竖直套管内带热源的多孔介质中的自然对流

为研究内热源存在时多孔介质中流动和传热的特性,采用数值方法对上下底绝热、内外壁存在温差时,竖直套管中带均匀容积热源的多孔介质内的自然对流进行了分析。考查了内、外Rayleigh数之比Rai／Ra、高宽比A及半径比k对流场、温度场以及局部和平均Nusselt数的影响。研究结果表明,Rai／Ra和A较大时,内、外壁面附近分别形成两个逆向环流,温度场出现θ>1的高温区和θ<1的低温区,高温区的范围随Rai／Ra和A的增大而扩大。内壁面局部Nusselt数沿管长先增大后下降,分界点位置随k的减小和A的增大下移;外壁面局部Nusselt数在管上部区域迅速增大。内壁面平均Nusselt数Nui与Rai／Ra的增加呈现负的线性关系。     

Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Jackets of Triangular Flow Channels

Laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of jacketed vessel with triangular flow channels were numerically studied under hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed conditions. Constant heat flux at theheated wall was assumed. The numerical program code interms of vorticity, stream function, axial velocity com ponent and energy equations was written based on a finite volume method. Based on the numerical results, the flow and temperature field were given, and the effects of Dean and Prandtl numbers on flow and heat transfer were ex amined, and the correlations of flow resistance and mean Nusselt number were developed for the jacket. The results show that the structure of secondary flow is steady two vortices in the investigated range of dimensionless curvatureratio and Reynolds number. Two peaks of local Nusselt number increase significantly with Prandtl and Dean num ber increasing, but the local Nusselt numbers near two ends and at the center of the heated wall increase only slightly. The center and two ends of heated wall are the poor positions for heat transfer in the jacket. Compared with the outer half coil jacket at the same area of heated wall, curvature radius, Reynolds number and Prandtl number, e jacket of triangular flow chmnel has lower flow resistance and less mean Nusselt number.     

螺旋套管换热器壳程流体湍流换热热力性能数值研究

利用计算流体力学软件对内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟。通过与内管为光管的研究结果对比,揭示了内管为螺纹管时壳程流体的速度场和温度场分布,研究了雷诺数、槽高对壳程流体湍流流动及换热性能的影响,并利用场协同原理初步揭示了螺纹复合螺旋流动强化流体换热的机理。结果表明,螺纹内管的螺纹凸起对螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的扰流和导流作用明显,在研究范围内(Re=10000～24000),内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的传热效率较内管为光管的模型最大提高了22.1%;结构参数相同时,随着Re增大,螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的Nu逐渐增大,阻力系数f逐渐减小,综合评价因子Ψ逐渐减小,在研究范围内,Nu最大增加了85.6,f最大减少了0.008,Ψ从1.35减小至1.18。当Re一定时,当量高度h’增大,f逐渐增大,Nu先增大后减小。由场协同原理分析得出,h’=0.220时,在螺纹凸起扰流和导流的作用下壳程流体的温度场与速度场协同性能较好,综合评价因子Ψ最大,螺纹的优化当量高度h’宜取约0.220。     

Non-isothermal flow of a polymeric liquid through rounded L-channels

Abstract

The non-isothermal creeping flow of nylon-6 in L-channels with rounded corner has been studied numerically. A differential-type, non-isothermal White-Metzner constitutive equation is used for this flow simulation. Computational results were obtained by the elastic-viscous split-stress (EVSS) finite element method, incorporating the streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) scheme. The generated thermal field is entirely due to viscous heating. Essential flow characteristics, including temperature distribution in the flow field, are predicted. The resulting local Nusselt numbers along the walls and dimensionless bulk temperature along the channel are predicted. Furthermore, the effects of flow-rate, temperature-thinning, and geometry are investigated. In the curved elbow, the local heat transfer coefficient is higher along the outer wall than along the inner, and the difference is more significant for higher flow-rate. The local Nusselt number and bulk temperature distributions increase with flow-rate, but decrease with fluid temperature-thinning. The effect of elbow radius on these two values is only significant in the curved elbow.     

