Interfacial adhesion characterization of plasma coatings by V(z) inversion technique and comparison to interfacial indentation

This paper presents the development of V(z) inversion technique and its application to quantitative determination of interface adhesion by measuring interface tangential stiffness parameter K_T. The measurement is performed in two steps on an air plasma sprayed bronze-aluminum alloy coating (on a steel substrate) having different adhesion levels: the determination of the coating elastic constants and the determination of the interface tangential stiffness K_T are performed by optimizing the inverted angular-frequency reflectance function R(θ,f). The results obtained by the V(z) inversion are then compared to mechanical testing by interfacial indentation on the same sample. The same behavior (quality of interface adhesion) can be seen by both methods: the coating adhesion decreases as the interfacial stiffness parameter K_T decreases.     

Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline ZrNxOy coatings on AISI 304 stainless steel by ion plating

Transition metal oxynitrides have become emerging decorative coating materials due to their adjustable coloration and high hardness and corrosion resistance. This research studied the effect of oxygen content on the coloration, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of ZrN_xO_y thin films deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel using hollow cathode discharge ion plating (HCD-IP). The Zr/N/O ratios of the ZrN_xO_y films were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The color of the ZrN_xO_y thin film changed from golden yellow to blue and then slate blue with increasing oxygen content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that phase separation of ZrN and m-ZrO₂ occurred as the oxygen content reached 31.2 at.%. ZrN(O) (ZrN with dissolving oxygen) is dominant at oxygen content less than 18.1 at.%, while m-ZrO₂ phase was prevailed at oxygen content above 40.3 at.%. Phase separation lowered the hardness of the ZrN_xO_y films as the fraction of ZrO₂ was less than 40%. The residual stresses in ZrN phase was higher than that in ZrO₂, and the residual stress decreased for the specimen containing 30 to 37% ZrO₂. For the samples containing more than 44% ZrO₂, the average residual stress was close to that in ZrO₂ phase. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by salt spray test and potentiodynamic scan in two solutions: 0.5MH₂SO₄ + 0.05 M KSCN and 5% NaCl solutions. The results showed consistent trend in the two solutions. From the results of potentiodynamic scan, corrosion resistance increased as the packing density of the film increased, whereas the film thickness was not a crucial factor on corrosion current; moreover, the electrical conductivity of the film may be one of the significant factors in corrosion resistance. Results of salt spray tests suggested that the corrosion of ZrN_xO_y in NaCl may play an important role in corrosion resistance.     

激光熔覆Ni3Al/Cr3C2复合材料耐磨性能研究

采用激光熔覆技术在304不锈钢基板上制备了Ni3Al合金和Ni3Al/Cr3C2(25％,质量分数)复合材料耐磨涂层,分析了Ni3Al合金和Ni3Al/Cr3C2熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性能.结果 表明,Ni3Al/Cr3C2熔覆层显微组织由基体γ'-Ni3Al相和原位自生M7C3(M=Cr,Fe)型碳化物组成,且...     

Wear resistance of a Cr3C2-NiCr detonation spray coating

Coatings can be applied to surfaces to improve the surface characteristics over those of the bulk properties and are widely used in tribological applications either to reduce wear and/or to modify friction during contact. One of the foremost coating methods for combating wear is thermal spraying. To prolong the life of steel slab continuous casting rolls, Cr₃C₂-NiCr detonation spray coating was processed on the roll surface in a steelmaking plant in China. This article studies the mechanical properties and wear resistance of this coating. The abrasive and dry frictional wear testing were performed using a pin-on-disk tester. Experimental results show that the wear resistance of the coated samples, i.e., coating reduces the risk of seizure compared to uncoated samples, is much better than those of the uncoated steel at room and elevated temperatures with any load and sliding velocity. The coating wear mechanisms under different test conditions are discussed.     

Sulfidation properties of Cr23C6 at 1073 K in H2S-H2 atmospheres of 103.5−10−6 Pa sulfur pressure

The sulfidation behavior of chromium carbide, Cr₂₃C₆, was investigated in H₂S-H₂ gas mixtures over a sulfur partial pressure range of 10^3.5–10^–6 Pa at 1073 K using thermogravimetry, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron-probe microanalysis. The kinetics were rapid for short time periods and followed a linear rate law at low sulfur pressures, whereas sulfidation tends to obey a parabolic rate law at high pressures. Sulfidation rates decreased with increasing carbon content in the carbide. Surface morphologies could be divided into three groups: (I) at high sulfur pressures, petal-like. crystals (Cr₂S₃); (II) at intermediate pressures, a twinlike structure (Cr₃S₄); (III) and at low pressures, a flat surface with numerous hexagonal pits (Cr_1–xS). The scale consisted of two distinct layers: an external scale with a single or multilayer structure and an inner scale with a mixture of Cr_1–xS, Cr₃C₂, and Cr₇C₃. These higher carbides, Cr₃C₂ and Cr₇C₃, may be formed by the sulfidation-carburization of Cr₂₃C₆. Pt-marker experiments indicated that the external scale grew by chromium diffusion and that sulfur migration played an important role in the growth of the inner scale.     

