磨粒类型对K9玻璃剪切增稠抛光的影响

目的 采用剪切增稠抛光方法对K9玻璃进行抛光,以工件表面粗糙度Sa为评价指标,研究不同磨粒抛光液对K9玻璃的抛光效果。方法 采用金刚石、CeO2、Al2O3和SiO2等4种单一磨粒,以及金刚石+SiO2混合磨粒,制备了不同的剪切增稠抛光液,并测试其流变特性。以?20 mm K9玻璃圆片为工件,首先在相同磨粒浓度下,进行4种单一磨粒抛光液的抛光实验,观测在抛光时间不同时工件表面粗糙度Sa的变化情况,比较4种抛光液的抛光效果。然后,对比CeO2抛光液与金刚石+SiO2混合磨粒抛光液的抛光效果,并分析讨论混合磨粒抛光液的材料去除过程。结果 使用CeO2抛光液抛光35 min后,将工件的表面粗糙度Sa从(233.1±15.2)nm降至(1.6±0.2)nm;金刚石抛光液次之,在抛光55 min后工件的表面粗糙度Sa达到(1.86± 0.2)nm;Al2O3抛光液的效果相对最差。采用SiO2(质量分数10%)+金刚石(质量分数5%)抛光液,在抛光5 min后工件的表面粗糙度Sa比CeO2抛光液的低53.3%;在抛光35 min后,工件的表面粗糙度Sa从(230.7±10.5)nm降至(1.43±0.9)nm。在金刚石(质量分数5%)抛光液中添加不同浓度SiO2磨粒的抛光实验中发现,在抛光初始阶段,抛光效率随着SiO2磨粒浓度的增加而增大。结论 CeO2抛光液和SiO2(质量分数10%)+金刚石(质量分数5%)抛光液的抛光效果相对最优,后者在低表面质量时的抛光效率更高。     

球面滚子剪切增稠抛光优化实验

目的 研究球面滚子在剪切增稠抛光过程中,不同抛光参数对表面粗糙度的影响,获得滚子光滑滚动面,并优化抛光工艺参数。方法 基于田口实验设计,以表面粗糙度Sa为评价指标,分析磨粒种类、磨粒浓度、抛光转速、抛光间距等4个抛光工艺参数对球面滚子剪切增稠抛光后表面粗糙度的影响。通过实验分析表面粗糙度Sa的信噪比结果,得出最优的参数组合,并通过摩擦磨损实验评价抛光表面的摩擦磨损性能。结果 得到了优化的工艺参数,Al2O3与SiO2混合磨粒的质量比为1∶1,磨粒的质量分数为10%,抛光转速为70 r/min,抛光间距为4 mm,抛光时间为30 min。在此优化的工艺参数下,球面滚子表面粗糙度Sa从(40±10)nm降至(8.51±2)nm。结论 剪切增稠抛光可以有效地去除球面滚子的表面缺陷,且在抛光过程不会改变滚子的圆度,抛光后滚子表面的摩擦因数减小,表面不易发生氧化物堆积。采用剪切增稠抛光可以有效提高GCr15球面滚子的表面质量。     

硬质合金刀片前刀面的剪切增稠抛光实验研究

目的 采用柔性的剪切增稠抛光(STP)方法抛光开设有弧形断屑槽的硬质合金刀片前刀面,降低其粗糙度,提高刀具的切削性能.方法 利用非牛顿幂率流体的剪切增稠效应与磨粒的微切削作用,实现对工件粗糙表面的微凸峰去除.以前刀面断屑槽的表面粗糙度为评价指标,采用田口法设计正交实验,分析抛光速度、磨粒浓度、倾斜角度以及磨粒粒度等抛光...     

