） and gravimetric adsorption. Additionally, the surface Chemistry of the modified clinoptilolites was analyzed by applying diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectrometry （DRIFTS）. Further, the interaction of CO2 within the adsorption space of these modified clinoptilolites and a synthetic ZSM-5 zeolite was studied with the help of adsorption measurements. After all, an appropriate theoretical methodology for the analysis of the XRD and adsorption data was applied. The calculated cell parameters of the tested are similar to those reported for a typical clinoptilolite of： a = 17.662 A, b = 17.911A, c = 7.407 ~ and fl = 116.40 The resolution of the TGA derivative profiles indicated the presence of two steps for water release, one of them represents the loss of majority of the water present in the micropores. This was evidenced as a broad peak centered at about 50℃ for the CSW-HFSi-0.1, but at 100 ℃ for the samples CSW-HFSi-0.4. The SEM micrographs corresponding to the modified clinoptilolites, was evidenced that the CSW zeolite shows secondary particles exhibiting diameters from 3 to 40 μm, formed by primary clinoptilolite crystallites showing a crystallite size, φ = 40 nm. The EDAX elemental analysis it can be demonstrated that the exchange process replaced about 85% of the charge compensating ions. The DRIFT spectra of the modified clinoptilolites, specifically, CSW-HFSi-0.1, show a narrow band at about： 3,740 cm-1 corresponding to terminal silanol groups （Si-OH） and a band 3,600-3,650 cm1 resulting from extra-framework AI-OH. With the precision of the measured micropore volumes related to the excellent fitting of the adsorption data by the D-R isotherm equation, it can be affirm that carbon adsorption took only place in the micropore region. The isosteric heat of adsorption calculated for the modified clinoptilolites was greater than those values reported of ZSM-5 zeolite, particle packing silica, dealuminated Y zeolite （DAY） Cd, Zn and Ni-nitroprussides and Cu-nitroprusside and a Ni-MOF. With the obtained result it can be concluded that the modified clinoptilolites with HFSi showed a quality as adsorbent comparable to commercial synthetic zeolites.     

Effect of the Composition Ratio Against the Electrical Conductivity Properties and the Wear Rate of the Composite

This article reveals the wear rate and electrical bottle with a phenolic resin matrix. The study was initiated and waste glass bottles to reach the mesh size of 〉 300. conductivity of composites made of carbon powder and waste of glass with a carbonization of coconut shell, pulverized and filtered the carbon Both materials were mixed with a composition ratio of carbon： glass, 70%：30%; 80%：20%; and 90%： 10% weight. The mixture was mixed with phenolic resin adhesive and compacted with a load of 5 US ton. Results showed, the higher the carbon content, resulting in the higher the electrical conductivity, but also showed the lighter composite. Increased content of carbon powder made lighter composite, it also made the softer composite, so that the higher wear rate. Lowest wear rate was showed by a mixture of carbon-glass composite with a composition ratio of 70：30, which was 6.86738E-06 mm3/Nm. Carbon powder was softer than glass powder, the highest rate was indicated by the carbon-glass composite with 90：10 composition, which was 8.67425E-06 mm3/Nm. A high content of carbon powder encouraged an increase electrical conductivity of the composite. Mixture of carbon-glass composite with the composition ratio of 90：10 produced electrical conductivity of 0.192 S/m.     

Management of the Quality of Corrosion Protection of Structural Steel Based on Corrosion Risk Level

The paper deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of improving regulatory and technical framework for assuring the quality and safety of metal structures and their protective coatings under the exposure of corrosive environment. Methodological approach has been developed to managing technological safety, assessing the risks of corrosion failures, and extension of an industrial facility＇s life based on company standards taking into account the requirements for safe operation of buildings and installations. Basic provisions of the method of limit states design have been analyzed to determine： design characteristics of corrosion impacts, computational models and design cases for affirming compliance of corrosion resistance, and durability and maintainability of structures and their protective coatings. Presented are practical examples of justifying the choice of means of primary and secondary protection, taking into account classification of the established levels of facility corrosion hazard. On the basis of limit state design principles, logistical control- and decision-making system is generated for reliability assurance of steel structures and protective coatings. Assessment criteria are specified for the risks with the use of the materials and technologies of primary and secondary corrosion protection.     