环形通道内层流入口段换热及流体变物性的影响

采用SIMPLER算法对环形通道内二维定常轴对称入口段流动与换热进行了数值计算, 研究了两种边界条件下的层流流动与换热规律, 给出了不同Prandtl数以及半径比率下沿程Nusselt数的变化曲线,同时还给出了流体物性随温度变化对流动与换热的影响, 最后还拟合出了不同半径比率下平均Nusselt数的关联式.计算结果还表明,环形通道能强化传热,强化程度随半径比率减小而增大,且入口段的换热强化与其较高的径向速度有关.     

Numerical studies of a tube-in-tube helically coiled heat exchanger

In the present study a tube-in-tube helically coiled (TTHC) heat exchanger has been numerically modeled for fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for different fluid flow rates in the inner as well as outer tube. The three-dimensional governing equations for mass, momentum and heat transfer have been solved using a control volume finite difference method (CVFDM). The renormalization group (RNG) k– model is used to model the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the TTHC heat exchanger. The fluid considered in the inner tube is compressed air at higher pressure and cooling water in the outer tube at ambient conditions. The inner tube pressure is varied from 10 to 30 bars. The Reynolds numbers for the inner tube ranged from 20,000 to 70,000. The mass flow rate in the outer tube is varied from 200 to 600 kg/h. The outer tube is fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. The overall heat transfer coefficients are calculated for both parallel and counter flow configurations. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the outer tube of the TTHC.     

Re-evaluation of the Nusselt number for determining the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients in a flow-through monolithic catalytic converter

The two-equation porous medium model has been widely employed for modeling the flow-through monolithic catalytic converter. In this model, the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients have been usually obtained using the asymptotic Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with some suitable assumptions. However, previously it seemed that there existed some misunderstanding in adopting these Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Up to now, the Nusselt number based on the fluid bulk mean temperature has been used for determining the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients. However, the mass and energy balance formulations in the two-equation model indicate that the Nusselt number should be evaluated based on the fluid mean temperature instead of the fluid bulk mean temperature. Therefore, in this study, to correctly model the heat and mass transfer coefficients, the Nusselt number based on the fluid mean temperature was newly obtained for the square and circular cross-sections under two different thermal boundary conditions (i.e., constant heat flux and constant temperature at the wall). In order to do that, the present study employed the numerical as well as analytical method.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer study in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger

In the present work attempts were made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments were carried out in counter current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and cold fluid in the annulus area. The outer tube was fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. Overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated and heat transfer coefficients in the inner and outer tube were determined using Wilson plots. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics package [FLUENT User's Guide, release 6.0, Fluent Inc., Lebnon, NH, 1994] was used to predict the flow and thermal development in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes were compared with the experimental data collected in the present study as well as reported in the literature. The CFD simulations were in agreement with the present experimental data. In case of literature data a reasonable comparison was found even though the boundary conditions in the present work were different.     

隧道窑间壁换热流动及传热特性的数值研究

间壁换热结构是隧道窑缓冷段的重要结构,进一步了解其流动和传热能力具有重要意义。为了研究隧道窑间壁内流动及传热特性,建立了隧道窑间壁的三维物理和数学模型。并采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对其进行了数学模拟,研究了分层间壁结构、分层通道的大小和位置、内壁温度、出口抽力等因素对间壁换热流动及换热特性的影响。结果表明,分层结构间壁可以有效提高换热效率,其中M3-1的换热性能最佳;在分层间壁层数一定的情况下,分层通道的大小和位置对于间壁整体的换热性能影响不大;随着风机抽力的增大,间壁换热效果更佳,但间壁的分层结构对于换热效果的影响降低,不同分层结构的间壁热风出口温差变小。     

纵向内翅片管对流换热特性的实验研究及数值模拟

传热强化技术由于能使换热设备的效率提高,一直受到科技界和工业界的重视．一般认为翅片在强化传热中的作用主要是增加了热阻较大一侧流体的面积,从而减小了以总面积计算的热阻．在管外侧加翅片是强化管外换热的最普遍方式之一．相对而言,利用内翅片管强化换热的研究工作开展得比较少．本文对一种新型内翅片管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并通过数值仿真与实验数据进行了比较和分析．     

