MgO-Cr2O3/Al2O3催化剂对丙烷脱氢反应的再生性能

制备了Mg改性Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃催化剂,利用XRD,UV-Vis,XPS,H₂-TPR,NH₃-TPD,TG等方法考察了新鲜和再生后催化剂的结构与性能。实验结果表明,助剂Mg的添加有利于催化剂再生后的物相结构稳定;随再生次数的增加,催化剂孔径增大,比表面积降低,催化剂表面Cr⁶⁺含量降低,Cr⁶⁺组分逐渐不可逆还原为Cr³⁺等稳定状态;催化剂表面主要为弱酸和中强酸,随再生次数的增加,酸量减少,但酸强度增加,Cr物种价态及其与载体的相互作用影响了表面酸性进而影响了催化剂活性;新鲜催化剂催化活性略高于再生催化剂,经多次再生后催化剂性能趋于稳定,丙烷转化率稳定在30%左右,丙烯选择性在88%以上。     

PREPARATION OF NEW TYPE CATALYST WITH GOOD PROPERTIES FOR HYDRODESULFURIZATION

The CoMo/TiA catalyst for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and its composite support TiA with industrial scale had been produced through the certain process and the studied range of ratio of TiO₂/(TiO₂ + Al₂O₃) was enlarged. The good properties of the support TiA were attributed to its special pore structure. When the ratio of TiA/(TiA + Al₂O₃) was 0.80, the specific surface area of the support and its pore volume reached their maximum respectively. The range of atom ratio of Co/(Co + Mo) of the catalyst CoMo/TiA from 0.25-0.31 proved best, during which activity of the catalyst reached the maximum. The disperse state of TiO₂ on the surface of TiA and effect of the promoter Co content on the surface structure of the catalyst had been studied by XRD, LRS and XPS. The analytic results showed that 0.47 g TiO₂/g γ-Al₂O₃ was the schwellenwert for the coverage of TiO₂ on the surface of TiA. Beyond this, TiO₂ lies on the surface of TiA with a single layer; otherwise, it existed in the form of TiO₂ crystal phase (anatase phase). When adding a few promoters Co into the catalyst, the dispersity of MoO₃ on the surface of the support TiA increased remarkably and activity of this catalyst was also improved.     

EFFECTS OF SUPPORTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF NICKEL CATALYST FOR CH4 REFORMING WITH CO2

Nickel catalyst is an effective catalyst for reforming CH₄ with CO₂. The reaction between CO₂ and CH₄ at 1073 K. in the pressure of 0·1 MPa has been studied over different materials supported nickel metal in a fixed-bed reactor. Different catalysts before and after reaction were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS. Results shows that CO and H₂ are basically produced at the same ratio. When the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is less than 0·5, less C₂~C₄ hydrocarbons are detected. When the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is 1, Ni/a- Al₂O₃ catalyst has the highest activity. However, when the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is greater than 1, Ni/y- A1/O₃, Ni/a- A1₂O₃, Ni/SiO₂ and Ni/HZSM-5 had higher activity; Ni/clinoptilolite basically no activity. Different kinds of carbon deposit are established.     

The Effect of Metal Dispersion on Ni/Al2O3 Wax Hydrofining Catalyst

Positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis (PASCA), powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the effect of calcination temperature on active metal dispersion of wax hydrofining catalyst. The experimental results showed that, with the increase of calcination temperature, the metal Ni and the support Al₂O₃ interaction became weaker. When calcination temperature reached 280°C, Ni(NO₃)₂ began to decompose and the inhibition effect of NO₃^- began to diminish. At 380°C, Ni(NO₃)₂ was almost decomposed, and NiO still had a high dispersion on the catalyst surface. At 440°C or higher, Ni(NO₃)₂ was completely decomposed, and to some extent, NiO aggregated on the catalyst surface in the form of noncrystalline clusters (atomic clusters). The most suitable calcination temperature in the experiment for the catalyst Ni/Al₂O₃ was 440°C or a little higher.     