The Influence of the Concentration of Dissolved Substances in the Effluent Sulfate Pulp and Paper Mills on the Productivity of Semi-Permeable Membranes

The ability of treatment of pulp and paper production wastewater is showed by carbon-graphite and polymeric membranes. The influence of lignins, organic and inorganic substances containing in wastewater on specific capacity is studied. Capacity calculation of different types of membrane is suggested.     

Multi-Year Observation of Lung Cancer Metastases to the Spleen

The purpose of our study was to show if there is any correlation between the location of the primary cancer site in the lungs, and the appearance of metastases in the spleen. 1,998 patients with confirmed lung cancer were analyzed. In 22 out of 22 cases, splenic lesions were detected by both, computer tomography （CT） and ultrasound （US） in all 22 of them. All patients with splenic lesions detected by the US underwent US-guided biopsy. Among these patients, metastases to the spleen were histopathologically confirmed in all 22 cases. 18 metastases in the spleen originated from left lung tumors, 3 from right lung tumor. In the 1 case remaining, a pattern of benign lesion was confirmed. The authors came to the conclusion that lung cancer metastases detected in the spleen originate mainly from the left lung cancer which can be caused by higher blood flow to the left lung as compared to the right lung.     

Possibility of Dissolution and Removal of Thick Pus due to the Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Medicines

This paper presented the dynamics of the rheological properties of dense pus after mixing it with solutions plasma substitutes and antiseptics with respect to physical and chemical factors of the local interaction. It was studied the effect of the following factors： gravity, specific gravity, temperature, turbulence, strength, internal pressure, carbonation, pH, osmotic activity, the total concentration of ingredients, the surface activity and the amount of medication. It was found that rheology of liquid, viscous and dense biological tissues may improve medicines having the following physicochemical characteristics： hypertermia, high alkaline, high turbulence and high saturation by gas. Found that the leaders of improving rheology medicines and biological tissues are sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide and carbon dioxide, introduced in medecines similar carbonated beverages. The data allowed to develop a new hygienic medicines designed to liquefy thick purulent masses in patients with pleural empyema, peritonitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, tearful stones, osteomyelitis and sulfur tubes. New sanitary preparations are heated to 39-42 ℃ aqueous solutions 0.5%-10% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5%-3% peroxide of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which is entered into the solution at a pressure of 0.2 ATM.     

Influence of the Crystal Growth Temperature on the Formation of Zr Reach Crystalline Phases in a Nuclear Waste Confinement Glass Ceramic

Many glass ceramics are potential candidates for the confinement of radioactive waste. This is the case of glasses embedding radiation-resistant ceramics as zirconolites, pyrochlores or pyroxenes. This study deals with the influence of the crystal growth temperature on the formation of such phases in a nuclear glass ceramic in the system： Al203-SiO2-CaO-MgO-ZrO2-TiO2. The materials with six contents of ZrO2, ranging from 1.00 to 6.40 m.%, are synthesized by a discontinuous method, consisting in a double-melting at 1,350℃, followed by both a nucleation at 564℃, and a crystal growth treatment at： 900, 100 and 1,100 ℃. For the whole of the materials, the morphology reveals a glassy feature, with a opaque aspect. One can also evidence a different crystallization process from the bulk to the surface. The glass ceramics X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD） show that the main identified crystalline skeletons are those of： 2M-zirconolite, CaZrTi207 and ZrO2, depending on the content ofZrO2 in materials and the crystal-growth temperature. The material with the middle content in ZrO2 （4.5 m.%） and crystallized at the middle value ofTc （1,010℃） show the greatest content in zirconolite （87 %）, doped with either lanthanides or alcalin-earth elements, due to the complexity of the mixture of oxides. The temperature of 1,010 ℃ appears to be more selective with regard to the formation of the 2M-zirconolite.     

