图书馆制度与图书馆发展关系论

图书馆制度包括宏观政策工作规程和个馆微观工作规则,它们与图书馆的发展密切相关,宏观规程指导图书馆事业发展方向,加大图书馆建设发展力度,确保图书馆文化的延续与发展;微观工作规则保证了图书馆各项工作的顺利进行,加强高校图书馆法规制度建设,将会在今后的自动化、网络化、现代化建设中发挥重要作用。     

On the relationship between ductility and fracture toughness in an Al-6.0% Zn-2.5% Mg alloy

The fracture toughness (K_IC) of an Al-6.0%Zn-2.5%Mg alloy heat-treated variously was examined in relation to tensile properties using the notched and unnotched specimens. As usual trends, the fracture strain (ϵ_f) showed minimum at the peaks of yield stress (σ_0.2) and ultimate tensile stress (σ_uts). The K_IC and ϵ_f when aged isothermally varied similarly, but when isochronally aged K_IC and σ_0.2 (and σ_UTS) showed a similar trend. An intimate relationship was found between the dimple size at the portion fractured intergranularly and the fracture strain (ϵ_f). An equation showing the relation between k_ic and tensile properties such as σ_0.2. ϵ_UTS (the strain up to ultimate tensile stress) and n (the work hardening parameterl could be introduced, based on a new model of the plastic zone. The model was verified experimentally.     

The relationship between high-dose treatment and combination chemotherapy: the concept of summation dose intensity

The most important variables for the clinical use of antitumor agents (AAs) are dose and combination chemotherapy. The objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship between these two variables and to propose a unified conceptual framework for the construct and interpretation of clinical trials. Definitions and variables with respect to dose include potency, therapeutic index, standard dose, efficacy, relative efficacy, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), dose rate, dose density, dose intensity, and fractional dose intensity. Our overarching concept, that is, summation dose intensity (SDI), was calculated in several ways, depending upon the nature of the data, and included the relative efficacy method, the unit regimen method, and the high dose method. The SDI concept was then applied to disease categories and strategies to determine its usefulness and effectiveness in integrating dose and combinations. The tumors and settings were: mustargen-vincristine-procarbazine-prednisone in Hodgkin's disease, combination chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia in children, metastatic breast cancer including dose and combinations, selected other solid tumors, alternating chemotherapy, and high dose studies in the leukemias and lymphomas. SDI was effective in integrating and quantifying dose and combination chemotherapy. For classical AAs, the implication of SDI for the construct and analysis of clinical trials was emphasized. In addition to new drug development, emphasis should be given to reducing or eliminating DLTs, such as those of the marrow, now and, in the future, those of the gastrointestinal tract toxicity and other DLTs. The above was derived from and applies to the classical AAs. Whether they will apply to, with appropriate adjustment, agents with significantly different dose-response curves, such as biotherapeutics and hormonal agents, remains to be determined.     

The demonstration of heritable lethal mutations in the progeny of x-ray-irradiated CHO cells by micronucleus count in clone cells

PURPOSE: Low doses of ionizing radiation reduce the growth rates of clones following irradiation of the progenitor cells. Such reductions of clone growth have been proven by means of measurements of clone size distributions. The medians of such distributions can be used to quantify the radiation damage. Prolongations of generation times and cell death as result of heritable lethal mutations have been discussed as causes for the reduction of clone growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cell number of a clone of hypotetraploid CHO-cells was compared to the frequency of micronucleated binucleated cells in the same clone using the cytokinesis-block-micronucleus method. The dose dependent reduction of clone sizes is measured by the difference of the medians (after log transformation) of the clone size distributions. RESULTS: At cytochalasin-B concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and after an incubation time of 16 h a yield of binucleated cells of about 50% was obtained. Median clone size differences as a measure of clonal radiation damage increased linearly with incubation times of 76, 100, 124, and 240 h following irradiation with 3, 5, 7, and 12 Gy. The frequency of binucleated clone cells with micronuclei strongly increased with decreasing clone size by a factor up to 20 following irradiation with 3, 5, and 7 Gy. The frequency of micronucleated binucleated clone cells was found to be independent of incubation time after irradiation. CONCLUSION: Radiation induced clone size reductions result from cell losses caused by intraclonal expression of micronuclei which have its origin in heritable lethal mutations. Measurements of clone size distributions can be done automatically. They can serve as predictive test for determination of median cell loss rates of surviving cell clones.     

The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study.

Positive and negative racial attitudes of 122 Euro-Australian children (60 girls and 62 boys) toward Euro-, Asian, and Aboriginal Australians were examined across the 5–6-, 7–9-, and 10–12-year age groups. Children were more positive toward Euro- and Asian Australians than toward Aborigines. The middle group were less negative toward Aborigines than were the older and younger groups. Greater maturity in the ability to reconcile different racial perspectives and to perceive between-race similarity was moderately related to greater racial tolerance. Although the results support the role of cognition in age-related changes in prejudice between ages 5 to 9, found by A. B. Doyle and F. E. Aboud (see record 1995-28726-001) in Canadian children, the differences in attitudes to the 2 other groups and the finding that older children's negativity did not differ from that of the youngest group suggest the influence of environmental in addition to cognitive factors in the development of prejudice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in the spine

We report on the case of a man, whose psychopathological symptoms markedly varied during different phases of his illness, causing difficulties in applying common diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Depending upon each of the predominant symptoms, this resulted in different diagnoses and therapeutic strategies. We also discuss the importance of obsessions and compulsions in differential diagnosis in this case.     