氧气氧化环己烷合成环己酮的高效催化体系

通过筛选一系列催化剂和助催化剂,构建了氧气氧化环己烷合成环己酮的高效催化体系。考察了溶剂和反应条件对环己烷转化率和环己酮选择性的影响。采用气相色谱 (GC)对产物进行定量分析,采用色质联用(GC-MS)对反应途径和催化剂失活机理进行探讨。结果表明,以N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI）为催化剂,以Co(OAc)₂、Cr(OAc)₃和AlCl₃为助催化剂,以乙腈为溶剂,可以高效地催化氧气氧化环己烷反应。当n(NHPI)∶n(Co(OAc)₂)∶n(Cr(OAc)₃)∶n(AlCl₃)=10∶3∶1∶1,n(NHPI)∶n(CH₃CN)∶n(C₆H₁₂)=1∶20∶10,氧气压力1.0 MPa,于75℃反应6 h时,环己烷的转化率为54.4%,环己酮选择性为93.2%,环己醇选择性为4.9%。己二酸为主要的副产物,氧化过程生成的水是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF PREPARATION PARAMETERS ON THE CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE AND ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF A NEW TYPE HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYST

The effects of the impregnating conditions on the contents of the active components of a new type hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst have been studied by ICP technique in this paper. Meanwhile, the effects of the activation temperature, the activation time and the calcining temperature on the catalytic properties of the CoMo/(TiO₂ + Al₂O₃) catalyst have also been studied. The results show that at the given hygroscopicity of the support, the contents of the Co and the Mo, both of which are the active components of the catalyst, change linearly with the changes of the concentrations of the solvents in the impregnant. When the catalyst is impregnated at 40°C for 2 h, the contents of the active components reach the maximum values. The calcining temperature sharply affects the dispersed state of the active components on the surface of the support. When calcined at 500°C for 2 h, this HDS catalyst obtains the best catalytic activity. Even when the catalyst has been calcined at 600°C for 3 h, its activity is still good, which indicates that the heat resistance of this new type catalyst is satisfactory.     

重整催化剂Ni2P/Al2O3-SAPO-11积炭失活规律研究

Ni2P/Al2O3 SAPO 11催化剂用于催化重整过程易于积炭失活。通过与Ni2P/Al2O3、Pt/Al2O3 SAPO 11及Ni/Al2O3 SAPO 11催化剂表面积炭行为对比,研究了该催化剂表面的积炭规律。以甲基环戊烷为积炭前驱物,在不同温度下进行加速积炭实验,采用热重 差示热分析表征催化剂表面积炭位置,并以环己烷、正庚烷为模型化合物对积炭前后催化剂进行脱氢 异构反应催化性能评价。结果表明,由于P原子的作用,Ni2P/Al2O3 SAPO 11重整催化剂具备一定的抗积炭性能,其积炭形成速率介于Pt/Al2O3 SAPO 11和Ni/Al2O3 SAPO 11催化剂之间;积炭在Ni2P/Al2O3 SAPO 11重整催化剂金属活性中心上形成后,逐步迁移到酸性载体上形成聚合度更高的积炭,并且酸性载体上的积炭是催化剂失活的主导因素。     

Pt负载位置对双功能催化剂正十二烷加氢异构化性能影响

将金属Pt分别负载在Al₂O₃和ZSM-22分子筛上,然后分别与等质量的HZSM-22分子筛和Al₂O₃混合制备2种复合双功能催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃+HZSM-22和Pt/HZSM-22+ Al₂O₃。采用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD、SEM、ICP以及TEM表征手段对载体和催化剂进行分析。在固定床反应装置上以正十二烷为正构烷烃模型化合物,考察了复合双功能催化剂对正十二烷加氢异构性能的影响。结果表明：金属Pt的负载位置直接影响加氢异构反应性能,金属负载在γ-Al₂O₃上的催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃+HZSM-2,其正十二烷转化率和异构产率均明显优于金属负载在HZSM-22分子筛上的催化剂Pt/HZSM-22+ Al₂O₃。但是将金属Pt负载在γ-Al₂O₃或直接负载在ZSM-22分子筛上并不影响单甲基异构产物的分布,其异构产物以支链靠近端部的2-甲基异构体为主。     