Multi-Year Observation of Lung Cancer Metastases to the Adrenal Glands

The purpose of our study was to show if there is any correlation between the location of the primary cancer site in the lungs and the appearance of metastases in the adrenal gland. 2,340 patients with confirmed lung cancer were analyzed. The study group of 2,340 patients was divided into two subgroups： 1,998 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer located only in one lung, and 342 with disseminated lung cancer. Among the group of 1,998 patients, in 218 cases, pathological lesions in the adrenal glands were detected using computer tomography （CT） or magnetic resonance （MR）. In 161 out of 218 cases, suprarenal lesions were detected by ultrasound （US）. All patients with suprarenal lesions detected by US （161 cases in total ） underwent US-guided biopsy. Among these patients, metastases to the adrenal glands were histopathologically confirmed in 91 cases. In 70 cases, the histopathological reporting confirmed benign lesions. Altogether there were 64 adrenal metastases originated from the left lung cancer and 32 metastases from the right lung cancer. In 342 patients with disseminated cancer, four of them had confirmed metastases in both adrenal glands; seven patients had a metastatic lesion in the left and three in the right adrenal gland. Among this group, metastases to other organs such as the liver, bones, central nervous system and mediastinal lymph nodes were also detected. The authors came to the conclusion that the higher occurrence rate of adrenal metastases from the left lung carcinoma as compared to the right lung carcinoma is associated with higher blood flow in the left lung.     

Application of Wind Energy Conversion Systemsfor the Production of Electrical Energy at the Northeast of Brazil

The stead-state analysis of wind energy conversion system, consisting on windmill, synchronous generator, transmission line and induction motor driving a centrifugal pump is developed. The performance of the system operating at variable speed with a flux control is examined using mathematical models and digital simulation. The control scheme is proposed and tested in a laboratory and test center to compare field results with simulation results.     

Light and Electron Microscopy Studies of the Visible Diffusion Zone of Mild Steel Pack Cyanided in Processed Cassava Leaves

This study investigates the microstructure of the processed cassava leaves. Standard parts machined from low visible diffusion zone formed in low carbon steel pack cyanided using carbon steel were pack cyanided by high temperature in-situ diffusion of nascent carbon and nitrogen into austenite. Formation of a visible diffusion zone was confirmed after observation with a Reichert-Jung Polyval optical microscope coupled with Zeiss AxioCam ICc 1 camera. High magnification Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） imaging of the visible diffusion zone was done with a CamScan Series 2 scanning electron microscope. The zone was found variable in depth as measured from a representative position. The structure of all samples consists of ferrite and pearlite as determined by optical and SEM examination. Resulting products were thus both tough and hard suitable for service environments requiring high resistance to both wear and impact failure.     

Evaluation of Dispersion Based Calculations Compared to the Experimental Compressive Strength Results of CNT/6063AI Composites

Nowadays, it is vital to predict strength results of composites in advance of manufacturing process to reduce testing costs; especially in carbon nanotube （CNT） reinforced metal matrix composites. Therefore, compressive mechanical properties of fabricated CNT reinforced aluminum （AI） matrix composites are investigated and compared with the calculation results of dispersion based prediction models. First of all, CNT/6063 AI composites are fabricated by vacuum assisted infiltration of molten 6063 AI alloy into the CNT preform. Then, compressive mechanical properties of these composites are determined. Eventually, model calculations and experimental results are visualized by plotting comparison graphs. As a result, correlation between prediction models and experimental results are established and potential results of difference between these results are discussed.     

