应变比对复合细化超细晶纯钛低周疲劳行为的影响

采用等径通道弯曲挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing, ECAP)+旋锻(Rotary Swaging, RS)技术制备超细晶纯钛,细化后晶粒尺寸达到纳米级。在室温下对超细晶纯钛实施应变比分别为-1、-0.5、0.5的应变控制低周疲劳试验,通过TEM对微观组织观察。研究了应变比对材料循环硬化软化特性、循环应力应变关系及疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果表明,应变比增大使得超细晶纯钛循环硬化现象更为显著,应变比越大超细晶纯钛低周疲劳寿命越低。低周疲劳高应变比情况下亚晶晶粒尺寸小,数量多,阻碍位错运动,使得材料发生循环硬化。     

Evolution of nanoscale porosity during equal-channel angular pressing of titanium

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis and transmission electron microscopy evidence suggest the occurrence of nanoscale porosity in commercial-purity titanium processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). SANS data were produced at two different facilities (GKSS, Germany; and Los Alamos, USA) and were analysed using three different methods. The results are consistent and yield a conclusive picture of the distribution of the scattering centres, which are believed to be associated with nanoporosity. Back pressure applied during ECAP tends to reduce the average pore size, which also depends on the processing route used. The results of the study strongly suggest that ECAP leaves a footprint in titanium in the form of a population of polydispersed nanovoids, which may play an important role in subsequent processing of the material.     

等通道转角挤压法制备超细晶纯钛的研究进展

近年来,围绕超细晶纯钛的制备及其性能提升方面开展了许多研究。本文综述了制备超细晶纯钛块材的等通道转角挤压工艺及其重要参数,分析了挤压过程中纯钛的位错滑移及孪晶变形机制。超细晶纯钛的强度、塑性、抗疲劳性能显著提高,而耐蚀性测试结果呈多样性,有待进一步研究。等通道转角挤压和后续热机械处理的结合,可进一步提高超细晶纯钛的综合性能,表明采用ECAP技术制备的超细晶纯钛在各行各业有着广阔的发展前景。     

ECAP对SLM纯钛组织及其耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了提高纯钛在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中的耐腐蚀性能,采用等通道转角挤压（ECAP）技术对激光选区熔化（SLM）技术制备的商业纯钛进行改性处理。通过透射电子显微镜和电子背向散射衍射技术对SLM纯钛和SLM+ECAP纯钛进行组织检测,并在三电极体系下进行耐腐蚀性能的测试。结果表明：SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛试样的晶粒尺寸小,晶界多,位错密度增大,极图的择优取向不太明显,但极密度有所增加。在林格氏模拟体液和模拟口腔唾液环境中,SLM+ECAP纯钛比SLM纯钛的自腐蚀电流密度小,极化电阻大,阻抗半径大。采用ZSimpWin软件对交流阻抗谱进行等效电路拟合,拟合结果和实验测量数据较为吻合。SLM+ECAP纯钛的耐腐蚀性能比SLM纯钛好。     

纳米压痕法测量超细晶工业纯钛室温蠕变速率敏感指数

室温下,采用复合细化(ECAP+冷轧+旋锻)工艺,制备出平均晶粒尺寸约为180 nm的超细晶工业纯钛,其抗拉强度高达870 MPa。利用纳米压痕仪对超细晶工业纯钛以恒加载速率/载荷的方式进行测试实验,通过测定压头保载阶段的压入位移和材料的硬度值计算得出室温蠕变速率敏感指数m值。结果表明:超细晶工业纯钛由于晶粒明显细化,晶界数量增多,晶界长度增加,位错增殖,在室温下表现出优良的抗蠕变能力,适合在压力环境下长期工作,其蠕变机理主要为蠕变位错机理。室温蠕变速率敏感指数m值与加载条件无关,主要由材料的微观组织决定。     

Microstructure,Texture and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Grade 2 Processed by ECAP (Route C)

