颗粒成形Al-Pb合金板材的微观结构与力学性能

研究了Al-8Pb-3Si-2Sn-1Cu(质量分数, %)合金的颗粒在挤压轧制成形时, 合金的微观结构与性能. 结果显示 Al-Pb合金颗粒中Pb分布在枝晶间隙或"嵌"在基体中; Al-Pb合金颗粒经挤压轧制及随后的退火, 合金板材中低熔点Pb, Sn第二相均匀地呈球形分布; 合金强度(σb)可达95.8MPa, 延伸率(δ)可达16.3%; 在变形过程中, Al-Pb合金颗粒的新生表面层中低熔点Pb, Sn第二相的重新分布影响材料的强度与延伸率.     

喷射成形AZ91镁合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用喷射成形和沉积坯热轧的方法成功制备了AZ91镁合金,测试了合金的力学性能,分析了合金的强化机理.结果表明:喷射成形的镁合金坯晶粒细小,组织均匀,第二相化合物Mg17Al12数量较少,表现出良好的塑性变形能力,道次变形量在20%左右,两次退火间的总变形量可以达到50%.经80%热轧变形后,合金完全致密化.变形使合金晶粒进一步细化,力学性能显著提高.轧制后合金基体中仍保持很高的固溶度,经T5处理后,合金的力学性能进一步提高.     

喷射成形及轧制Cr12MoV钢的微观组织与摩擦学性能研究

研究了常规铸造工艺,喷射成形工艺以及喷射成形后轧制等工艺制备的Cr12MoV钢的微观组织和摩擦学性能。结果表明,喷射成形工艺与常规铸造相比,制备的合金成分更加均匀,晶粒更加细小。而后的轧制工艺进一步改善了材料的微观组织。与常规工艺相比其碳化物颗粒的尺寸大大降低,耐磨性能得到了大幅度地提高。且提高幅度随着轧制量的增加而增加。     

喷射成形H13钢的高温热变形及组织演变

采用等温热压缩方法研究了在变形温度为850~1150℃,变形速率为0.1~10 s-1,最大真应变为0.7时,热变形参数对铸造与喷射成形H13钢流变应力和显微组织的影响。结果表明,两者在变形过程中均表现出动态再结晶特征,变形温度和应变速率对合金流变应力的影响显著,流变应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而增大。喷射成形H13钢由于晶粒细小,组织均匀,无宏观偏析,促进了再结晶的进行,有利于热变形加工,并且热变形后孔隙得到闭合,致密度提高。铸造H13钢变形后的组织带状偏析明显,退火后依然存在碳化物偏析带,而喷射成形H13钢无论是变形后组织还是退火组织,都很均匀,没有宏观偏析。     

轧制和退火对AZ31合金组织与性能的影响

以普通轧制和等径角轧制态AZ31合金为实验对象,研究了退火温度和退火时间对AZ31合金组织与成形性能的影响,并分析了其作用机理。结果表明,普通轧制态AZ31合金组织中可见大小不均的等轴晶粒,同时部分尺寸较大的晶粒内还有少量挛晶组织存在,而等径角轧制AZ31合金中晶粒尺寸与普通轧制态AZ31合金相当,但是挛晶数量明显增多;随着退火温度的升高和退火时间的延长,普通轧制和等径角轧制AZ31合金发生了初次再结晶和二次再结晶,晶粒趋于均匀、等轴化,并有逐渐粗化的趋势;退火温度为200℃和退火时间15 min以上的AZ31合金中的挛晶基本消失;退火处理后普通轧制和横向等径角轧制AZ31合金的断后伸长率和应变硬化指数增大,而纵向等径角轧制AZ31合金的应变硬化指数变化不大。     

基于遗传算法的铝铅系轴瓦连铸工艺优化研究

研究在Al-Pb钢背轴瓦连铸工艺系统中,通过遗传算法进行工艺优化的方法.确定了一组优化的工艺参数:连铸速度24.0 mm/s、冷却水流量350.0 mL/s、轧制铝厚0.24 mm、合金层厚度4.7 mm.实验表明,在此工艺条件下获得的Al-10%Pb合金组织中,球状的铅相颗粒分布均匀、平均直径<13μm;Al-10%Pb-钢背轴瓦材料有较好的过渡层,并具有较好的力学性能.抗拉强度为60 MPa、伸长率为17.2%,与轧制复合Al-20%Sn-1%Cu合金相近,Al-10%Pb合金层与钢背的剪切强度104.8 MPa,为轧制复合轴瓦Al-20%Sn合金层与钢背剪切强度的两倍.     

均匀化退火处理对AZ91镁合金轧制成形行为的影响

为改善铸态AZ91镁合金组织不均匀性,提高其轧制成形能力,本文研究了均匀化退火处理对AZ91镁合金轧制变形前后微观组织及力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：均匀化退火处理可以有效改善合金组织中第二相分布;经400℃、多道次轧制后,沿晶界附近分布的细长条状Mg₁₇Al₁₂相数量显著减少,部分脆性Mg₁₇Al₁₂相发生断裂,以小颗粒状弥散分布于晶界附近和基体内部。均匀化后轧制组织比原始轧制组织强度略有提高,而伸长率提高达50%。轧制后的拉伸断口形貌也显示合金塑性得到明显改善。这为后续进一步研究AZ91镁合金在不同工艺参数条件下的轧制成形奠定基础。     

喷射成形过共晶Al-Si合金的组织特征和磨损行为

采用喷射成形技术制备了过共晶Al-Si耐磨合会,分析了合金的显微组织结构,利用M200磨损试验机对喷射成形和铸造Al-Si合金的耐磨性和磨损失效形式进行了分析比较。结果表明：喷射成形能够显著改变过共晶Al-Si合金中初晶Si相的形态和尺寸,细化合金的基体组织;与普通铸造合金相比,具有更好的耐磨性能。     

喷射成形ZA35合金的高温磨损行为

采用喷射成形快速凝固技术制备了ZA35-3.5Mn耐磨合金,分析了合金的微观组织,利用摩擦磨损实验研究了合金的耐磨性。结果表明:喷射成形合金具有比铸造合金更细小的微观组织,摩擦因数随温度升高缓慢增加,其摩擦特性比较稳定,是一种比较理想的耐磨材料,具有比铸造合金更高的耐磨性和减磨性。喷射成形合金的磨损失效形式主要是磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,铸造合金的磨损失效形式主要是磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和部分氧化磨损。     

喷射成形Al-Si合金型船用气缸套组织性能分析与实验评价

介绍了将喷射成形技术应用于船用气缸套热处理工艺,同时在实验室制备了气缸套的圆形坯料并加工成型,进行了致密化处理。喷射成形Al-Si合金型船用气缸套相比于传统铸造气缸套,具有更好的组织性能,这对于提高发动机的单缸功率、导热性和耐磨性具有重要作用,同时对喷射成形Al-Si合金型气缸套的批量生产具有指导意义。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.