Fiber-optic sensors as favorable elements of systems for the remote transmission of unit dimensions of physical quantities and their multifunction transformations

A statement of the problem is given for the utilization of fiber-optic sensors in systems for the remote transmission of the dimensions of units of physical quantities. Measurable quantities and sensor design principles are discussed. The latest results of metrological analysis of externally modulated amplitude sensors and frequency sensors are given. A number of conceptual conclusions are drawn from the investigation. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 22–33, October, 1998.     

Development of Gallium and Gallium-Based Small-Size Eutectic Melting Fixed Points for Calibration Procedures on Autonomous Platforms

Melting/freezing temperature curves are studied for the single-component Ga and bimetallic eutectic alloys Ga–In, Ga–Sn, Ga–Zn, and Ga–Al in small-size cells. These phase-transition studies were conducted at VNIIOFI in order to design small-size fixed-point devices for metrological monitoring of temperature sensors on autonomous (e.g., space borne) platforms. The results show that Ga and some Ga-based eutectic alloys in small cells can be used as melting fixed points. The repeatability of melting temperatures of Ga, Ga–In, Ga–Sn, and Ga–Zn fixed points is studied. The effects of the concentration of the second element of Ga-based eutectic alloys and the thermal history on the melting plateau’s shape and the melting temperature are studied.     

Use of microprocessors in devices utilizing fiber-optic sensors

An examination is made of the basic types of measuring and monitoring instruments utilizing externally modulated fiber-optic sensors with built-in microprocessors, making it possible to achieve a considerable improvement in their metrological characteristics and also to lower the apparatus costs and reduce the overall dimensions and power consumption. The basic algorithms for the functioning of these instruments are presented and the circuitry required for implementing them is considered. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 21–24, December, 1996.     

Microelectronic transducers and converters for noninvasive monitoring of the functional systems of humans

This article examines the structural and metrological characteristics of primary and secondary microelectronic sensors and systems designed for noninvasive measurement and photo-plethysmogram and electrocardiogram analysis in order to evaluate the condition of the functional systems of humans. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 15–16, February, 1997.     

Designing a computerized metrological production support system based on cals technologies

Designing a computerized metrological support system is considered, which incorporates not only metrological considerations on measuring instruments but also the computerized choice of production preparation facilities. Representations are considered for information on measuring instruments that allow one to integrate the metrological system in a unified CALS system for the organization. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 22–26, June, 2006.     

A Recirculation Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor

Methods of increasing the accuracy of measurements made with recirculation fiber-optic temperature sensors are considered. It is shown that such data-measuring systems, while possessing all the advantages of amplitude sensors (simplicity, reliability, cheapness, etc.), have high sensitivity and, as regards their metrological characteristics, at the present time can be as good as the most accurate interferometric-type phase fiber-optic sensors.     

Processing the results of a check of measuring instruments using stable methods of parameter estimation

The increments of the errors of measuring instruments in the interval between tests are analyzed. A mathematical apparatus is developed which enables the effect of rough errors, faults and “sudden” metrological breakdowns on the accuracy of estimates of the metrological characteristics when using a Kalman filter to be reduced. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 16–18, April, 2008.     

Methods of Checking Piezoelectric Vibration Sensors in Situ

Some methods for periodically checking piezoelectric vibration sensors in situ are considered. The use of the substitution method is analyzed and possible ways of increasing the metrological reliability and authenticity of such periodic checks are discussed.     

NO2 gas sensing studies: Impact of geometrical and physical characteristics of ohmic contacts on n-InP epitaxial sensitive layer

This paper deals with the influence of technological process steps on electrical and metrological parameters of NO₂ gas sensors. The NO₂ gas sensors are based on thin n-InP epitaxial layers. The NO₂ gas action makes the resistance of the device, measured in parallel to the surface between ohmic contacts, increase. It is demonstrated that the methodology of fabrication modifies the geometrical and the physical parameters of ohmic contacts and the reproducibility of the devices. The impact on the gas sensors in response to NO₂ is also discussed.     

Kalibrierung von Überdruck‐ und Unterdruck‐Messgeräten

Calibration of manometers for gauge pressure Various applications require the measurement of small gauge pressures relative to atmospheric pressure. For this purpose, nowadays electronic sensors are commonly used which are easy to use and which offer good resolution. For reliable pressure readings, these sensors require adjustment and calibration. The accurate calibration of the sensors is a metrological challenge. The present article describes some exploring investigations of calibration methods employing modern equipment and gives some values of the achievable accuracy.     

Status report on the metrological support and certification of sensors

The problems and current status of the metrological support and certification of sensors are reviewed.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 3–8, November, 1993.     

Practical interpretation of metrological traceability on gauge block as to VIM 3

In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, i.e. the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology-3rd edition (VIM 3), the term “traceability” is replaced by “metrological traceability”, giving it a new definition as property of a measurement result which can be related to a reference. In essence, “metrological traceability” can offer an evidence of measurands tracing to the primary standards which can realize the SI units, and offer a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, thus considered as one of the most important terms in VIM 3. National Measurement Laboratory (NML, Chinese Taipei) has long operated its main mission of calibration implemented along with peer assessed traceability of its measurement systems, which demonstrate a calibration hierarchy conventionally in schematic approach. In dealing with definition of the new term “metrological traceability” in VIM 3, this paper elaborates in taking additionally a newly mathematical approach rather than schematic approach only to realize the practical interpretation of “metrological traceability” to show how the unbroken calibration chain is functioning seamless and robust on the gauge block measurement system in NML. Through such study activities, we well assure our strong confidence on technology inheritance of gauge block and the other measurement systems with sufficient metrological know-how in NML, which can continually pass to each entry level metrologist.     

Methodology for metrological support of automated measurement information systems for determining length of telephone connections

This article considers methodological questions concerning metrological support of automated measurement information systems measuring the length of telephone connections. Results are given on research on the metrological properties of systems. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 10–13, August, 1996.     

Contemporary approaches to certification of measurement provision software

Contemporary approaches to the certification of measurement provision software are considered in domestic and overseas publications. Normative documentation is analyzed and a scheme is proposed for certification that takes account of the features of programs used for metrological purposes. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 65–68, May, 2007.     

微纳米尺度生物体温度测量方法及其展望

温度是描述凝聚态物质系统热力学状态和演变的基本参数。微纳米级的温度传感在生物体(细胞)、芯片、低维人工材料等领域中有着重要的应用前景,可作为定量化观测生物体活动能力、化学反应、生命演变的技术途径。鉴于该类型温度传感器的种类繁多、计量性能差异明显,主要从测温技术特点和计量性能两个方面,对应用于微纳米尺度生物体测温的微纳热电偶、热电阻、红外热像仪、磁性纳米粒子和荧光发光等类型的温度测量方法进行了综述和比较分析,并展望了微纳米尺度生物体温度测量领域的发展前景。     

A current-bearing rectangular frame as a field source for certifying electromagnetic search systems

It is shown that a rectangular ungrounded current-bearing loop can be used for the metrological certification of electromagnetic search systems designed to locate and examine underground conductors. Criteria are formulated for choosing the sizes of such loops. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 57–62, April, 2008.