On the athermal nature of the β to ω transformation

One characteristic feature of the athermal β → ω transformation is the short time scale of the transformation. So far, no clear understanding of this issue exists. Here we construct a model that includes contributions from a Landau sixth-order free energy density, kinetic energy due to displacement, and the Rayleigh dissipation function to account for the dissipation arising from the rapid movement of the parent-product interface during rapid nucleation. We also include the contribution from ω-like fluctuations to local stress. The model shows that the transformation is complete on a time scale comparable to the velocity of sound. The estimated nucleation rate is several orders higher than that for diffusion-controlled transformations. The model predicts that the athermal ω phase is limited to a certain range of alloying composition. The estimated nucleation rate and the size of “isothermal” particles beyond 17% Nb are also consistent with experimental results. The model provides an explanation for the reprecipitation process of the ω particles in the “cleared” channels formed during deformation of ω-forming alloys. The model also predicts that acoustic emission should be detectable during the formation of the athermal phase.     

微观相场法反演Ni0.75AlxV0.25-x合金的原子间相互作用势

采用微观相场法,利用Khachaturyan所给原子间相互作用势与长程序参数关系方程,计算出Ni_(0.75)Al_xV_(0.25-x)合金L1_0、L1_2和DO_(22)相第一近邻原子间相互作用势,并用计算的原子间相互作用势模拟了Ni_(0.75)Al_xV_(0.25-x)合金沉淀过程以及最终形貌。计算结果表明,L1_0、L1_2和DO_(22)相第一近邻原子间相互作用势随温度增大而增大,随浓度增大而增大,且计算得到的随温度和浓度变化的原子间相互作用势与之前的实验值符合较好。计算的原子间相互作用势的模拟结果能依次得到预析出相L1_0、稳定相L1_2和第二相DO_(22),且合金沉淀形貌与实验结果吻合。相场法反演原子间相互作用势,拓宽了相场法在合金设计中的应用范围。     

汽轮机超音速火焰喷涂 NiCr-Cr3C2涂层

目的 通过热喷涂涂层,解决 350 MW 超临界机组再热第一级静叶栅的高温冲蚀问题。 方法 采用超音速火焰喷涂制备了 NiCr-Cr₃C₂ 涂层,测试了涂层的显微组织、孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度及高温冲蚀性能,并对涂层在冲蚀条件下的失效机理进行分析。 结果 实验室条件下, NiCr-Cr₃C₂ 涂层孔隙率为 0 . 98% ,显微硬度达到 1061 . 2 HV0 . 3 ,结合强度约为 80 MPa。 装机试车时,0 . 22 mm 厚的 NiCr-Cr₃C₂涂层可使再热第一级静叶的寿命延长 3 倍左右。 结论 采用 NiCr-Cr₃C₂ 涂层可显著延长静叶寿命,小角度粒子犁削冲蚀是涂层加速失效的主要原因。     

Microstructure and properties of Cr3C2-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by plasma transferred arc process

The nickel-based alloy with 30 wt.% chromic carbide (Cr₃C₂) particles has been deposited on Q235-carbon steel (including 0.12 wt.% C) using plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding machine. The microstructure and properties of the deposited coatings were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equiped with X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microhardness testes, and sliding wear test. It was found that the γ(Ni, Fe), M₇(C,B)₃, Ni₄B₃, and (Cr,Fe)₂B phases existed in the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating obtained by PTA process. The typical hypoeutectic structure and composition segregation in the solid solution could be found clearly. The addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles led to the existing of Cr₃C₂ phase and the microstructure changing from hypoeutectic structure into hypereutectic structure. The composition segregation in the solid solution could not be found clearly. The average microhardness of the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating increased by 450-500 HV after the addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles. The partial dissolution of Cr₃C₂ particles led to the enrichment of carbon and chromium in the melten pool, and hence caused the formation of more chromium-rich carbides after the solidification process. The undissolved Cr₃C₂ particles and the increasing of chromium-rich carbides was beneficial to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the Cr₃C₂-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by PTA process.     

氟化物熔盐中快速电脱氧制备金属钒及其机理

以偏钒酸铵为原料,采用\"煤气还原+原位烧结\"工艺制备高活性V_2O_3阴极片,在氟化物体系熔盐中实现了快速电脱氧制备金属钒,并通过测定循环伏安曲线结合恒电位电解实验,研究了电解过程的反应机理。结果表明:V_2O_3在氟化物熔盐中可实现快速电脱氧,电解4 h后所得金属钒的氧含量降至0.218%(质量分数,下同);V_2O_3阴极电脱氧产生的O~(2-)在脱氧反应区可原位生成铝氧氟络合离子并进一步产生金属铝,从而引发阴极的铝热还原反应,导致V_2O_3熔盐电脱氧过程同时存在直接电还原反应和铝热还原反应,其中后者起着关键的加速作用;在熔盐中添加适量Al_2O_3可强化V_2O_3电脱氧过程,在其他条件不变的情况下电脱氧时间可缩短至3 h。     

炭/炭复合材料表面氢刻蚀改善等离子体渗Cr层的抗氧化性能

用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术,在炭/炭复合材料表面制备Cr涂层,改善其抗高温氧化性能。渗Cr前先用微波等离子体对炭/炭复合材料表面进行氢刻蚀处理,提高Cr涂层与基体间的结合力。用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和X-射线衍射仪分别对刻蚀、渗Cr及氧化后炭/炭复合材料表面形貌、成分及组织结构进行分析。结果表明:经过900℃、1 h刻蚀后,炭/炭复合材料表面形成蜂窝状结构,经后续950℃、2 h渗Cr处理后,在刻蚀后的炭/炭复合材料表面形成厚约5μm的Cr/Cr_yC_x复合涂层,涂层表面致密均匀,无裂纹和剥落;900℃高温循环氧化2.4 h后的失重率为2.79%,抗高温氧化能力较基材得到明显改善。