基于响应面法的单晶硅CMP抛光工艺参数优化

为提高单晶硅化学机械抛光(chemical mechanical polishing,CMP)的表面质量和抛光速度,通过响应面法优化CMP抛光压力、抛光盘转速和抛光液流量3个工艺参数,结果表明抛光压力、抛光盘转速、抛光液流量对材料去除率和抛光后表面粗糙度的影响依次减小。通过数学模型和试验验证获得最优的工艺参数为:抛光压力,48.3 kPa;抛光盘转速,70 r/min;抛光液流量,65 mL/min。在此工艺下,单晶硅CMP的材料去除率为1 058.2 nm/min,表面粗糙度为0.771 nm,其抛光速度和表面质量得到显著提高。      

蓝宝石衬底CMP中氧化硅磨粒粒度分布对抛光液体系性能影响研究

目的 化学机械抛光(CMP)包含化学腐蚀和机械磨削两方面,抛光液pH、磨粒粒径和浓度等因素均会不同程度地影响其化学腐蚀和机械磨削能力,从而影响抛光效果。方法 采用30~150 nm连续粒径磨粒抛光液、120 nm均一粒径磨粒抛光液、50 nm和120 nm配制而成的混合粒径磨粒抛光液,分别对蓝宝石衬底晶圆进行循环CMP实验,研究CMP过程中抛光液体系的变化。结果 连续粒径磨粒抛光液中磨粒大规模团聚,满足高材料去除率的抛光时间仅有4 h,抛光后的晶圆表面粗糙度为0.665 nm;均一粒径磨粒抛光液中磨粒稳定,无团聚现象,抛光9 h内材料去除率较连续粒径磨粒抛光液高94.7%,能至少维持高材料去除率18 h,抛光后的晶圆表面粗糙度为0.204 nm;混合粒径磨粒抛光液初始状态下磨粒稳定性较高,抛光9 h内材料去除率较连续粒径磨粒抛光液高114.8%,之后磨粒出现小规模团聚现象,后9 h材料去除率仅为均一粒径磨粒抛光液的59.6%,18 h内材料去除率仅为均一粒径磨粒抛光液的87.7%,但抛光后的晶圆表面粗糙度为0.151 nm。结论 一定时间内追求较高的材料去除率和较好的晶圆表面粗糙度选用混合粒径磨粒抛光液,但需要长时间CMP使用均一粒径磨粒抛光液更适合,因此,在工业生产中需要根据生产要求配合使用混合粒径磨粒抛光液和均一粒径磨粒抛光液。     

TFT-LCD玻璃基板精细雾化抛光的工艺参数优化

为了研究抛光工艺参数(抛光压力、抛光台转速、抛光液流量)对精细雾化抛光TFT-LCD玻璃基板的影响,实现对玻璃基板的高效、高质量加工,采用正交试验方法对玻璃基板进行雾化抛光,以材料去除率(MRR)和表面粗糙度(Ra)为评价指标,根据实验结果得到最优的工艺参数组合,并将传统抛光和雾化抛光进行了对比。结果表明:当压力为0.055 MPa,抛光台转速为65r/min,抛光液流量为8.3mL/min时,雾化抛光的材料去除率为219nm/min,表面粗糙度Ra为1.1nm,光学透过率≥92.6%。在相同的试验条件下,传统抛光的去除率和表面粗糙度分别为335nm/min和1.2nm,两种方法的抛光效果相近,但雾化方法抛光液用量仅为传统的1/10。     

抛光液pH值、温度和浓度对蓝宝石抛光效率的影响

目的研究抛光液pH值、温度和浓度对化学机械抛光蓝宝石去除率的影响,以提高抛光效率。方法采用CP4单面抛光试验机对直径为50.8 mm C向蓝宝石晶元进行化学机械抛光,通过电子分析天平对蓝宝石抛光过程中的材料去除率进行了分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对蓝宝石晶元抛光前后的表面形貌和粗糙度(Ra)进行了评价。结果蓝宝石在化学机械抛光过程中的材料去除率均随抛光液pH值和温度的升高呈先增大后减小趋势。当抛光原液与去离子水按1:1的体积比混合配制抛光液,KOH调节pH值为12.2,水浴加热抛光液35℃时,蓝宝石抛光的材料去除率(MRR)达到1.119μm/h,Ra为0.101 nm。结论随着pH的增大,化学作用逐渐增强,而机械作用逐渐减弱,在pH为12.2的时候能达到平衡点,此时的MRR最佳;随着温度的升高,化学作用逐渐增强,而机械作用保持不变,抛光液温度为35~40℃时,化学作用与机械作用达到平衡,MRR最佳,当温度高于40℃后,抛光液浓度明显增大,而过高的浓度会导致MRR的减小。抛光液的相关性能优化后,化学机械抛光蓝宝石的MRR较优化前提高了71.4%。     

