Damping of inter-area and local modes by use of controllablecomponents

This paper deals with damping of inter-area and local electromechanical oscillation modes using controllable series capacitor (CSC) and controllable shunt capacitor (SVC). The impacts of SVC and CSC on the structure of the system closed loop matrix are investigated. By analyzing the sensitivities of the system inter-area and local modes to the control action of the controllable devices, some general conclusions concerning the damping of inter-area and local modes are made. A numerical example is provided to support the analytical findings. This paper provides an insight and understanding in the basic characteristics of damping effects of the studied devices. The insight is obtained by the study of a simple power system which exhibits both inter-area and local power swings. The understandings and findings could form the basis in analysis of realistic and more complex systems     

Nonlinear controller design of thyristor controlled series compensation for damping inter-area power oscillation

A design method of nonlinear controllers of thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC) for damping inter-area power oscillation based on direct feedback linearization (DFL) is presented in this paper. To damp inter-area power oscillation of power systems, the power modulation action of the TCSC is illustrated firstly. Then the nonlinear model of a two-area power system with the TCSC control is constructed, and is linearized by the DFL. Finally, the design of the nonlinear optimal controller of the TCSC has been completed using the criterion of integration for time and absolute error (ITAE). The digital simulation results using NETOMAC program and detail models show that the presented controller of the TCSC can efficiently improve inter-area power oscillation damping of power systems.     

南方交直流混合电网区域振荡的协调控制策略

针对南方电网弱阻尼区域振荡模式的抑制问题,在分析了电力系统稳定器(PSS)、直流阻尼调制的控制机理及其控制效果的基础上,考虑到南方电网近距离直流多落点的特点,提出了一种PSS和直流阻尼调制的协调控制策略。在该策略中,结合模式可控性指标首先进行相关控制点的PSS参数优化以抑制直流调制不敏感的模式,在前一层优化的前提下再进行直流阻尼调制控制器的参数优化。这样既能保证二者的协调控制,又能有效地控制优化进程和降低计算量。最后通过仿真计算验证了协调控制策略的合理性和有效性。此工作可为研究近距离直流多落点交直流混合电网的低频振荡抑制问题提供新思路。     

Robust decentralized control of multiterminal DC/AC power systems

A multiterminal DC system embedded in a conventional AC power system can be used as a control element for damping inter-area oscillation. Three methods for decnetralized control of multiterminal DC/AC power systems are proposed. The robustness problems associated with DC control systems are discussed and the sufficient stability criteria are introduced. A power system example, which employs five DC terminals to damp out inter-area oscillations due to the AC power system dynamics, indicates that the proposed methods are realistic for robust decentralized control system design of DC/AC power systems.     

电力系统阻尼控制机理与特性

基于单机-无穷大电力系统,采用等面积定则分析电力系统阻尼控制机理。对电力系统稳定器（PSS）、静止无功补偿器（SVC）、晶闸管控制的串联电容器（TCSC）和高压直流（HVDC）的附加阻尼控制器的运行特性进行总结。对如何利用电网中各种阻尼资源以提高抑制系统区间振荡的能力进行讨论。当系统中已安装的PSS不能有效阻尼区间振荡时,可优先考虑利用HVDC的附加阻尼调制来增强阻尼。此外,可考虑柔性交流输电系统（FACTS）的附加阻尼控制,并认为TCSC抑制区间振荡的效果一般优于SVC。在四机两区域电力系统中的仿真分析结果验证了结论的合理性。     

多馈入交直流输电系统的模糊控制器协调优化算法

设计了一套阻尼区域间功率振荡的模糊控制器。在多馈入交直流输电系统的直流功率控制系统和发电机励磁系统中同时采用了该模糊控制器,并对影响其性能的关键参数进行了协调优化。为了解决优化结果容易限于局部最优的问题,采用了遗传算法进行全局并行寻优,同时引入序优化理论在概率意义上保证优化解的质量。仿真结果表明:与常规阻尼控制器相比,模糊控制器能更好地提高交直流互联系统的动态稳定性且具有鲁棒性。序优化遗传算法比传统遗传算法具有更稳定的性能,可作为多馈入交直流输电系统的模糊控制器参数协调优化的一种有效方法。     

Coordinated application of FACTS controllers to damp out inter-area oscillations

This paper proposes a systematic analysis and design procedure for simultaneously determining the best locations and input signals of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices in order to damp out inter-area oscillations. First, a modified modal power flow oscillation flow method is developed to determine the nature of the energy exchange over the transmission network in the presence of FACTS devices. With this method, the modal distribution along critical system paths is identified, and the contribution of each machine and network device is computed. Controllability and observability studies are then used to assess the effect of existing FACTS controllers on system damping as well as to identify optimal locations for new devices. The proposed procedure is demonstrated on a 46-machine, 190-bus reduced-order equivalent model of the Mexican interconnected system that includes several static VAR compensators.     