In the present work the properties of titanium grade 2 after ECAP processing with original route and regimes (route C, channel angle \(\varPhi\)?=?120°, deformation temperature 300 °C, number of passes up to 8) were examined. Texture development and microstructure parameters after ECAP processing and after recrystallization were determined using electron back scatter diffraction and analysed. A significant increase of the mechanical strength accompanied by some increase of ductility was observed in the deformed samples. The kernel average misorientation and average grain orientation spread were strongly increased after deformation, which confirms the material refinement and fragmentation. The proportion of low angle boundaries increased after four ECAP passes, but after four consecutive passes high angle grain boundaries became predominant. No deformation twins were observed after four and eight ECAP passes. The material recrystallized after deformation retained a fine grain microstructure. The textures of deformed and recrystallized samples were determined. It was found that texture after 8 passes is more homogeneous that that after 4 passes, which partly explains higher ductility of this first sample.     

体外浸泡纯钛的表面腐蚀和ECAP的影响

采用在Ringer模拟体液静态体外浸泡的方法,研究工业纯钛试片经过一定时间的浸泡后的失重和表面形貌的变化。采用等通道径角挤压(ECAP)方法处理工业纯钛并与粗晶纯钛进行对比,对ECAP处理的TA9和粗晶TA9也做了对比。结果表明:纯钛在400℃ECAP处理后的微观组织形成具有明显方向性的板条状组织,ECAP纯钛表面沉积的Na Cl晶体数量大于粗晶Ti,TA9也表现出相似结果。纯钛的腐蚀机制是一种受到电偶腐蚀控制的均匀腐蚀,细晶组织导致电偶的数量增加。     

Investigations on workability of commercial purity aluminum processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an important process for producing ultra fine grains in bulk metallic materials by means of severe plastic deformation. Workability of metals and alloys is an important parameter as it influences the fracture resistance of the material and the ease of subsequent forming by conventional techniques. In this study, the effect of various passes and processing routes of ECAP on the workability of commercially pure aluminum has been investigated. Aluminum specimens were subjected to ECAP using 90° angle ECAP die. ECAP was carried out using two processing routes for up to three passes. Microstructure characterization and mechanical property measurements were carried out. Workability was determined by means of upsetting tests on hexagonal collar specimens machined from specimens processed by ECAP. A Cockcroft fracture criterion was used to evaluate experimental results. It is observed that processing to two passes through Route C results in enhanced mechanical properties with only a slight decrease in workability.     

Static mechanical properties and ductility of biomedical ultrafine-grained commercially pure titanium produced by ECAP process

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most effective processes to produce ultra-fine grain (UFG) and nanocrystalline (NC) materials. Because the commercially pure titanium exhibits excellent biocompatibility properties, it has a significant potential to be utilized as an implant material. The low static and dynamic strengths of the pure titanium are one of the weaknesses of this material. This defect can be removed by applying the ECAP process on the pure titanium. In this work, the commercially pure titanium Grade 2 (CP-Ti of Grade 2) was pressed at room temperature by the ECAP process via a channel angle of 135° for 3 passes. The microstructural analysis and mechanical tests such as tensile test, hardness test, three-point bending test and Charpy impact test were all carried out on the ECAPed CP-Ti through 3 passes. The microstructural evolution reveals that by applying the ECAP process, coarse grain (CG) structure develops to UFG/NC structure. Moreover, the results of the mechanical tests show that the process significantly increases the yield and ultimate tensile strengths, bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness of the commercially pure titanium so that it can be used as a replacement for metallic alloys used as biomaterials.     