锆元素诱导非球形磨粒对氧化锆陶瓷的化学机械抛光性能

目的为了提高氧化锆陶瓷手机背板的化学机械抛光(CMP)性能,合成新型非球形二氧化硅磨粒,并分析非球形二氧化硅磨粒在CMP过程中的作用机理。方法利用Zr⁴⁺阳离子对球形二氧化硅纳米颗粒间作用力进行调控,制备Zr⁴⁺与SiO₂的质量比分别为0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100的抛光磨粒;利用纳米粒度电位仪和电子扫描显微镜(SEM)分析抛光液胶体稳定性和磨粒形貌;采用表面粗糙度(Sa)和材料去除率(MRR)来分析磨粒的化学机械抛光性能;利用改装后的摩擦因数仪和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)揭示非球形二氧化硅对氧化锆陶瓷的作用机理。结果在锆元素相对含量(以质量分数计)为0.075%时,得到了分散性良好的非球形二氧化硅磨粒抛光液,相较于球形二氧化硅磨粒抛光液,MRR提升了40.5%,并得到了Sa为1.74 nm的光滑表面;XPS分析结果表明,在抛光过程中二氧化硅磨粒可与氧化锆发生固相化学反应,生成更易去除的ZrSiO₄。摩擦因数测量结果表明,非球形二氧化硅磨粒与陶瓷片的摩擦因数从球形磨粒时的0.276提高到0.341。结论非球形的二氧化硅磨粒在抛光过程中具有更高的摩擦因数和化学机械协同作用,能高效地去除表面粗糙峰,并获得粗糙度为纳米级的平整表面,实现对氧化锆陶瓷手机背板的高效、高精度抛光。     

硒化锌晶体精细雾化抛光液及去除机理研究

目的配制适合硒化锌雾化施液化学机械抛光的最优抛光液。方法选取氧化铝磨粒、pH调节剂四甲基氢氧化铵、氧化剂过氧化氢、表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为主要活性成分,以材料去除速率和表面粗糙度为评价指标,通过正交试验对硒化锌晶体进行精细雾化抛光,分析材料去除机理,并与传统抛光对比。结果氧化铝质量分数为9%、pH值为11、过氧化氢含量为3.5%、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮含量为0.75%时,材料去除率较高,为923.67 nm/min,同时表面粗糙度较小,为2.13 nm。在相同工况条件下,传统抛光材料的去除率和表面粗糙度分别为965.53 nm/min和2.27 nm。结论抛光液各组分对试验结果影响最大的为氧化铝磨粒,然后依次为氧化剂、pH值、表面活性剂。精细雾化抛光效果与传统抛光相近,但抛光液用量仅为后者的1/8。     

振动辅助固结磨料抛光氟化钙晶体

为了改善氟化钙晶体加工后的表面质量、提高加工时的材料去除率,提出了振动辅助固结磨料抛光氟化钙晶体的加工方法。利用振动与固结磨料抛光有效结合,采用正交实验研究加工工艺参数对材料去除率和表面质量的影响。结果表明:振动辅助固结磨料抛光氟化钙晶体的最优工艺参数为转速40 r/min,振动频率40 kHz,抛光液pH值9,转速比0.95;在最优参数下抛光氟化钙晶体的材料去除率为324 nm/min,表面粗糙度S_a值为1.92 nm;与无振动辅助的固结磨料抛光相比,材料去除率提高了57%,表面粗糙度降低了35%。研究表明:振动辅助能够利用空化作用及规律化间歇性接触,在固结磨料抛光中提高材料去除率及表面质量。      

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。