Dynamic deformation of hot temperature degraded POM and PP using a modified SHPB with pulse shaper technique

The conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar (C-SHPB) technique with a special experimental apparatus is used to obtain a dynamic deformation material behavior under a high strain rate loading condition. An experimental modification is introduced to reduce the non-equilibrium on the dynamic material response during a short test period for two polymeric materials. The proposed method uses aluminum pressure bars to achieve a closer impedance match between the pressure bars and the specimen materials such as hot temperature degraded POM (Poly Oxy Methylene) and PP (Poly Propylene) to obtain more distinguishable experimental signals. In addition, a pulse shaper technique is used for increasing the rise time of the incident pulse to ensure the dynamic stress equilibrium and the homogeneous deformation in the specimen under dynamic compression loading condition. The details on the dynamic stress equilibrium and the duration of uniform strain rate during the dynamic deformation of the specimen are experimentally investigated. The effects of degradation at a few different hot temperatures on the maximum compressive stresses are also experimentally studied under varying impulsive loading conditions.     

换热边界下梯度功能材料板稳态热应力

用有限元和辛普生法研究了由ZrO2和Ti-6Al～4V组成的梯度功能材料板的稳态热应力问题，检验了孔隙度P为零时数值模拟模型的正确性，给出了对流换热边界下的稳态热应力场分布。结果表明：材料组分的分布形状系数M、孔隙度P、对流换热系数和环境介质温度的变化对该材料板的稳态热应力场分布均有明显的影响；在设定条件下，当P=0时，该材料无限自由长板在金属和陶瓷附近板内为压应力，而在板中部为拉应力；当A=3.99时，陶瓷侧拉应力最大。     

Analysis of a crack approaching a circular hole in cross-ply laminates under biaxial loading

The problem of a crack approaching a circular hole in cross-ply laminates under uniaxial and biaxial loading is investigated in this paper. The effects of material orthotropy, geometry [R/d and a/d], and loading conditions on crack tip singularity are investigated. The stress intensity factors are obtained by the modified mapping collocation method. The present results for an isotropic infinite plate show good agreement with existing solutions. The results for cross-ply laminates show that the stress intensity factors strongly depend on material orthotropy, geometry, and loading condition. The stress intensity factors for cross-ply laminates exist between those for θ=0° and those for θ=90° in the whole range of crack length and decrease as the percentage of 0° plies increases. In the range of small crack length the stress intensity factors for biaxial tension are higher than those for uniaxial tension. In the range of large crack length the stress intensity factors for uniaxial tension are higher than those for biaxial tension.     

7075铝合金板淬火残余应力模拟及实验研究

铝合金板在淬火过程中产生较大的残余应力,导致构件出现变形、翘曲。采用准耦合法对7075铝合金板在淬火过程中的温度场和应力场进行数值模拟,利用盲孔法对淬火后的残余应力分布进行实验测量。结果表明,7075铝合金板淬火后残余应力呈现出外压内拉的分布状态,淬火过程中形成的较大温度梯度造成的不均匀塑性变形是应力产生的主要因素,铝板表层和心部冷却速度的变化导致了应力分布状态的转变。实验结果验证了准耦合模拟方法的可行性,研究结论为残余应力控制提供重要依据。     

A study on the contact stresses of square ring under uniform squeeze rate and internal pressure by photoelastic experimental hybrid method