The relationship between age and major league baseball performance: Implications for development.

Lifetime performance data of 388 baseball players active in 1965 were analyzed to determine the age of peak performance for skills required to play baseball, to derive age-performance curves for athletic productivity, and to assess the magnitude of individual differences among elite and less able players. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that athletic performance on key indicators rises relatively quickly from age 19 to a peak age of 27 and then declines. The primary difference between elite and less able players is that performance of the elite players remains high for a longer period of time and decays more gradually. The performance of the most elite players is superior to that of less able players even at very early ages. These results parallel findings reported for other achievement domains and can be explained in terms of basic developmental processes involving the interaction of experience, physiological capacity, and motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between microstructure and the J-R curve

A model is presented that establishes a quantitative relationship between the J _IC and the J-R curve and the microstructural parameters, such as inclusion size and spacing, and the plastic deformation properties of ductile materials, such as yield strength and strain hardening exponents. The model assumes that ductile crack growth occurs by void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Each of these processes is modeled in the crack tip environment to complete the model. The proposed model is evaluated using tests performed on 303 stainless steel (SS) at room temperature and on 1Cr-Mo-0.25V steel at 565 °C. Satisfactory agreements are obtained between the experimentally obtained J-R curves and those predicted from the model. Limitations of the model are also discussed.     

The relationship between moral decision making and patterns of consolidation and transition in moral judgment development.

Following models that describe intraindividual correlates of stage transitions (S. S. Snyder & D. H. Feldman, 1984), this study assessed the relation between a measure of consolidation and transition in moral judgment development and the utility of moral concepts in sociomoral decision making. The study extends previous research in suggesting that individuals use moral concepts differently as they cycle through periods of consolidation and transition. With multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal samples, findings indicate that participants' reliance on a Kohlbergian moral framework as measured by the Defining Issues Test is highest during periods of consolidation and lowest during transitions. As participants move into periods of consolidation, the utility of moral stage information increases. Thus, this study indicates that the consolidation and transition model can be used to help identify individuals who are more or less likely to use Kohlberg's moral stages in their moral decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lattice orientation relationship between the M2C carbide and the ferrite matrix in the M50NiL bearing steel

The morphology and crystallography of M₂C carbide precipitates in the ferrite matrix in M50NiL alloy were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A new orientation relationship (OR), (010)_α // and [100]_α // between the carbide and the matrix was determined. The observed OR leads to a small lattice misfit on the matching planes between the two phases. Results of TEM studies of the particle morphology and electron diffraction of the carbide are consistent with the proposed OR.     

Gas enema for the reduction of intussusception: relationship between clinical signs and symptoms and outcome

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish the extent to which the clinical features of intussusception can be used to predict successful outcome of gas enema and to determine whether the nonsurgical management of intussusception in children can be improved by refining the criteria used to select patients for gas enema. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical data on 282 consecutive episodes of intussusception (255 patients) were collected prospectively from January 1987 to July 1991. Gas enema was performed in 273 episodes, in which the clinical signs and symptoms were studied by using logistic regression. Nine patients had primary surgery. RESULTS: Gas enema was successful in 216 (79%) of 273 enemas attempted. Fifty-seven patients had surgery after unsuccessful enema. Univariate analysis showed significant associations between successful enema and duration of signs and symptoms less than 12 hr, no rectal bleeding, absence of small-bowel obstruction, presence of a palpable mass, and normal hydration. Multivariate analysis showed that dehydration, small-bowel obstruction, and duration of signs and symptoms longer than 12 hr were significant predictors of unsuccessful enema; yet, in these groups the rate of success still justified attempted enema. Even in severe dehydration, the successful enema reduction rate was 31%. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that although the factors identified had some predictive value in determining the outcome of attempted enema reduction, they could not be used to indicate patients in whom enema reduction should not be attempted. All patients with intussusception should have a gas enema if the absolute contraindications to enema (i.e., peritonitis or perforation) are absent.     

Understanding the relationship between moral judgment development and individual characteristics: The role of educational contexts.