黏度随温度变化对三角形螺旋夹套内湍流流体流动及换热的影响

考虑受热流体黏度随温度变化的影响,对三角形螺旋夹套内流体湍流换热进行了数值模拟分析。经与实验结果比对,证明了模拟方法可靠。基于模拟结果重点分析了受热流体黏度变化对流道内流体流动和换热特性的影响,剖析了受热流体的截面平均流动阻力(fRe_m)和平均Nusselt数(Nu_m)沿流动方向的发展特点,并比较了不同流动参数和不同结构参数下流道内受热流体定黏度和变黏度时流体总流动阻力和传热系数的差别。结果表明:考虑流体黏度随温度变化时会明显影响三角形螺旋夹套内流体的流动和换热特性。对比两种流体fRe_m和Nu_m沿流体流动方向的发展过程发现,在早期、中间和后期发展3个阶段中,后期发展阶段中两种流体的发展趋势明显不同;相同来流条件和热边界条件下,与定黏度流体相比,同一横截面上变黏度流体各点的局部流动阻力较小,而局部Nusselt数却较大,因此变黏度流体总的流动阻力较小,而总的传热系数较大;Reynolds数越低,流道量纲一曲率越小,变黏度受热流体的流动和换热性能与定黏度流体流动和换热性能相比差异愈明显,则考虑流体黏度随温度变化对流体流动和传热的影响更为重要。     

Heat transfer and friction factor of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid in a ribbed tube

Experiments and simulations on flow and heat transfer behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid have been conducted in a ribbed tube with the outer diameter and inner diameter 25.0 and 20.0 mm,pitch and rib height of 4.5 and 1.0 mm.respectively.Experimental results show that the heat transfer and thermal performance of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid in the ribbed tube are considerably improved compared to those of the smooth tube.The Nusselt number increase with the increase of Reynolds number.The increase in heat transfer rate of the ribbed tube has a mean value of 2.24 times.Also,the pressure drop results reveal that the average friction factor of the ribbed tube is in a range of 2.4 and 2.8 times over the smooth tube.Numerical simulations of three-dimensional flow behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid are carried out using three different turbulence models in the ribbed tube.The numerical results show that the heat transfer of ribbed tube is improved because vortices are generated behind ribs,which produce some disruptions to fluid flow and enhance heat transfer compared with smooth tube.The numerical results prove that the ribbed tube can improve heat transfer and fluid flow performances of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid.     

三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热模拟

对三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热性能进行了模拟,得到了充分发展条件下恒定热流加热时釜内湍流流体的速度场,分析了雷诺数(Re)和无量纲曲率(k) 对流体阻力和换热性能的影响,并由模拟数据拟合出平均阻力系数及平均努赛尔数的关联式. 结果表明,湍流流动中,夹套内流体的二次流动为稳定的二涡结构,随雷诺数增大,二次流强度和湍动能均增强. 由于离心力的作用,外壁面的阻力系数远大于内壁面. 换热面上局部努塞尔数的峰值出现在靠近二次涡中心位置的换热壁面处,换热面中心处的局部努塞尔数约为峰值的85%. 随Re和k增大,峰值处的局部努塞尔数值增大最明显,流体的平均努塞尔数及阻力系数均增大. 在所模拟的范围内,三角形螺旋夹套的效率因子E>3.7,且随Re和k增大,E逐渐增大.     

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER TO LAMINAR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN ANNULUS

An analytical study is made of the problem of laminar flow heat transfer to pseudoplastic fluids in a concentric circular tube annulus. The solution is obtained for simultaneously developing velocity and temperature profiles and constant wall heat flux. Constant property results are presented for different values of flow behavior index, n, and several inner to outer tube radius ratios and Prandtl numbers. Variable property solutions, with strongly temperature-dependent consistency index are obtained. The effect of viscous dissipation on the results of heat transfer is also presented.     

Effect of Helical Surface Disc Turbulators on Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Characteristics in the Annuli of a Double‐Pipe Heat Exchanger

The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in annuli of a double‐pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) using helical surface disc turbulators (HSDTs) are experimentally investigated. The effect of a helical surface disc turbulator is studied for three pitch ratios, three diameter ratios, and varying Reynolds numbers. Water flows in the inner tube and air through the annulus. The tests are conducted for air with uniform wall temperature condition. The heat exchanger with the least pitch ratio and least diameter ratio was found to exhibit the highest Nusselt number and pressure drop. The thermal performance factor turned out to be greater than unity for all cases. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance.     