非连续TiB+TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的剧烈塑性变形行为

针对TiB+TiC陶瓷颗粒增强钛合金提出一种新的强塑性变形方法,即将等径弯曲通道变形应用到非连续增强钛基复合材料中。本文采用通道夹角Φ=120°成功地实现了(TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V钛基复合材料1~4道次B_c路径的ECAP变形,研究了剧烈塑性变形对微观组织演化和力学性能的影响。结果表明,剧烈塑性变形可以实现TiB纤维和TiC颗粒的细化,以及基体晶粒的细化;随着挤压次数的增加,基体中偏聚的TiB细长纤维和TiC大颗粒也随着挤压道次的增加也逐渐趋于均匀化,力学性能也得到了提高,抗拉强度能够提高至1205MPa,延伸率与挤压1道次相比也得到了明显提高。     

Predicting the critical pre-aging time in ECAP processing of age-hardenable aluminum alloys

Age-hardenable Al alloys may be successfully processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature, if the processing is carried out immediately after water quenching from the solution treatment temperature. It is important to estimate the critical time for any age-hardenable alloys, since after this time, ECAP processing will cause catastrophic cracking or segmentation at room temperature. In this study, ECAP processing was carried out on two age-hardenable Al alloys (2014 and 7075) at room temperature. The results demonstrated that the critical time could be predicted successfully by using tensile test curves related to different times after quenching. It is also shown that room temperature ECAP processing of these materials for more than a single pass is not possible and causes damage. However, a single pass will have significant effects on the strength of the material.     

常温下超细晶纯钛的制备及其力学性能

在等径通道角挤压法(ECAP)的基础上,通过对挤压试样的设计,提出一种铜包裹着钛棒的ECAP法,最终成功地制备了1、2、4道次超细晶钛,采用这种方法可以在很小的挤压力下实现UFG-Ti的制备。不但有效抑制了钛棒的碎裂,还避免了挤压杆失稳。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)观察了各道次UFG-Ti的微观组织,并利用显微硬度计研究了其硬度变化。利用万能试验机和SHPB系统在不同应变率下进行了压缩试验。结果表明,常温下ECAP处理后纯钛的晶粒明显细化,力学性能显著提高,在准静态和动态压缩载荷作用下其流动应力(10%应变处)分别提升了71%和86%。最后研究了UFG-Ti的应变率敏感性,发现UFG-Ti的流动应力对应变率具有较低的依赖性。     

Fatigue damage generation in ECAPed oxygen free copper

In order to understand the fatigue damage generation of ultra-fine grained copper, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out. After the 4 and 8 pass of ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) with B_c route, grains with about 300 nm diameter were formed. The damage profile of fatigued surfaces between annealed pure copper and ECAPed one had substantial difference in morphology was observed. To clarify the formation process of surface damage, morphological change in surface caused by cyclic stresses was monitored successively by using optical microscope. It was found that the surface damages for the ECAPed copper propagated along the projected direction of shear plane in ECAP process.     

基于等径角挤压（ECAP）的超细晶铸造镁合金制备研究

研究了铸造镁合金等径角挤压（ECAP）的原理与技术实施手段.通过设计ECAP模具的几何结构,研究了剪切应变累积效应的度量方法.通过对AM60镁合金铸锭单道次ECAP加工后光学显微组织的观察,讨论了模具几何结构条件（转角与背转角大小）对变形组织演化形态的影响.根据多道次ECAP试验的位移-挤压力关系曲线,考察了加工工艺条件（加工道次数、背压与加工速率）对变形组织形态的影响规律.分析了镁合金ECAP加工技术的试验和模拟方案.研究表明：AM60镁合金铸锭的ECAP变形组织形态较好地符合理论预测结果;多道次ECAP加工显著改善了AM60镁铸锭的微观组织;对于具有粗大晶粒的铸造镁合金而言,ECAP工艺能以机械化冶金方式制备其超细晶结构.     

Fatigue of a fine-grained high-strength Al-6Mg-Sc alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing

Room-temperature mechanical properties of a fine-grained high-strength Al-6Mg-Sc alloy 1570 produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) have been studied. The alloy was deformed to a true degree of deformation ? ～ 8 at a temperature of 325°C. The average size and the volume fraction of new small grains after ECAP were 1.2 μm and 0.7, respectively. It is shown that the formation of a submicrocrystalline structure makes it possible to increase the yield strength and endurance limit of the alloy 1570 with respect to the microcrystalline and coarse-grained states with small loss in plasticity. The influence of the microstructure which is formed in the process of ECAP on the behavior of the material upon high-cycle fatigue is discussed.     