This study examines variation in moral judgment level as measured by the Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT-2; J. R. Rest & D. Narvaez, 1998), based on individual demographic information and educational contexts. Individual DIT-2 scores and demographic information were obtained from the archived data sets housed at the Center for the Study of Ethical Development. The information on educational contexts was obtained by surveying the researchers who initially gathered the data. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze DIT-2 data from 7,642 individuals and 65 institutions. Findings indicate that average DIT-2 scores vary significantly among institutions. Further, the authors found that the strength of the relation of DIT-2 scores to gender and English language status is significant and consistent across contexts, whereas the strength of the relation to educational level and political identity varies across contexts. These findings indicate that information about the individuals' educational context as well as the broader regional contexts should be taken into account to understand variation in individual levels of moral judgment. The findings can also be used as an interpretive guide for DIT-2 users. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners

Fourteen sites evenly divided between the household kitchen and bathroom were monitored on a weekly basis for numbers of faecal coliforms, total coliforms and heterotrophic plate count bacteria. The first 10 weeks comprised the control period, hypochlorite cleaning products were introduced into the household during the second 10 weeks, and a strict cleaning regimen using hypochlorite products was implemented during the last 10 weeks. The kitchen was more heavily contaminated than the bathroom, with the toilet seat being the least contaminated site. The highest concentrations of all three classes of bacteria were found on sites that were moist environments and/or were frequently touched; these included the sponge/dishcloth, the kitchen sink drain area, the bath sink drain area, and the kitchen faucet handle(s). The implementation of a cleaning regimen with common household hypochlorite products resulted in the significant reduction of all three classes of bacteria at these four sites and other household sites.     

The relationship between problem solving and activity level in the elderly

Research stemming from disengagement and activity theory has recently focused on individual differences in establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. A specific intervening variable which has been hypothesized to be related to social activity level is interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills (ICPS). The present study identified two groups of elderly veterans on the basis of their ICPS skills. Those who generated a high number of solutions to interpersonal problems reported significantly more time spent in social and isolated goal-directed tasks than the group generating fewer solutions when age, educational level, and length of institutionalization had been covaried. The results suggest the potential usefulness of the ICPS approach as a means of identifying socially active individuals and as an intervention or training technique for less able institutionalized residents.     

The relationship between sequence and interaction divergence in proteins

There is currently a gap in knowledge between complexes of known three-dimensional structure and those known from other experimental methods such as affinity purifications or the two-hybrid system. This gap can sometimes be bridged by methods that extrapolate interaction information from one complex structure to homologues of the interacting proteins. To do this, it is important to know if and when proteins of the same type (e.g. family, superfamily or fold) interact in the same way. Here, we study interactions of known structure to address this question. We found all instances within the structural classification of proteins database of the same domain pairs interacting in different complexes, and then compared them with a simple measure (interaction RMSD). When plotted against sequence similarity we find that close homologues (30-40% or higher sequence identity) almost invariably interact the same way. Conversely, similarity only in fold (i.e. without additional evidence for a common ancestor) is only rarely associated with a similarity in interaction. The results suggest that there is a twilight zone of sequence similarity where it is not possible to say whether or not domains will interact similarly. We also discuss the rare instances of fold similarities interacting the same way, and those where obviously homologous proteins interact differently.     

Radiology in the neonatal intensive care unit: dose reduction and image quality

This paper describes a prospective study of the diagnostic radiation doses received in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a representative radiological technique used at our institution for a number of years and a "low dose" technique similar to that recommended by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). A 400 speed film-screen combination was used in both techniques. A total of 363 anteroposterior (AP) chest and abdominal films of 77 neonates were accrued. For each radiograph, the entrance skin dose (FSD), energy imparted (EI) and mean whole body dose were determined. For a neonatal AP chest, there was an 18% reduction in the mean ESD per radiograph from 20.0 muGy for the representative technique to 16.4 muGy for the low dose technique (p < 0.0005). The reduction in the mean EI per radiograph values for the two techniques from 7.9 muJ to 7.1 muJ (10%) was statistically significant at the p < 0.017 level, after compensating for the difference in mean field dimensions between the two patient cohorts. The mean whole body dose per radiograph reduction from 4.4 to 3.5 muGy (20%) was statistically significant at the p < 0.0028 level. It was determined that the ESD and EI could be fitted by an exponential function in the equivalent patient diameter, a single parameter indicative of neonate size. Absolute excess childhood cancer mortality risk per film was estimated using risk factors derived for fetal exposures. A "worst case" absolute excess mortality risk per chest radiograph was estimated to be 1.40 x 10(-7) for the conventional technique and was further reduced to 1.11 x 10(-7) for the low dose technique. A blind comparison of patient-matched film pairs for each technique was performed by three radiologists using criteria similar to those specified by the CEC. No statistically significant difference in clinical image quality was found between the two techniques.     

The relationship between humor and the expression of hostility.

This study explored the relationships among the expression of hostility in behavior, the extent to which hostile cartoons are judged funny, and the ability to recognize hostility in cartoons. 3 groups of 15 male psychiatric patients each were rated as expressing hostility overtly, covertly, or not at all. They were asked to judge the funniness of 32 cartoons and also to indicate which of the cartoons expressed hostility and which did not. Relationships were found between the expression of hostility and the tendency to judge hostile cartoons as funny, between estimated IQ and the ability to differentiate hostile and non-hostile cartoons, between the expression of hostility and the differentiation of hostile and non-hostile cartoons, and between the tendency to judge hostile cartoons as funny and the ability to differentiate hostile and non-hostile cartoons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)