Fluid flow and heat transfer in internally finned helical coils

The equations of motion and energy for Newtonian fully developed fluid flow in an internally finned helical coil were solved numerically for the case of uniform heat flux with peripherally uniform temperature for low Reynolds numbers. Plots for the axial velocity, secondary stream function and fluid temperature are given. For a given fin geometry, it was found that fRe is both a function of Dean number and radius of curvature, whereas the average Nusselt number is a function of Dean number only. For a given fluid at a constant pressure drop, a finned coil gave lower values for the average Nusselt number than a finless tube with the same inside diameter and radius of curvature.     

缠绕管式换热器壳程强化传热性能影响因素分析

由于内部流场信息缺乏,结构参数对流体流动的影响规律不明确,致使缠绕管式换热器壳程强化传热机理不明晰,阻碍其设计准则的进一步规范化和通用。针对上述问题,对缠绕管式换热器壳程流体流动进行几何建模及数值模拟,并通过文献中实验数据进行验证,进而基于该模型对壳程流体流场特性进行详细分析,分析关键结构参数对其壳程传热与阻力性能的影响,并探讨其强化传热机理。结果表明：Realizable k-ε湍流模型可较为准确地描述壳程流体流动;在双对数坐标系内,壳程Nusselt数随Reynolds数的增大而增大,阻力系数f则呈线性降低的趋势;壳程Nusselt数随缠绕管直径d与平均缠绕直径D的增大而增大,随螺距S的增大而减小,阻力系数f则相反;缠绕管直径d对壳程流体传热与阻力性能的影响最大,平均缠绕直径D的影响最小;增大缠绕管直径d与平均缠绕直径D有利于破坏流体速度边界层,增强流体扰动,加快温升速度,强化壳程传热,而增大螺距S则使速度边界层变厚,减小流动阻力的同时降低温升速度,不利于壳程强化传热。     

Effect of Thermal Asymmetry on Heat Transfer in a Laminar Annular Flow

The effect of thermal asymmetry on heat transfer in a hydrodynamically developed annular flow has been investigated numerically. The surfaces confining the fluid space are kept at constant but different temperatures. Depending on the fluid inlet temperature, the thermal asymmetry can lead to a discontinuity of the Nusselt number on one surface. With the thermally developed flow the exact expressions for the Nusselt numbers have been obtained.     

TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE A VERTICAL CYLINDER

The transient behavior for natural convection heat transfer within a vertical cylindrical enclosure was studied using the SIMPLER numerical algorithm. Initially, the temperature of the internal fluid was uniform. The unsteady state heat transfer was initiated by a temperature step change applied to all boundaries. The boundary temperature was then increased at the same rate as the center temperature until pseudosteady state was achieved. (Pseudosteady state is comparable to steady state convection for a fluid with uniform heat generation.) The transient heat transfer coefficient and the intensity of flow, along with the magnitude and the location of the minimum temperature, mean temperature, and maximum stream function are presented. Temperature and stream function contours are used to show the penetration of heat from the boundary and the development of the flow patterns. The local Nusselt number is also provided as supplementary information. A cylinder with HID = 1 was considered, with the Prandtl number of the fluid equal to 7 and a Rayleigh number of 10⁵. A characteristic length defined as 6 x (volume)/(surface area), which was found to produce the best regression results in our previous studies, was used in defining the Nusselt number and the Rayleigh number. The initial heat transfer rate was found to be correlated by

Nu =0.938 (Dimensionless Time) ^-0567

Oscillatory phenomena were found in support of the prediction made by Patterson and Imberger.     

叉排微柱群内顶部缝隙对传热效率的影响

以去离子水为工质,实验研究了直径为500 μm、高度为500 μm以叉排排列的微柱群内顶部缝隙对传热效率的影响规律。采用电加热棒进行加热,测量微柱群板Reynolds数在8～400之间在不同顶部缝隙时的进出口温度与流量,获得微柱群内流动阻力系数及Nusselt数,进而掌握微柱群内传热效率与Re关系。研究结果表明,在较低Re时,顶部缝隙对微柱群内流动阻力和Nu影响较小;随着Re增加,其对流动阻力与Nu的影响越来越显著。微柱群传热效率一开始随着Re增加而快速增加,随着Re进一步增加,其传热效率开始缓慢增加甚至出现下降。根据实验结果,尽管微柱群顶部缝隙存在降低了其内Nu,但提高了微柱群的传热效率。