Structure and properties of ultra-fine grain Cu–Cr–Zr alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing

The structure, thermal stability and properties are investigated of a Cu–Cr–Zr alloy with ultra fine grains (UFG) of 160 nm diameter produced by severe plastic deformation through equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). Special attention is paid to optimization of multi-functional thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of this alloy by aging after ECAP. Fatigue life and cyclic response under strain-controlled experiments are investigated aiming at clarification of mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture in the precipitation hardened ECAP materials. It is shown that the precipitation strengthened UFG structure remains stable both under elevated temperatures as high as 500°C and under cyclic loading at room temperature. Substantial improvement of fatigue life is evidenced in comparison with conventional coarse-grain materials. The appearance of cyclic softening is noticed and its nature is discussed in terms of dislocation–particle interaction and possible dissolution of precipitates during fatigue.     

超细晶纯钛微弧氧化表面润湿性和耐腐蚀性能研究

以纯钛为原料,经等通道转角大应变加工处理得到超细晶纯钛,采用微弧氧化法对纯钛和超细晶纯钛表面进行了改性处理,研究了改性处理对样品的表面形貌、润湿性和耐腐蚀性等的影响。实验发现微弧氧化处理后,虽纯钛及超细晶纯钛表面均形成多孔氧化膜层、接触角减小、表面粗糙度和表面能提高,但与纯钛相比,超细晶纯钛腐蚀速率与电流密度较纯钛的更小。因此,经微弧氧化法改性后,超细晶纯钛比纯钛更适合应用于医用植入物领域。     

Effect of two-step severe plastic deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium

The present work investigates the microstructural and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium after processing by a two-step severe plastic deformation procedure entailing warm equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by cold rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). The effect of subsequent cold rolling at room temperature is also investigated for comparison. After 10 passes of ECAP, an ultrafine-grained structure with average grain size of 213 nm was achieved. Subsequent cold rolling at LNT led to further refinement and decreased the grain size to 114 nm. Under these conditions, the material displayed high tensile strength of 995 MPa and high elongation to failure of 23%. These promising mechanical properties were interpreted in terms of characteristics of the microstructure: grain refinement, increased dislocation density, and a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

工业纯钛在120°模具中的多道次ECAP室温变形组织与性能

在室温,采用通道夹角为120°的变形模具对工业纯钛(Commemial Pure Titanium,CP-Ti)以Bc方式实施四道次ECAP(EqualChannel Angular Pressing)挤压变形,成功获得表面光滑无裂纹的变形试样.文中主要研究了工业纯钛在室温下进行ECAP多道次变形的组织结构演变,并测试了变形试样的力学性能.微观结构显示工业纯钛在室温下进行多道次ECAP变形时,只在前两道次产生了大量的变形孪晶,且随道次增加变形孪晶逐渐消失.最终获得的试样晶粒平均尺寸由最初的约28μm细化到约250 nm,试样断裂强度和显微硬度分别提高到773和2486 MPa,而试样仍保持较好的延伸率(可达16.8%).     

等径角挤压对Cu-0.81Cr-0.07Zr合金第二相颗粒分布、硬度和电导率的影响

研究在室温和300℃下等径角挤压(ECAP)对Cu-0.81Cr-0.07Zr合金中第二相分布的影响,及其对硬度和电导率的影响。显微组织表征表明,经ECAP后,粗大的富Cr颗粒面积分数减小,这是由于塑性变形导致Cr的溶解。在室温下进行4道次ECAP后,由于固溶体中较高的Cr含量和基体中较高的缺陷密度导致电子散射的增加,合金的电导率下降了12%。仅在ECAP样品中观察到的Cu晶格常数的减小和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)过程中发生的放热反应证实了这些结果。经ECAP后的时效热处理促进额外的硬化效果和导电性的完全恢复,这是由于部分溶解颗粒的再沉淀造成的。在室温下进行4道次ECAP,然后在380℃时效处理1 h的合金具有更高的硬度(191 HV)和电导率(83.5%(IACS))。