加压下噻吩催化加氢脱硫反应动力学几个问题的研究

在40～150Kg/cm²氢压下用管弹式谐振式反应器研究了氢-噻吩十二烷-催化剂体系三相床中催化加氢脱硫反应的形式动力学.在245～300℃范围内用小于0.5mm粒径的催化剂得到了消除外扩散及内扩散影响的动力学关系为:反应速率r=k'P_HC_TP,k'=1.12×10^-4(分^-1,大气压^-1)(267℃,NiMo/Al₂O₃）;上述条件下活化能为24700卡/克分子;当催化剂粒度大于0.5mm时内扩散影响加大使颗粒有效系数η下降.用四氢萘部分代替十二烷的作用,发现无论是在NiMo/Al₂O₃还是在铁系催化剂上都使噻吩的加氢脱硫转化率下降,即在此条件下四氢萘没有供氢作用.     

分子筛镍基催化剂对1,4-丁炔二醇加氢制1,4-丁烯二醇催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法将Ni分别负载在USY,ZSM-5,SBA-15,Al₂O₃载体上制备Ni质量分数为17%的负载型镍基催化剂,分别用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂程序升温还原以及NH3程序升温脱附对催化剂进行表征,并考察其在氢气压力为4 MPa、反应温度为120 ℃、不同反应时间下催化1,4-丁炔二醇（BYD）加氢制1,4-丁烯二醇(BED)的加氢性能。结果表明：在基于不同载体的催化剂作用下BYD转化率存在较大差异;其他条件相同时,Ni/SBA-15作用下反应2.5 h时的BYD转化率达到97.8%,BED选择性为98.7%,且2-羟基四氢呋喃（HTHF）的选择性最低,这与Ni/SBA-15具有较大的比表面积和平均孔径、良好的活性金属组分镍分散性和较弱的酸性有关。     

柠檬酸与磷的改性对Ni-Mo/Al2O3焦化蜡油加氢脱氮性能的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,Ni-Mo为活性金属组分,采用等体积溶液浸渍法制备了焦化蜡油加氢处理催化剂Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃。在浸渍液中分别加入柠檬酸、磷酸二氢铵,以及同时加入柠檬酸和磷酸二氢铵,得到改性的催化剂Ni-Mo-CA/Al₂O₃、Ni-Mo-P/Al₂O₃和Ni-Mo-P-CA/Al₂O₃,采用NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、UV-Vis DRS和HRTEM等手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征,考察了柠檬酸和磷改性对催化剂的性质和加氢脱氮活性的影响。结果表明,磷改性提高了Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂的表面酸量,但降低了其加氢脱氮活性;柠檬酸的改性提高了Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂的加氢脱氮活性,但降低了催化剂的表面酸量;柠檬酸 磷的组合改性使Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂同时具有较高的表面酸量和加氢脱氮活性。柠檬酸-磷的组合改性使Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂的表面形成了更多的高活性Mo物种,活性金属有着更高的分散性,MoS₂堆垛层数集中分布在2层和3层,从而使其对焦化蜡油的加氢脱氮活性得到了大幅提升。     

直接合成二甲醚的铜-锰催化剂

以Cu -Mn为主要活性组份 ,以锌、铬、钨、钼、铁、钴、镍等为助催化剂 ,采用共浸渍法 ,将铜、锰等直接负载在氧化铝上 ,获得了一种新型的负载型一步合成二甲醚催化剂。该催化剂具有制备工艺简单、强度高、稳定性好、易重复等特点。试验结果显示 :在负载的Cu -Mn催化剂上 ,CO加氢可以生成二甲醚 ,而且当n(Cu) /n(Mn) =1 /2时 ,CO的转化率和二甲醚的收率均佳 ;少量锌的添加有利于提高催化剂的活性和二甲醚的选择性 ;而铁、钴、镍的添加主要使CO发生甲烷化反应。     

