OCP装置裂解气压缩机设备布置及配管研究

本文以OCP装置裂解气压缩机(设备位号C-7001)设计为例,根据压缩机体、蒸汽透平等设备布置原则,结合压缩机具体尺寸及形式,对裂解气压缩机厂房内设备布置、压缩机厂房设计及布置、压缩机管道布置进行研究设计;并重点对压缩机进出口管道、蒸汽管道等重点管道的应力及管架设计要点进行分析,为有关设计人员提供参考。     

离心式压缩机在氯气压缩输送中的应用

介绍液环式压缩机组工艺流程及工作机制、离心式压缩机组工艺流程及工作机制，重点分析离心式压缩机组的优缺点。     

往复式压缩机管道设计浅析

往复式压缩机是石油化工装置重要的机械设备,压缩机组的平面布置和管道设计是工程设计的重要内容。做好往复式压缩机进出口管道布置及防振设计是装置安全有效运行的重要保障。本文针对往复式压缩机的管道特点及振动产生的原因,结合具体工程实例提出了在满足工艺要求的前提下往复式压缩机平面布置、压缩机进出口管道设计及管道支吊架设计等管道设计的要点和注意事项。     

CNG压缩机进、排气阀故障分析

本文简要阐述了CNG压缩机进、排气阀的工作原理及工作情况,对CNG压缩机气阀在生产运行过程中所出现的问题进行分析并提出改进意见。将CNG压缩机与管道长输天然气压缩机进行比较,了解CNG压缩机气阀易损的真正原因。合理选择CNG压缩机气阀。及气阀在拆卸、安装时应该注意的问题。     

‘18.30’工程压缩机技术分析与探讨

‘18.30’工程就是建成年生产能力达到18万吨合成氨、30万吨尿素的项目,项目中的关键设备为氮氢气压缩机及二氧化碳压缩机,压缩机选型正介于往复式压缩机和离心式压缩机之间,国内各设计院在八家立项的以煤为原料的中化肥厂'18.30'工程初步设计中选何种类型的压缩机争论不休,本文从技术及经济的角度对此作了分析比较,并推荐采用往复式压缩机,以供参考.     

MTO装置丙烯制冷压缩机系统设计研究

介绍了MTO装置烯烃分离单元丙烯制冷压缩机系统工艺流程及关键设备的设计,主要包括丙烯制冷压缩机、丙烯冷剂储罐及各段吸入罐。同时分析了不同驱动型式的压缩机工艺系统设计的区别以及压缩机开停车步骤等。丙烯制冷压缩机选用离心式压缩机,分析了离心式压缩机的工作原理、"喘振"原因,及影响"喘振"的因素,提出相应的防喘振措施。     

MVR蒸发工艺系统中压缩机的选用分析

介绍化工及环保工程领域中MVR蒸发系统的工艺流程。蒸发系统的节能优点主要依附于压缩机的选择,目前市场上的压缩机主要有罗茨式压缩机、离心式压缩机和旋涡式压缩机,根据不同类型压缩机的功能特点进行比较,探讨不同工况下MVR蒸发系统中压缩机的选用原则。     

压缩机故障诊断技术分析

压缩机应用领域广泛,主要涉及石油、化工、机械等行业。由于压缩机的应用行业范围广,因此针对压缩机的故障诊断技术研究具有重要的实际意义。针对压缩机的故障机理开展研究分析,梳理出压缩机故障及机理,总结了压缩机故障诊断技术的应用情况,以期为压缩机后期的研究提供一定的指导。     

合成氨往复式压缩机的布置、配管和减振探讨

介绍合成氨装置往复式压缩机的布置及基本原则,阐述压缩机厂房二楼平台标高及吊车标高的选择,探讨往复式压缩机的配管原则及减振措施,优化设计方案,确保装置安全可靠地运行。     

抽气压缩机曲轴轴瓦失效原因分析及对策

往复式压缩机曲轴轴瓦是压缩机重要组成部分,曲轴轴瓦失效,严重影响压缩机运行。分析了轴瓦失效的原因,以减少维修次数,保证压缩机安全、平稳及长周期运行。     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

泰乐菌素在提取工艺中溶液中的稳定性研究

为探讨泰乐菌素在提取工艺中溶液中的稳定性,取提取工艺中不同环节的泰乐菌素溶液,采用高效液相色谱法测定在一定时间内检测泰乐菌素的含量,观察不同环节的泰乐菌素溶液的降解情况。结果显示,在提取工艺中不同环节的泰乐菌素溶液,均较稳定,结果证明,提取工艺中不同环节的泰乐菌素溶液稳定,基本上不降解。     

Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading

The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.     

