Flow induced structural vibration and sound radiation of a hydrofoil with a cavity

The structural vibration and the sound radiation induced by the flow over a cavity on a hydrofoil are investigated experimentally and numerically. The large eddy simulation(LES) is adopted to calculate the flow field and the pressure fluctuation characteristics. A coupled finite element method/boundary element method approach is used to analyze the hydrofoil vibration and the structure-borne noise. The flow noise is calculated using an acoustic analogy by considering the surface pressure fluctuations as the dipole sources. A hollow hydrofoil with an orifice supported by four cylinder rods is constructed for the experiments. Modal tests are performed to obtain the natural frequencies of the hydrofoil in air and water. The vibro-acoustic experiments are carried out in the water tunnel at various free stream velocities with the orifice open and closed. A pressure transducer is used to measure the pressure fluctuations behind the downstream edge of the orifice. The triaxial accelerometers mounted on the side walls are used to measure the vibrational response of the hydrofoil. Furthermore, a hydrophone located in a box, filled with water is used to measure the sound radiation. The structure-borne noise and the flow noise are identified by their frequency properties. Reasonable agreements are observed between the numerical predictions and the experimental measurements.     

轴流泵不稳定流场的压力脉动特性研究

流场压力脉动是影响大型轴流泵运行稳定性的关键因素,本文采用时间相关的瞬态流分析理论及大涡模拟方法研究轴流泵内部非定常流动,得到了不同工况下泵内水压力脉动结果。通过与实测扬程和功率对比,证明本文所提出的方法可较准确地反映泵的流动特征。研究表明,轴流泵内最大压力脉动发生在叶轮进口前,压力脉动频率主要受叶轮转频控制;在叶轮进口与出口处,从轮毂到轮缘压力脉动逐渐增大,而在导叶中间及导叶出口处,结果正好相反。偏离最优工况越远,脉动的相对振幅越大,在60%流量工况下泵内压力脉动约为最优工况的2倍。     

DESIGN OF IMPLANTABLE AXIAL-FLOW BLOOD PUMP AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON ITS PERFORMANCE

This article presents the design of a new implantable axial-flow blood pump. The special feature of the flow channel inside the blood pump is that the blood is driven by a big-small tandem impeller installed in the inner hole of the cylinder magnet of a brushless direct current motor. The inner hole makes the main flow channel possible, while the gap between the inner end of the stator and the outer end of the cylinder magnet gives the shape of the tributary flow channel. There is no motor magnet inside the main flow channel, therefore, more blood can pass through it. The gap of the tributary flow channel is very small, but the blood flow in it is not blocked. Thus, the efficiency is increased and the volume and weight of blood pump can be reduced greatly. The outer diameter, length and weight of the manufactured implantable axial-flow blood pump are 29.6 mm, 76 mm and 158 g, respectively. The impeller spins at the speed of 9000 rpm and can generate a pressure head of 100 mmHg and a flow rate of 8 L/min. In an animal experiment, the blood pump has been successfully applied as a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) in the chest of a small cow. Besides, a mathematical model is established to simulate the flow inside an axial-flow blood pump of implantable VAD. The numerical studies on the performance of the implantable axial-flow blood pump are carried out by combining this mathematical model and the Fluent software. The numerical results agree well with those of experiments, with the maximum error less than 10%.     

Experimental investigation of velocity fluctuations in a radial diffuser pump

The strong interaction in a radial pump due to the relative movement between the impeller and the diffuser may excite not only strong pressure fluctuations but also velocity fluctuations. In this paper, the laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) technique is successfully applied to measure the periodic flow field in a radial diffuser pump with low-specific speed, in order to investigate the velocity fluctuations caused by the impeller-diffuser interactions both in the impeller and diffuser regions. The velocity fluctuations in the impeller region are quantitatively examined at different radial positions, and the flow structure at the radial gap between two flow components is analyzed at different relative positions. In addition, the downstream effect on the diffuser flow is quantitatively and qualitatively assessed and compared with the turbulence effect.     

