离子渗氮AISI 420马氏体不锈钢耐蚀行为研究

采用不同温度对AISI 420马氏体不锈钢进行离子渗氮处理.借助光学显微镜和X射线衍射(XRD)技术分析了渗氮层的微观组织结构,利用显微硬度计测试了渗氮层的硬度分布,通过电化学极化曲线测试和盐雾腐蚀试验研究了离子渗氮AISI 420不锈钢在模拟工业环境中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:AISI 420不锈钢350℃低温离子渗氮层由ε-Fe3N和N过饱和固溶体αN相组成,其化学稳定性高,加之固溶Cr元素的联合作用,明显提高了AISI 420不锈钢基材的腐蚀抗力.AISI 420钢经450℃和550℃渗氮处理,渗氮层中的αN分解成了α相和CrN,造成基体贫Cr,降低了基材的耐蚀性能.马氏体不锈钢低温离子渗氮处理不仅可以提高表面硬度,而且可以获得良好的耐蚀性能.     

不同气氛固溶氮化处理对不锈钢组织性能的影响

研究了3Cr13不锈钢在不同气氛下的固溶氮化.结果表明:1100℃、0.15MPa的N2、NH3气氛下,均可实现固溶氮化,并获得厚氮铁素体层.以NH3为渗剂固溶渗氮,得到的扩散层的晶粒比N2为渗剂的更加细小,试样表面硬度高达45HRC;高硬度的获得主要是靠渗氮层中形成与母相共格的合金元素氮化物的沉淀硬化.     

离子渗氮和固溶复合处理制备深层含氮奥氏体不锈钢

目的 通过离子渗氮和固溶复合处理制备深层含氮奥氏体不锈钢,获得硬度、耐蚀性和耐磨性等综合性能优良的奥氏体不锈钢。方法 将304奥氏体不锈钢试样放在LD-8CL型直流等离子体渗氮炉内,在400 Pa下进行560 ℃、4 h的离子渗氮处理,渗氮后进行1050 ℃、8 h的固溶处理。使用HXD-1000TMC型显微硬度计、DMI-3000M型金相显微镜、D/max-2500型X射线衍射仪（XRD）、Thermo250XI型X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、CS 350电化学测量系统和万能摩擦磨损试验机,对经过复合处理的304不锈钢的截面硬化梯度、截面组织、物相、表面成分、耐蚀性和耐磨性进行研究分析,验证此复合处理对获得硬度高、耐蚀性和耐磨性好等综合性能优良的奥氏体不锈钢的适用性。结果 经过复合处理,不锈钢表面的氮原子数分数为1.56 %,且为单一奥氏体相?N。?N所对应的衍射峰相对于不锈钢基体向左偏移,有效硬化层深达1.0 mm,不锈钢的表面硬度从基体的210HV0.025提高到308HV0.025。不但提高了深层含氮奥氏体不锈钢的耐磨性,而且提高了不锈钢的耐蚀性,腐蚀电位从基体的-0.534 V提高到-0.422 V,摩擦系数由基体的0.8降到0.7。结论 离子渗氮和固溶复合处理适用于制备综合性能优良的深层含氮奥氏体不锈钢。工艺设计时,可以根据材料服役要求,选择合适的固溶工艺,从而获得满足不同综合性能要求的含氮不锈钢。     

表面离子渗氮对SS304耐蚀性的研究

目的对SS304在300 Pa不同温度下进行表面离子渗氮,研究渗氮层和SS304的耐蚀性。方法通过动电位极化曲线和交流阻抗谱分析SS304和渗氮层在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的耐蚀性,采取金相显微镜、SEM、XRD对渗氮层和SS304的表面形貌和相组成进行分析测试,采用显微硬度计和镜像显微镜对渗氮层和SS304的硬度和截面形貌进行分析测试。结果 SS304中有γ相和M相,400℃时渗氮层试样出现γN、Fe_(2~3)N、Fe_4N,大于450℃时,渗氮层试样出现了Fe2~3N、Fe4N、Cr N。渗氮层在3.5%NaCl溶液中,400℃时渗氮层的自腐蚀电流密度比SS304的小,大于450℃时,渗氮层的自腐蚀电流密度比SS304的小且随渗氮温度增加而逐渐增大;400℃时渗氮层的自腐蚀电位比SS304的大,大于450℃时,渗氮层的自腐蚀电位比SS304的大且随渗氮温度增加而逐渐降低;400℃时渗氮层表面的膜电阻比SS304的大,大于≥450℃时,渗氮层表面的膜电阻比SS304的小。结论渗氮层的耐蚀性随温度的升高而降低,400℃时渗氮层的耐蚀性比SS304的好,大于450℃时,渗氮层的耐蚀性比SS304的低;400℃时渗氮层生成氮扩大奥氏体(γN),可大大增加耐蚀性,大于450℃时,渗氮层生成Cr N,耐蚀性减小。     

35CrMoA钢激光淬火/渗氮层中氮分布及耐蚀性分析

对35CrMoA钢进行激光淬火/渗氮复合处理,采用SEMM,XRD,EPMA,M352腐蚀系统研究了激光淬火/渗氮层的显微组织、物相、N元素分布及耐蚀性,并与气体渗氮层对比.结果表明,激光淬火/渗氮化合物层中ε-Fe3N含量较高,ζ-Fe2N相较低,表面氮浓度较低,渗氮层中氮分布较均匀,氮浓度降低趋势平缓,普通渗氮层表...     