Possible Role of Crystal-Bearing Cells in Tomato Fertility and Formation of Seedless Fruits

Crystal-bearing cells or idioblasts, which deposit calcium oxalate, are located in various tissues and organs of many plant species. The functional significance of their formation is currently unclear. Idioblasts in the leaf parenchyma and the development of crystal-bearing cells in the anther tissues of transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicon L.), expressing the heterologous FeSOD gene and which showed a decrease in fertility, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals was found to increase significantly in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type (WT) ones in idioblasts and crystal-bearing cells of the upper part of the anther. At the same time, changes in the size and shape of the crystals and their location in anther organs were noted. It seems that the interruption in the break of the anther stomium in transgenic plants was associated with the formation and cell death regulation of a specialized group of crystal-bearing cells. This disturbance caused an increase in the pool of these cells and their localization in the upper part of the anther, where rupture is initiated. Perturbations were also noted in the lower part of the anther in transgenic plants, where the amount of calcium oxalate crystals in crystal-bearing cells was reduced that was accompanied by disturbances in the morphology of pollen grains. Thus, the induction of the formation of crystal-bearing cells and calcium oxalate crystals can have multidirectional effects, contributing to the regulation of oxalate metabolism in the generative and vegetative organs and preventing fertility when the ROS balance changes, in particular, during oxidative stresses accompanying most abiotic and biotic environmental factors.     

The Effects of Immunosuppressive Treatment during Pregnancy on the Levels of Potassium,Iron, Chromium,Zinc, Aluminum,Sodium and Molybdenum in Hard Tissues of Female Rats and Their Offspring

The ideal immunosuppressive regimen should provide for excellent immunosuppression with no side effects. Yet, current immunosuppressive therapy regimens commonly used in clinical applications fail to meet this criterion. One of the complications caused by immunosuppressive drugs is mineralization disorders in hard tissues. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three immunosuppressive therapies used after transplantation on the levels of potassium, iron, chromium, zinc, aluminum, sodium and molybdenum in the bones and teeth of female rats and their offspring. The study was conducted on 32 female Wistar rats, subjected to immunosuppressive regimens (cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; and cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone). The hard tissues of rats were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICAP 7400 Duo, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a concentric nebulizer and a cyclonic spray chamber. All the immunosuppressive regimens included in the study affected the concentrations of the studied minerals in hard tissues of female rats and their offspring. The therapy based on cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone led to a decline in the levels of iron in bone, zinc in teeth, and molybdenum in the bone and teeth of mothers, while in the offspring, it caused a decline of bone potassium, with a decrease in iron and increase of molybdenum in teeth. Moreover, the regimen caused an increase in aluminum and chromium in the teeth and aluminum in the bones of the offspring, and consequently, it seems to be the therapy with the most negative impact on the mineral metabolism in hard tissues.     

Ion-doped hydroxyapatite: An impasse or the road to follow?