载体表面性质对活性相形貌结构及植物油加氢脱氧选择性的影响

分别以未改性氧化铝(A)、K改性氧化铝(A-K)和Si改性氧化铝(A-Si)为载体,采用饱和浸渍法制备了RZ、RZ-K和RZ-Si 3个NiMo催化剂,并采用Py-IR、XRD、BET、XRF、HRTEM、XPS等技术对其进行了表征。在中型固定床反应器中,以棕榈油为原料,考察了载体表面性质对硫化态催化剂活性及加氢直接脱氧、加氢脱羧基和加氢脱羰基路径选择性的影响。结果表明,A-Si、A、A-K载体表面总酸量和强酸量依次降低;载体表面性质对硫化态(Ni)MoS₂活性相形貌结构有较大影响,虽然3个催化剂Mo硫化度相当,但RZ-K的片晶长度较短,层数较低,而RZ-Si片晶长度较长,层数较高,且NiMoS活性相中Ni占总Ni的比 (n(Ni_NiMoS)/n(Ni_total))按RZ-Si、 RZ、RZ-K顺序依次降低。3个催化剂加氢脱羰基活性相当(320~380℃),但加氢直接脱氧和加氢脱羧基活性不同。适当提高催化剂酸性,增加反应温度和压力对提高加氢脱羧基路径选择性有利;适当降低催化剂酸性和减小活性相晶片,降低反应温度和提高压力对提高加氢直接脱氧路径选择性有利。Si改性导致载体酸性的增强以及相应催化剂Ni-Mo-S活性位的增多,促进了加氢脱羧基反应,与RZ和RZ-K催化剂相比,催化剂RZ-Si的整体脱氧活性提升。     

稀土La改性NiO/Al2O3重整生成油加氢催化剂的研究

以氢氧化铝干胶为原料,采用等体积浸渍法制备La改性NiO/Al₂O₃催化剂,以溴指数为3 836 mgBr/（100 g）的重整生成油为原料,在10 mL固定床微反装置上考察了La₂O₃引入顺序以及La₂O₃负载量对NiO/Al2O3催化剂选择性加氢脱烯烃性能的影响。结果表明：在反应压力1.0 MPa、体积空速8 h^-1、氢油体积比25的条件下,先La后Ni方式制备的La₂O₃负载量为1.0%的催化剂具有良好的烯烃加氢选择性,芳烃损失小于1.0%,溴指数低于200 mgBr/（100 g）。     

固定床渣油加氢脱金属催化剂的研究进展

渣油加氢脱金属(HDM)催化剂是渣油加氢技术中的核心催化剂之一,开发高性能HDM催化剂对提高固定床渣油加氢技术的劣质原料适应性以及延长装置运转周期具有重要意义.从载体、活性金属组分和助剂三方面着手,对HDM催化剂的研究进展进行了综述.首先分析了载体孔结构对HDM催化剂的影响;介绍了扩孔剂法、水热处理法、低温烧结法等Al...     

四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩元素地球化学特征与有机质富集的关系

选择四川盆地长宁县双河镇上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组新鲜露头剖面,对24个页岩样品进行了有机碳、硫含量和主、微量元素测试。分析了主、微量元素含量在剖面垂向上的变化特征及其与海盆古沉积环境的关系,讨论了控制四川盆地奥陶纪—志留纪页岩有机质富集的主要因素。研究结果表明:五峰组—龙马溪组底部约20 m的层段有机碳含量(TOC)较高,达2.2%~7.76%,向上有机碳含量变低(0.81%~1.83%)并趋于稳定。页岩的主要成分为SiO_2(55.67%)、Al_2O_3(10.13%)和CaO(9.51%)。TiO_2和Al_2O_3含量在剖面底部低,向上增大,指示陆源碎屑物质输入增加。富有机质页岩的SiO_2和CaO含量明显高于贫有机质页岩的含量,而Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3和TiO_2含量较低;同时,在富有机质层段中氧化还原敏感元素Mo、U、V、Ni、Co、Cr和营养型元素Ba明显富集。Ni/Co、V/Cr、U/Th和黄铁矿矿化度(DOPT)指示五峰组沉积时期水体氧化还原条件变化较大,以贫氧—厌氧环境为主,龙马溪组底部水体还原性比五峰组强,为具有一定H2S含量的静海相环境,而中上部则为正常富氧环境。页岩中P和过剩钡(Baxs)含量指示五峰组—龙马溪组沉积期具有高生产力特征,且TOC与氧化还原指标呈正相关关系,表明有机质含量的变化主要受控于氧化还原环境。Mo/TOC与DOPT图解表明控制龙马溪组页岩微量元素富集的主要因素是氧化还原条件,而控制五峰组的则是水体滞留。龙马溪组有机质的富集主要是由海平面升降造成的海水缺氧程度所控制,而五峰组主要是水体滞留造成的海底缺氧使有机质得到了较好的保存。     