Decentralized stability-enhancing control of synchronous generator

This paper describes new structures for stability-enhancing excitation controllers designed using a nonlinear multi-machine system model and Lyapunov's direct method. Two control structures are presented: a hierarchical structure In which the AVR is the master controller and the PSS the slave controller and a traditional structure in which the PSS constitutes a supplementary loop to the main AVR. Both controllers are shown to be robust, as the damping they introduce into the system is insensitive to changes in both the system topology/parameters and the pattern of network flows. Each individual controller contributes positively to the overall system damping with no undesirable interaction between controllers. These features should allow a decentralized approach to the design of the AVR+PSS. Such a design approach is compatible with the new competitive market structures and should result in savings on commissioning costs. Simulation results for a multi-machine power system are presented that confirm the above and show that the two control structures are very effective in damping both local and inter-area power swings     

双馈风电机组附加阻尼控制器与同步发电机PSS协调设计

针对大规模双馈风电机组接入电力系统后的区间低频振荡问题,提出了一种协调双馈风电机组附加阻尼控制器和同步发电机电力系统稳定器(PSS)的设计策略。首先,考虑风电机组的机械部分、电气部分和控制结构,建立了双馈风电机组的机电暂态模型和附加阻尼控制器模型。在闭环电力系统线性化模型的基础上,提出利用动态指标值的优化模型来协调整定双馈风电机组附加阻尼控制器和同步发电机PSS的控制参数,并使用粒子群算法求解优化模型的全局最优解。最后,通过2个标准仿真系统算例,对比传统的阻尼控制器设计策略,验证了所设计策略的有效性和实用性。     

采用广域测量信号的互联电网区间阻尼控制

在大型互联电力系统中，区间模式的低频振荡是限制传输能力的严重瓶颈之一，而经典阻尼控制(如PSS)因限于局部测量不能很好地解决这个问题。迅速发展的广域测量系统能在全网范围内精确测量和高速传递机组相对功角和角频率等量，使得采用广域测量信号构成全局性的区间阻尼控制系统成为可能，进而为提高互联电网的功角稳定性和传输容量提供了契机。文中在一个简单的2区4机电力系统中，研究了采用广域测量信号实现励磁控制器区间阻尼控制环节的设计原理、实现方法和仿真效果，说明了基于广域测量系统的区间阻尼控制能有效抑制区间低频振荡和提高互联系统的传输容量，而且可工程实现。同时就设计适用于复杂电力系统的广域阻尼控制系统提出了一些关键性理论和实际问题，以供进一步深入研究。     

采用低阶动态补偿器的电力系统分散控制

提出一种用低阶动态补偿器抑制电力系统低频振荡的分散控制方法。安装在不同地点的多个低阶动态补偿器通过给定结构输出反馈统一设计,使系统的所有机电振荡模态具有整体最优的阻尼效果。用本地可测量和广域测量系统(wide area measurement system,WAMS)提供的部分关键远方信息共同作为补偿器的输入,从而可使本地振荡模态和区间振荡模态都得到良好的抑制。同时考虑多种运行方式优化控制器参数,使控制器具有更好的适应性;采用区域极点配置保证控制器具有一定的鲁棒性。最后,将控制器的参数求解归结为一个非光滑优化问题,并用梯度采样法进行求解。2个示例系统的仿真结果表明,该文所设计的控制器对低频振荡有着明显的抑制作用,优于传统的电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS)。     

Mode selective damping of power system electromechanical oscillations for large power systems using supplementary remote signals

This paper presents the design of local decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) controllers, using selected suitable remote signals as supplementary inputs, for a separate better damping of specific inter-area modes, for large-scale power systems. System identification technique is used for deriving lower order state-space models suitable for control design. The lower-order model is identified by probing the network in open loop with low-energy pulses or random signals. The identification technique is then applied to signal responses, generated by time-domain simulations of the large-scale model, to obtain reduced-order model. Lower-order equivalent models, thus obtained, are used to design each local PSS controller separately for each of the inter-area modes of interest. The PSS controller uses only those local and remote input signals in which the assigned single inter-area mode is most observable and is located at a generator which is most effective in controlling that mode. The PSS controller, designed for a particular single inter-area mode, also works mainly in a frequency band given by the natural frequency of the assigned mode. The locations of the local PSS controllers are obtained based on the amplitude gains of the frequency responses of the best-suited measurement to the inputs of all generators in the interconnected system. For the selection of suitable local and supplementary remote input signals, the features or measurements from the whole system are pre-selected first by engineering judgment and then using a clustering feature selection technique. Final selection of local and remote input signals is based on the degree of observability of the considered single mode in them. To provide robust behavior, H_∞ control theory together with an algebraic Riccati equation approach has been applied to design the controllers. The effectiveness of the resulting PSS controllers is demonstrated through digital simulation studies conducted on a sixteen-machine, three-area test power system.     

Coordinated design of STATCOM and excitation system controllers for multi-machine power systems using zero dynamics method

FACTs devices are being used in transmission networks for increasing the power transfer limit and stability improvement. They also help damp out both local and inter-area low frequency oscillations. However, uncoordinated design of these devices with excitation systems may deteriorate the power system performance. Moreover, power system is a large, complex and nonlinear system, and the controllers that are designed based on linear control theories may have a detrimental effect on the system performance, especially when there are large disturbances occurring in the system. The design method of a nonlinear control technique, named zero dynamics is given in this paper to design the controllers of STATCOM and excitation systems coordinately for multi-machine power systems. This technique is able to provide the stability of both external and internal dynamic performances of the system. Simulations results clearly verify that the proposed method improves the power system stability.     