Nanocasting Route for the Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Sn02 with Highly Crystalline Framework

Ordered mesoporous metal oxides （OMMO） SnO2 with large surface areas and highly crystalline frameworks were successfully synthesized via nanocasting routes using 3D cubic ordered mesoporous silica KIT-6 templates. The chemical and structural properties of these materials were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption SEM and TEM analyses. The present work revealed that the mesoporous SnO2 materials exhibited well-defined and long-range periodic order ofmesopores as well as highly crystalline frameworks, indicating successful replication from the mesoporous KIT-6 silica templates. Moreover, these materials demonstrated high surface area of 109 m^2/g and high pore volume of 0.22 cm^3/g as well as large pore size of 6.2 nm. Hence, the nanocasting route offers a versatile and simple way of creating ordered mesoporous SnO2 with enhanced properties that may have potential applications in the field of catalysis and gas-sensing.     

Evaluation of Effect of Eddy Currents in PLC Influenced by Atmospheric Corrosion in the Electronics Industry

Inductive proximity sensors contain an internal coil. When a current flow through it, a magnetic field is generated, which has the direction of the electric currents involved in it, as electrical flow in the input or output area. The coil or winding of the inductive sensor induces Foucault currents in the material to be detected, that are originated by eddy currents. These electrical flows generate a magnetic field, which opposes to the sensor coil, causing a reduction in the inductance of micro inductors of electronic devices. This reduction of the internal inductance originates bad function in the micro inductors used in the programming logic controller （PLC）. This PLC is in the manufacturing processes of the electronics industry and reduces their operation yielding. Sometimes the actuators of these electronic systems not operate correctly, and causing stops in the activities of industrial equipments and machines, being a factor of economic losses. A study of micro evaluation of these inductors which are elements of the relays of PLC was made to determine the influence of corrosion in these components. The analysis showed micro corrosion in these devices with images obtained of the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and also was made a correlation of the climatic factors as relative humidity （RH） and temperature with the corrosion rate （CR）, The evaluation was made in indoor of an industrial plant which fabricate microelectronic components in Mexicali city. The major factors, which cause an adverse effect in the operation of PLC of this industrial plant was the humidity and sulfurs, which originates the deterioration of components of PLC. The study was made from 2010 to 2011.     

Polymer Microtips Fabricated at the Extremity of Photonic Crystal Fibers

In this paper, a simple method of manufacturing micrometer-sized polymer elements （microtips） at the extremities of the photonic crystal fibers （PCFs）, which are replacing standard optical fibers in many applications due to their unique properties, is presented. The method of microtips fabrication is based on the phenomena of photopolymerization, which is successfully used by the first time, to be best of our knowledge, to manufacture microtip at PCF. The three component photopolymerizable formulation consists of photo-initiating system and multifunctional triacrylate. The photopolymerization is carried out by green laser with the microtip growth controlled by the light exposure parameters （i.e. power and time）. Results of mic：rotip fabrication on standard fiber （SMF-28e＋） and large mode area PCF （LMA-10） are provided. Theinfluence of the initial process parameters on the final microtip characteristics （i.e., length, diameter and profile） is discussed. The potential applications of such polymer microtips are near-field scanning optical microscopy, coupling light sources with fibers and sensing.     

Analytical Modeling to Predict the Strain Energy of Circular GLARE Fiber-Metal Laminates Under Lateral Indentation

This article deals with the strain energy calculation of thin circular clamped Glass Reinforced （GLARE） fiber-metal laminates subjected to static indentation by a lateral hemispherical indentor. Using one-, two- and three-parameter Ritz approximations, analytical equations of the strain energy as a function of the central plate deflection are derived. Previously published analytical formulas, concerning the load-indentation response of circular GLARE plates, are used in order to determine the Ritz parameters and the first failure load and deflection due to tensile fracture of glass-epoxy layers. In this study, the membrane and bending strain energy components of aluminum and prepreg layers are determined. Also, the elastic and plastic strain energy absorbed during the indentation loading are calculated. The derived formulas are applied successfully for GLARE 2-2/1-0.3, GLARE 3-3/2-0.4 and GLARE 31 （special lay-up） circular plates subjected to lateral indentation. The strain energy results converge satisfactorily in all examined cases. The predicted strain energy-indentation response is compared with published experimental data and a good agreement is found. No other solution of this problem is known to the authors.     