The Role of Nitrogen in Facilitating Methylcyclohexane Aromatization on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-Re/Al2O3 Catalysts

The kinetics of methylcyclohexane aromatization on commercial Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated in a micro-reactor using N₂ and/or H₂ as carrier gases at temperatures ranging between 300-500°C, W/F values ranging between 0.83-3.75 mg min/mL and at a total pressure of 4.0 kg/cm². On both catalysts in N₂ atmosphere, aromatization accompanied by demethylation was observed with the formation of cracked products, benzene and toluene. However, in H₂ methane was the predominant product of methylcyclohexane reforming on PtA1₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ at 500°C and 400-500°C respectively, whereas at 350°C, aromatization was predominant on Pt/Al₂O₃ but on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, aromatization was accompanied by fragmentation to methane. In N₂-H₂ mixtures, demethylation activity was observed to decrease with H₂ content of the mixture on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃. A preliminary test of the kinetic data using Sica's method of pulse kinetic analysis suggests a first order rate in methylcyclohexane with activation energies of 3.21 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 19.70 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst and 16.66 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 34.94 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalyst. However, a more comprehensive kinetic analysis suggested an aromatization mechanism for Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, where adsorbed H₂ was a participant. A different aromatization mechanism for the reaction in N₂ where hydrogen was not needed explained the data on Pt/Al₂O_3. In both cases, the desorption of toluene was determined as the rate determining step.     

含氮化合物对柴油超深度加氢脱硫催化剂运行稳定性的影响

采用中型固定床加氢装置考察了含氮化合物对柴油超深度加氢脱硫Ni-Mo-W型催化剂运行稳定性的影响。通过元素分析、N₂吸附-脱附、热重 质谱(TG-MS)联用、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、高分辨透射电镜(TEM)等表征手段研究了催化剂失活的主要原因。实验结果表明：原料添加含氮化合物后，主要影响了催化剂的初活性，运转初期反应温度提高了7~10℃，但对催化剂的稳定性影响不大。根据催化剂失活原因的分析发现，原料添加含氮化合物前后，催化剂失活的主要原因均与其表面积炭的形成、孔体积的损失和边缘W比例的下降密切相关。     

形貌效应对渣油加氢反应Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂预硫化动力学影响

为了探究催化剂的形貌效应对渣油加氢催化剂预硫化反应中金属活性组分MoO₃转化的影响规律,采用粒子模型对Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了颗粒宏观动力学建模与求解,并利用程序升温硫化(TPS)实验对建立的模型进行了验证。首先,建立了MoO₃粒子的产物层扩散系数与其转化率之间的函数,发现MoO₃粒子的产物层扩散系数随着其转化率的提高快速下降,表明预硫化反应由初期的化学反应控制转为中后期的扩散控制。随后,考察了催化剂形貌对MoO₃粒子的反应速率和转化率的影响。结果表明,与圆柱形催化剂相比,微球形催化剂具有较大的孔隙率和较小的颗粒尺寸,因而具有更高的MoO₃硫化初始反应速率以及总体转化率,在微球形催化剂上更易形成MoS₂物种。     

Ni/Mo/MgAl(O)催化甲烷干重整制合成气的研究

通过焙烧由共沉淀法制备的NiMgAl-Mo₇O₂₄^6-类水滑石,制备了一系列不同MoO₃质量分数(0、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)的Ni/Mo/MgAl(O)复合氧化物催化剂。将该催化剂用于甲烷干重整(DRM)反应中,并研究了MoO₃的含量对催化剂性能的影响。借助XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、CO化学吸附、CO₂-TPD以及O₂-TPO等表征手段研究了催化剂结构和性能之间的关系。结果表明,催化剂的催化活性和抗积炭性能与MoO₃含量有关,当MoO₃的负载量为15%时,催化剂的催化活性和稳定性最佳,其在GHSV=60000 mL/(g·h),800℃反应57 h后,甲烷转化率仍维持在66%以上。较大的比表面积、强的金属与载体作用力、较高的金属分散度、适量的酸性和碱性位点数以及Ni-Mo双金属合金的协同作用,使得催化剂具有较好的催化活性和较强的抗积炭能力。