Damping control of inter-area oscillations in the European power system using aggregated models

In the first part of the paper, a new approach to the reduction of large dynamic network models is presented. This method is implemented in the program package PSD and is used here in an exemplary fashion to reduce the model of the European power system to a model usable for the solution of a number of problems. In the second part, the paper describes a new damping concept of inter-area oscillations in large power systems. Additionally installed second-level damping controllers are acting on the voltage regulator reference inputs of selected generators. They are using global information about the swing profiles of the inter-area oscillations to be damped. The damping controllers are designed as a H_∞-norm optimal decentral control system based on both a topological and a frequency range decomposition of the control task. The solution is demonstrated for the reduced model of the European system. Received: 30 April 2001/Accepted: 8 June 2001     

电力系统广域阻尼控制与工程应用

弱阻尼区间低频振荡是制约互联电网区域间输电能力提高的因素。传统阻尼控制器的输入主要为本地信号,不能很好地反映区间振荡模式,对区间振荡模式的阻尼效果很有限。虽然阻尼控制器应用日益广泛,但低频振荡现象仍时有发生。基于广域测量系统的广域阻尼控制是解决区间振荡问题的有效措施,其系统结构、建模、输入信号和控制地点的选择、网络通信...     

Real-time coordinated optimal facts controllers

A coordinated optimal (CDO) controller is designed to implement multiple Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) devices in a transmission network of interconnected power systems. The proposed controller is utilized to damp inter-area oscillations and to enhance power system damping during large disturbances. The effectiveness of the CDO controller to properly control such devices is demonstrated for a two-machine power system through real-time digital simulation studies using a PSCAD/RTDS.     

基于多目标优化的时滞广域阻尼控制器设计

提出一种考虑区间模式和本地模式协调的时滞广域阻尼控制器设计新方法。首先,根据能控能观指标找出最佳反馈信号和输出控制量。然后,计算超前滞后补偿的时间常数,并构建区间和本地模式协调优化的多目标函数,应用"教与学"优化算法确定最优增益序列。最后,应用均衡降阶算法对系统进行降阶,基于线性矩阵不等式(LMI)理论分析最优增益序列,选出对时滞鲁棒性最好的值。新英格兰测试系统的仿真结果表明,提出的基于多目标优化的时滞广域阻尼控制器设计方法,在很好地抑制了区间振荡模式的同时,保证本地振荡模式不被恶化,并且对时滞具有很好的鲁棒性。     

多馈入HVDC的模糊自适应协调阻尼控制器设计

提出一种基于广域测量系统的多馈入高压直流（HVDC）模糊自适应协调阻尼控制器。该控制器在传统的单输入单输出控制结构基础上增加了一个模糊逻辑单元,自适应地在线调整系统的移相角。同时,增益K与模糊逻辑单元联调,以保证移相环节参数改变后整个控制通道的增益保持不变。利用Prony辨识算法和极点配置法对该阻尼控制器的固定参数进行了整定,并对整定后的参数进行了协调优化。以中国南方电网2007年网络结构为对象,给出了该模糊自适应协调阻尼控制器的设计过程及仿真结果。结果表明：该阻尼控制器能快速、有效地阻尼区域间振荡,提高交流联络线的传输能力,对不同的网络结构具有鲁棒性,可明显改善多馈入HVDc系统的稳定性。     

Optimal location and signal selection of UPFC device for damping oscillation

Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is used for controlling the real and reactive power in transmission line and bus voltage simultaneously and independently. An additional task of UPFC is to increase transmission capacity as result of power oscillation damping. The effectiveness of this controller depends on its optimal location and proper signal selection in the power system network. A residue factor has been proposed to find the optimal location of the UPFC controllers and eigenvalue analyses are used to assess the most appropriate input signals (stabilizing signal) for supplementary damping control of UPFC to damp out the inter-area mode of oscillations. The proposed residue factor is based on the relative participation of the parameters of UPFC controller to the critical mode. A simple approach of computing the residue factor has been proposed, which combines the linearized differential algebraic equation model of the power system and the UPFC output equations. While for signal selection a right-half plane zeros (RHP zeros) and Hankel singular value (HSV) is used as tools to select the most receptive signal to a mode of the inter-area oscillation. The placements of UPFC controllers have been obtained for the base case and for the dynamic critical contingences. The effectiveness of the proposed method of placement and selection of signals are demonstrated on practical network of TNB 25 bus system of south Malaysian network and New England 39 bus system.     

网络环境下控制理论在区域电网控制中的应用探讨

介绍了一种基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的区间阻尼闭环控制方案,指出存在的问题及目前网络化控制理论的主要研究进展情况,分析了二者的结合,提出了新的研究方向,即用网络化控制理论解决基于广域测量系统技术的阻尼闭环控制问题.