Doping hydroxyapatite (HAp) with foreign ions has been increasing in popularity as a chemical approach to augment the existing and impart new properties to it. However, it is uncertain whether this approach can elicit properties strong enough to make HAp competitive for commercial applications in biomedicine and elsewhere. In particular, material properties, such as grain size, morphology, surface charge, porosity, topology and others may prove to be more effective in controlling properties of HAp than the dopant choice and concentration. This study tackles this question through a meta-analysis of the dependence of selected materials properties on dopant concentrations reported across the literature, showing that doping is a convenient way of controlling some, but not all properties in HAp and should be implemented ideally in combination with other structural and compositional factors of influence. This meta-analysis is coupled to a bibliographic analysis of the evolution of trends in terms of the type, frequency and concurrency of dopants in HAp, covering the entire Periodic Table, all 72 elements incorporated into HAp so far and the 1990 – 2019 period split into successive lustra. The study demonstrates a continuously ascending trend in popularity of certain elements, such as Sr, Ce and Se, and a continuously declining trend of others in the past two decades, including F, Y, I, Ti and most lanthanides. For the fourth period transition metals a trend of constancy was observed and for yet other elements, including Ag and Mg, a period of ascent was succeeded by a steady decline, the onset of which coincided in the case of Ag with the peak in the airing of the concerns over its cytotoxicity by the scientific community. Reasons for these trends with respect to most elements are explained and connected with trends governing broader realms of materials science. It is shown that the choice of ions as dopants in HAp is largely driven by broader trends in materials science, rendering the doped HAp a mirror to view these existing and past trends in. Theoretically, by following the historic progression of these trends, a gaze in this mirror could assist in extrapolation of future trends, which normally come at the cost extinguishing some of the existing ones. This immersion in more general developments in materials science opened the path toward drawing connections between the bibliographically assessed geopolitical trends in doped HAp and in broader aspects of the scientific community, including the growing gap between the rich and the poor pervading it. The analysis reported here is conceptually novel and could be applied to numerous other materials.     

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.     

220MW热电联产锅炉中痕量元素的迁移及分布特性

本实验在北京某220 MW热电联产锅炉上进行。采用承重撞击器系统对该锅炉SCR前、ESP前以及FGD前的颗粒物进行采集,研究了痕量元素在烟道沿程上的迁移特性,另外,还给出了痕量元素在各固体燃烧产物中的分布。结果表明：ESP前的颗粒物上As、Cd、Cr和Pb的浓度明显高于SCR前的浓度;在从SCR到ESP的过程中,As、Cd、Cr、Pb从气态迁移到固态的质量分别占到了原煤中总质量的26 %、16 %、12 %和11 %;从ESP到FGD的过程中,颗粒物上As与Cd的浓度有略微增加,而Cr和Pb的浓度几乎不变;Mn在三个采样点的浓度几乎一致;绝大部分痕量元素存在于ESP捕获的飞灰中,在ESP出口处,As、Cd、Cr、Pb在<10 μm的四个粒径段上的质量随着粒径的减小而增大,而Mn的质量分布与颗粒物质量分布类似。     

220MW热电联产锅炉中痕量元素的迁移及分布特性

本实验在北京某220 MW热电联产锅炉上进行。采用承重撞击器系统对该锅炉选择性催化还原（SCR）前、电子除尘（ESP）前以及烟气脱硫（FGD）前的颗粒物进行采集,研究了痕量元素在烟道沿程上的迁移特性,另外,还给出了痕量元素在各固体燃烧产物中的分布。结果表明：ESP前的颗粒物上As、Cd、Cr和Pb的浓度明显高于SCR前的浓度;在从SCR到ESP的过程中,As、Cd、Cr、Pb从气态迁移到固态的质量分别占到了原煤中总质量的26%、16%、12%和11%;从ESP到FGD的过程中,颗粒物上As与Cd的浓度有略微增加,而Cr和Pb的浓度几乎不变;Mn在3个采样点的浓度几乎一致;大部分痕量元素存在于ESP捕获的飞灰中,在ESP出口处,As、Cd、Cr、Pb在<10 μm的4个粒径段上的质量随着粒径的减小而增大,而Mn的质量分布与颗粒物质量分布类似。     

Gangliosides in Podocyte Biology and Disease

Gangliosides constitute a subgroup of glycosphingolipids characterized by the presence of sialic acid residues in their structure. As constituents of cellular membranes, in particular of raft microdomains, they exert multiple functions, some of them capital in cell homeostasis. Their presence in cells is tightly regulated by a balanced expression and function of the enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis, ganglioside synthases, and their degradation, glycosidases. The dysregulation of their abundance results in rare and common diseases. In this review, we make a point on the relevance of gangliosides and some of their metabolic precursors, such as ceramides, in the function of podocytes, the main cellular component of the glomerular filtration barrier, as well as their implications in podocytopathies. The results presented in this review suggest the pertinence of clinical lipidomic studies targeting these metabolites.