Nano-Materials and Composition on the Basis of Cobalt Nano-Particles and Fine Humic Acids as Stimulators of New Generation Growth

The aim of the investigations is to study growth stimulators increasing crop yield and quality, for example the sunflower. Nano-cobalt, humic acids in nano-dispersed state and their combination have been chosen as stimulators. The work has taken place both in the lab and in the field. Field emergence, leaf-area duration, the plants＇ height and mass in different phases of vegetation, the yield and chemical composition of the sunflower seeds have been determined when meteorology of 2013. The seeds have been treated with stimulators having the concentration from 0.01 to 10.0 g per hectare, and in the field conditions with that of 0.5 g/ha, 1.0 g/ha, 5.0 g/ha. In a case with nano-cobalt the field emergence has increased per 11.6%,in a case with humic acids, 11.2% higher than that of the control. The case with these substances complex has increased the datum per 17.8%. Cobalt nano-particles have increased the green material per 19%, the humic acids, per 22% and their combination, per 30%. The yield increase in a case with different stimulators has been 24%, 19%, 31% correspondingly. The protein increase in a case with the combination ofhumic acids and cobalt nano-particles has comprised 7.24%. This research is important for understanding the mechanism of action nanostructures in biologycal objects.     

The Nature of the Cooper Pair Electrons on High Tc Copper Oxides

Sanderson electronegativity equalization principle is used to research into the effect of chemical bonding on the feature ot elements properties change and its results change on copper oxide superconductivity. The origin of Cooper pair electrons in copper oxides is studied with the superconducting properties. The conclusion is that the Cooper pair electrons of high Tc. copper oxides originate the non-bonded electrons of the bearing superconducting elements.     

Effects of Pressure on the Performance of CNTs-Supported Catalyst in a Fischer-Tropsch Reaction

Fischer-Tropsch （FT） reaction involves conversion of syngas （a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen） into higher hydrocarbons in the presence of an active catalyst. The syngas can be derived from non-petroleum feedstocks such as coal, biomass and natural gas, thus the FT reaction provides an alternative route for production of clean fuels. The FT process has received growing interest in recent years due to uncertainty in the Middle East, fast depletion of fossil fuel and environmental concern. This paper reports the synthesis, physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of cobalt-based catalyst in the FT reaction. The catalysts comprised metal nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes （CNTs） which were synthesized via a wet impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized using transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption （TPR/TPD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The performance of the cobalt-based catalyts in a FT reaction was evaluated in a fixed bed microreactor equipped with an on-line gas chromatograph for analyses of hydrocarbon products. The catalysts investigated in this work were Co/CNTs, 70Co30Mn/CNTs, 0.06%K/70Co30Fe/CNTs and 0.04%Nb/70Co30Fe/CNTs. TEM analyses revealed that the average sizes of the metal nanoparticles were 4-5 nm. Based on TPD analyses, the dispersion of these nanoparticles on CNTs were greater than 90%. The presence of both Co2＋ and Co3＋ ions were confirmed by XPS analysis. The 0.04% Nb/70Co30Fe/CNTs catalyst performed better than other catalysts in the FT reaction where it resulted in CO conversion of 35% and 16% C5＋ selectivity at pressure of 1 bar, 220 ~C and H2：CO of 2：1. Using the same catalyst, the CO conversion and C5＋ selectivity increased to 60% and 57%, respectively when the pressure was increased to 20 bar.     

Characteristics of the Oxygen Function in High Tc Copper Oxide Superconductors

Comments on the studies of the oxygen functions in high Tc copper oxide superconductors and the effects of isotope were made. And the characteristics of the oxygen functions in high Tc copper oxide superconductors were discussed on the basis of the dual-body structure model of superconductors. It is pointed out that the characteristics of the oxygen functions in high Tc copper oxide superconductors are that they influence the crystal structure and the carriers density and participate in the electron phonons coupling.