The square ring has over the past few years been used as an alternative sealing element to the O-ring, which has been used widely for a long time. The square ring geometry is believed to be especially suitable for axial static applications because its square form remains practically constant under high pressures, has a high resistance to extrusion, not sensitive to gap extrusion and high leak tightness. Some of these fundamental properties that are crucial in the design of a square ring can be justified by analysis of the stress distribution of the square ring under various loading conditions, especially under a combined loading of uniform squeeze and internal pressure. In order to justify these properties a stress frozen square ring under this combined loading condition of uniform squeeze rate and internal pressure was analyzed using the photoelastic experimental hybrid method to obtain the contact and internal stresses. This research confirmed that contrary to the established theory, the square ring extrudes at a lower pressure of 1.96 MPa. The photoelastic experimental hybrid method can adequately be used for stress analysis of square ring seals. Internal pressure plays a significant role in the design of the seals. As the internal pressure increases, the internal stresses also increase. Maximum internal stresses were observed in the region close to the extrusion gap at points 2 and 2??. The square ring experienced contact stress singularity on the upper end of the contact surface (point 2??) on the front side and at point 2 on the upper side. The upper region experienced the largest contact stresses as well as internal stresses and so the fracture criterion of maximum shear stress should be applied in this region.     

The finite expansion of a circular hole in an infinite plate: A dynamic solution

The problem of dynamic expansion of a finite circular hole in an infinite plate, of uniform initial thickness, in a state of plane stress is worked out by solving the equation of motion. A numerical solution is obtained for a strain-hardening material using (i) a continuous three-parameter stress-strain relation and (ii) Nadai's J₂-deformation theory of plasticity. The solution is obtained by the method of characteristics for both ramp velocity and ramp pressure prescribed at the hole boundary.     

Thermoelastic stress analysis of oblique holes in flat plates

The stresses in the region of an oblique hole in a flat plate are analysed using the thermoelastic stress analysis technique. Particular attention is given to the obliquity of the hole and to the line of action of the applied load in relation to the hole axes. The effects of varying plate thickness are also studied. The data from around the rim and along the internal axis of the hole are presented as a series of stress concentration factors. The results are compared to those from previous studies and discussed in detail. These confirm the findings of the previous work in that increases in hole obliquity increase the stress at the hole, the maximum principal stress is obtained when the load is applied normal to the major axis of the surface ellipse and that as the thickness of plate increases the stresses on the surface of the plate decrease. Issues such as differences in the material’s Poisson’s ratio value are also discussed. The effect of any non-adiabatic behaviour on the thermoelastic output is described.     

An analytical and experimental study of impulsive stress of square plates at an impact loading point by the 3-dimensional dynamic theory of elasticity

In this paper, a new method is proposed to analyze impulsive stresses at an impact loading point, which cannot be solved by the classical plate theory. Particularly, impulsive stresses at an impact loading point under any impact conditions (regardless of mass of impactor, velocity of impactor, stiffness of plate, etc.), can be obtained by the three-dimensional dynamic theory of elasticity and potential theory of displacement. In addition, by using the Hertzian contact theory, impact loading can be analyzed to account for the local deformation, and this load is applied to the impulsive stress analysis by approximating the impact loading to an analyzable function. In the numerical analysis, the Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and the numerical inverse Laplace transformation are utilized. Using a new equation, it was possible to analyze impulsive stresses at an impact loading point, and good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was established.     

Finite elements adding and removing method for two-dimensional shape optimal design

A simple procedure to add and remove material simultaneously along the boundary is developed to optimize the shape of a two dimensional elastic problems and to minimize the maximum von Mises stress. The results for the two dimensional infinite plate with a hole, are lose to the theoretical results of an elliptical boundary and the stress concentration is reduced by half for the fillet problem. The proposed shape optimization method, when compared with existing derivative based shape optimization methods has many features such as simplicity, applicability, flexibiity, computational efficiency and a much better control on stresses on the design boundary.     

On the effect on stress concentration of rounding the edges of a hole through a plate

Two three-dimensional (axisymmetric) elastic stress fields are considered: one for a circular hole passing through a plate perpendicular to its faces and under uniform tension in the plane of the plate remote from the hole—the sharp edge problem; the other for a plate with the same size hole at its midplane and under the same type of loading but having a hole surface which smoothly blends into the plate faces—the round edge problem. The first problem has a classical solution, the second admits to analysis in oblate spheroidal coordinates. Together the closed form solutions provide a means of quantifying the effects of rounding or blending the exit edges of a hole through a plate and show increases in a stress concentration factor of 50% are possible as a result of rounding.     