固溶渗氮对Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢组织及性能的影响

目的 提高Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢的耐蚀性和耐磨性。方法 使用中频感应炉炼制9种正交设计固溶渗氮用钢,通过正交试验的极差分析得出渗氮效率最高的实验用钢（Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢）,采用高纯氮气在常压下对其进行固溶渗氮处理,同时对渗层的耐蚀性和耐磨性进行测试及机理分析。利用光学显微镜和XRD研究了Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢及其渗氮层的显微组织及相组成,采用显微硬度测试仪对固溶渗氮后Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢的硬度分布进行表征,采用电化学工作站及高速载流试验机进行耐蚀性及耐磨性研究。结果 在优化成分后炼制的Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢具有良好的强度及韧性,对其在1200 ℃下固溶渗氮24 h可以制备出厚度高达1.4 mm的单一奥氏体渗层。渗氮后腐蚀电位提高,腐蚀电流降低。相比于未渗氮试样,渗氮（1200 ℃,24 h）后试样的阻抗弧半径由2500 Ω增大到8000 Ω,摩擦系数由0.33降低到0.28,磨损量从15.5 mg降低到8.7 mg。渗氮后Cr18Mn21Mo2.5钢的耐蚀性及耐磨性明显提高。结论 固溶渗氮后,N固溶到奥氏体晶格间隙中,固溶态的N促进钝化膜再构,同时N的固溶强化使材料表面硬度提高,渗氮层N含量的提高和渗层厚度的增加均有利于提高耐蚀性和耐磨性。     

离子渗氮马氏体不锈钢的微观组织与腐蚀行为

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射(XRD)、极化曲线和显微硬度等方法研究表面离子渗氮X12Cr13马氏体不锈钢的渗氮层成分、显微组织结构、硬度以及腐蚀性能。结果表明:离子渗氮马氏体不锈钢表面形成了70μm的渗氮层,渗氮层由化合物层和扩散层组成,化合物层的组成相主要为γ-Fe N和ε-Fe N。离子渗氮不锈钢经过72 h纯水浸泡后表面发生点蚀。基体内部向表层的扩散降低了钢中的固溶铬含量以及渗氮层形成的孔隙和裂纹共同降低马氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀性。     

渗氮工艺对1Gr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面耐蚀性的影响

通过对渗氮工艺处理后1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的组织观察及力学性能测量,研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的渗氮层组织及性能与渗氮温度的关系。研究结果表明:未经过渗氮处理的1Cr18Ni9Ti钢主要相成分是α-Fe相,在300℃温度下渗氮处理后的物相主要有α′N、γ′-Fe4N及ε-Fe3C相,其中γ′-Fe4N相的含量较少,在350℃和400℃温度下渗氮处理后的物相主要有α′N、γ′-Fe4N、ε-Fe3C及Cr N相。经过渗氮处理后,钢表面的硬度有明显提升,硬度值随着渗氮温度的降低而减小。在300℃温度下渗氮处理可以一定程度上提升1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的耐蚀性。     

低温渗氮对水泵用0Cr13Ni4Mo钢表面改性研究

为提高马氏体不锈钢0Cr13Ni4Mo的耐磨性,对水泵叶片进行表面处理,具体为分别在450℃、480℃和510℃对其进行2 h的盐浴渗氮。使用显微硬度计、XRD衍射仪、光镜、电化学工作站、摩擦磨损试验机及SEM等设备,研究了渗氮温度对0Cr13Ni4Mo钢的表面物相、硬度、渗层显微形貌、耐蚀性以及耐磨性的影响。结果显示:随着渗氮温度升高,物相由氮原子在马氏体中的过饱和固溶体α'N转变为Cr N和γ'相,材料点蚀电位下降,同时表面硬度增加,510℃处理后可达HV 1 200,渗层厚度为20μm,Cr N相大量析出,点蚀电位下降360 m V,磨损体积为未渗氮样品的17.6%,减磨效果明显。     

固溶温度对S32760双相不锈钢组织与耐点蚀性能的影响

利用OM,EPMA,SEM,EDS,TEM等研究了固溶温度对S32760双相不锈钢热轧板显微组织的影响及合金元素的分布特征,并通过电化学工作站测定了材料的耐点蚀性能.结果表明,S32760双相不锈钢在1080℃以上高温固溶过程中,N元素从g相扩散转移至d相中.若固溶后缓慢冷却,则N原子又重新迁移回g相中;如果固溶后水冷,则N原子来不及扩散,于d相中原位弥散析出Cr2N颗粒.Cr2N颗粒的数量由淬火前的固溶温度决定,温度越高数量越多.当固溶温度从1100℃升至1300℃时,d相中N的固溶度快速上升,其显微硬度由281 HV提高至345 HV;而g相由于相比例降低也使得N的浓度间接上升,显微硬度由290 HV升至314 HV.同时,由于实验钢中含有W,S32760双相不锈钢热轧板在1040℃以下热处理有s相析出,因此其固溶水冷温度区间较窄,最佳固溶温度为1060℃.此温度保温60 min后水冷,试样中无析出物,Brinell硬度为249 HBW,点蚀电位为1068 m V,维钝电流密度为1.48×10-4A/cm2.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.