Diametral compression test: validation using finite element analysis

The validation of the diametral disk compression test with a small flat ground and soft pad utilization has been established. The stress distribution was determined by the finite element analysis for a range of loading conditions. The results showed that for the case of a point load, the fracture is due to shear and compressive stresses at the loading point. The application of the diametral disk test for a flat ground, as well as the use of soft pads at loading regions were proposed and tested. The results showed that both grounds, flat areas and soft pads, have a significant effect on the stress distribution patterns and values in the compression disk test. The stress distributions obtained in both cases, as loading continued, are found to deviate immediately from the assumed ideal point load condition. The obtained results and data, particularly at the disk center, were manipulated in order to obtain a correction equation. Thus, the maximum tensile stress variations, at the center, with the different loading conditions over a wide range ratio of the width of the loading area to the diameter of 0.5 were recorded. Consequently, the stress differences from the ideal case (i.e., the point loading condition) were calculated and fitted with a correction equation. The use of this correction equation can be used to obtain accurate results of the diametral compression test.     

Residual stress field of ballised holes

Ballising, involving pushing a slightly over-sized ball made of hard material through a hole, is a kind of cold working process. Applying ballising process to fastener holes produces compressive residual stress on the edge of the holes, and therefore increases the fatigue life of the components or structures. Quantification of the residual stress field is critical to define and precede the ballising process. In this article, the ballised holes are modeled as cold-expanded holes. Elastic-perfectly plastic theory is employed to analyze the holes with cold expansion process. For theoretical simplification, an axially symmetrical thin plate with a cold expanded hole is assumed. The elasticplastic boundaries and residual stress distribution surrounding the cold expanded hole are derived. With the analysis, the residual stress field can be obtained together with actual cold expansion process in which only the diameters of hole before and after cold expansion need to be measured. As it is a non-destructive method, it provides a convenient way to estimate the elastic-plastic boundaries and residual stresses of cold worked holes. The approach is later extended to the case involving two cold-worked holes. A ballised hole is looked upon as a cold expanded hole and therefore is investigated by the approach. Specimens ballised with different interference levels are investigated. The effects of interference levels and specimen size on residual stresses are studied. The overall residual stresses of plates with two ballised holes are obtained by superposing the residual stresses induced on a single ballised hole. The effects of distance between the centers of the two holes with different interference levels on the residual stress field are revealed.     

Transient thermal stress analysis of thick-walled cylinders

The study of thermal stresses on pressure vessels has a great significance from the theoretical and practical point of view due to their importance in many applications. This paper presents a complete analysis of thermal stresses within a thick-walled cylinder under dynamic internal temperature gradient. A complete evaluation of temperature and stress distributions, in a non-steady state, is obtained using a numerical model. In this model the temperature of the inside surface of the thick-walled cylinder is considered to change according to certain boundary conditions. The harmonic and periodic loading conditions are also studied.     

Microstructure alterations at the surface of a heavily corrugated rail with strong ripple formation

The topography, morphology, structure and residual stress state at the surface of a rail with severe longitudinal ripples was characterized using a combination of spectrometry, microscopy, scattering and diffraction methods. The investigations reveal that white etching layers develop at the ripple hills, while the ripple valleys contain a severely plastic deformed layer. While the structure in the ripple valleys remains pearlite, the structure of the white etching layers on top of the ripple hills is nanocrystalline martensite containing cementite particles of a few nanometer size. The microhardness of the white etching layers on top of the ripple hills is about three times higher than the microhardness in the ripple valleys. The microhardness throughout the white etching layer is not homogeneous due to the non-uniform amount of carbon in solute solution and also due to differences in the amount and the size of the fine carbide particles. The whole running surface is under biaxial compressive residual stresses. In the ripple valleys the direction of the principal residual stresses nearly coincides with the longitudinal and the transverse direction on the rail. On the ripple hills the compressive residual stresses due to the martensite formation are significantly higher and the stress state is nearly homogeneous.     

压缩载荷对冷胀孔残余应力的影响

用考虑组合强化、增量理论的有限元法计算了２１２４－Ｔ８５１ 板件开缝衬套冷胀孔的残余应力场及其在压缩载荷作用下的变化情况。结果表明冷胀之后的压载循环将引起冷胀残余应力的衰减。一个足够大的压缩载荷能够使冷胀工艺给疲劳寿命带来的增益完全丧失。文中说明压缩载荷对冷胀的作用可以和超载后半周压载对裂纹的作用相比拟,建议在确定合理胀孔量时应当把它对所承受的载荷谱中压缩载荷的敏感性考虑在内,应当加强有关的疲劳对比试验研究及残余应力场测量研究。     

工字型吊钩优化设计研究

利用有限元方法模拟了吊钩在不同载荷角下吊起1000t重物的过程,并计算了吊钩内部的应力分布,确定了最大应力位置和最危险工况。在保证原有形状尺寸的基础上,将吊钩截面改为工字型,并在腹板增加圆孔。利用有限元优化模块对工字型截面和孔径进行多参数优化,在满足强度要求下使吊钩的重量最小化。     

机械零件形状优化设计的仿生学方法

基于相对性原理重新分析了生物适应性生长行为，提出了新的生物生长规律：生物局部区域生长行为只需根据其周边应力大小进行调整，不需要人为确定参考应力。在此基础上，提出了一种模拟生物适应性生长过程的相对应力优化法，该方法的主要特点是不需要人为确定参考应力。所提出的优化方法不但具有较高的优化效率，还能按给定的误差精度要求获得优化结果。最后，给出了受双向载荷作用平板的最优中心孔形状优化设计和给定许用应力下连杆形状优化设计的实例。     

基于有限元的轴流式水轮机转轮体刚强度分析

针对轴流式水轮机,因其转轮体的结构及受力情况的复杂性,进行精确的刚强度计算是相当困难的。为了研究轴流式水轮机转轮体在工作状态下的应力状态及位移情况,采用周期性边界条件,选取包含一个完整枢轴孔在内的扇形区域作为分析模型,对弹性体结构的动力平衡方程,采用三维有限元技术进行求解,分别对额定工况、最大水头工况和两种飞逸工况下的轴流式水轮机转轮体进行了刚强度分析。结果表明：轴流式水轮机转轮体在运行时,飞逸工况下的应力水平要远远大于正常运行工况下的应力水平;转轮体的最大位移及最大应力点位于大枢轴孔的下端处,与实际转轮体最大应力位置一致,同时也说明了该方法的有效性。     

层合板多钉机械连接载荷分配三维有限元分析

用三维有限元方法对层合板单排四钉机械连接钉载分配进行了分析。计算了复材板与钢板、铝板双搭接时的载荷分布。结果表明,在最大承载孔上理论值与试验值误差不大于１６％。各孔的载荷分配主要取决于连接板的刚度,与孔径关系不大。     

复合应力对接触疲劳的影响

作者采用统计学的实验和数据处理方法,研究复合应力对接触疲劳的影响。实验结果表明,附加拉伸弯曲应力显著地缩短接触疲劳寿命。而压缩弯曲应力的影响,则取决于它的数值大小。较小的附加压缩应力能够增加疲劳寿命,而大的压缩应力将促进疲劳发生。存在一个临界压缩弯曲应力值,此时疲劳寿命为最大值。根据实验结果,作者就通常计算接触疲劳强度所采用的几种决定应力的适用性提出分析和评价。以最大的表面剪切应力作为决定应力更适合于接触疲劳问题,复合应力作用下的接触疲劳裂纹可能发源于金属表面。