An integral calculation approach for numerical simulation of cavitating flow around a marine propeller behind the ship hull

In this paper, the unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a marine propeller is simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) with emphasis on the hull-propeller interaction by an integral calculation approach, which means the propeller and hull are treated as a whole when the cavitating flow is calculated. The whole calculational domain is split to an inner rotating domain containing a propeller and an outer domain containing a hull. And the two split sections are connected together in ANSYS CFX by using the GGI interfaces and the transient rotor stator frame change/mixing model. The alternate rotation model is employed for the advection term in the momentum equations in order to reduce the numerical error. Comparison of predictions with measurements shows that the propeller thrust coefficient can be predicted satisfactorily. The unsteady cavitating flow around the propeller behind the ship hull wake shows quasi-periodic features including cavity inception, growth and shrinking. These features are effectively reproduced in the simulations which compare well to available experimental data. In addition, significant pressure fluctuations on the ship hull surface induced by the unsteady propeller cavitation are compared with experimental data at monitoring points on the hull surface. The predicted amplitudes of the first components corresponding to the first blade passing frequencies match well with the experimental data. The maximum error between the predictions and the experimental data for the pressure pulsations is around 8%, which is acceptable in most engineering applications.     

Numerical prediction of 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness in a centrifugal pump under part-load condition

Numerical simulation and 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness analysis for a centrifugal pump with volute are carried out in whole flow passage, including the impeller with twisted blades, the volute and the side chamber channels under a part-load condition. The pressure fluctuation intensity coefficient （PFIC） based on the standard deviation method, the time-averaged velocity unsteadiness intensity coefficient （VUIC） and the time-averaged turbulence intensity coefficient （TIC） are defined by averaging the results at each grid node for an entire impeller revolution period. Therefore, the strength distributions of the periodic flow unsteadiness based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations can be analyzed directly and in detail. It is shown that under the 0.6Qd~. condition, the pressure fluctuation intensity is larger near the blade pressure side than near the suction side, and a high fluctuation intensity can be observed at the beginning section of the spiral of the volute. The flow velocity unsteadiness intensity is larger near the blade suction side than near the pressure side. A strong turbulence intensity can be found near the blade suction side, the impeller shroud side as well as in the side chamber. The leakage flow has a significant effect on the inflow of the impeller, and can increase both the flow velocity unsteadiness intensity and the turbulence intensity near the wall. The accumulative flow unstea- diness results of an impeller revolution can be an important aspect to be considered in the centrifugal pump optimum design for obtaining a more stable inner flow of the pump and reducing the flow-induced vibration and noise in certain components.     

低扬程灯泡贯流泵水力特性及内部流场数值模拟

为了更加深入地研究灯泡贯流泵及其后置导叶的水力性能,采用CFD方法,借助于RNG k-ε湍流模型,应用SIMPLIEC算法,对灯泡贯流泵装置全流道进行了数值模拟,分析了其在4种特殊流量工况点下机组后置导叶的流动特性,研究了灯泡贯流泵的内部流动特征。结果表明:在最优工况点时,泵装置的内部流态较好,水流平直顺畅,导叶的导流作用最好;在小流量工况下,泵叶轮进口处出现了大范围的回流、漩涡区,叶轮出口处出水流的流态紊乱,相邻叶片翼型周围有明显的回流区,后置导叶翼型周围的流态紊乱,存在大范围的不良流态区域;在大流量工况下,叶片周围流态较好,出水流态内的回流区较少,但导叶周围的流态较差。可见,后置导叶对叶轮出口处水流的导流作用明显,偏离最优工况时,导叶区的水力损失较大。     

Unsteady flow structures in centrifugal pump under two types of stall conditions

The stall is an unsteady flow phenomenon that always causes instabilities and low efficiency for pumps. This paper focuses on the unsteady flow structures and evolutions under two types of stall conditions in centrifugal pump impellers. Two centrifugal pump impellers, one with 6 and another with 5 blades, are considered and a developed large-eddy simulation method is adopted. The results show that the alternative stall occurs in the impeller with 6 blades, while, the rotating stall is observed in that with 5 blades. The flow structure and the pressure fluctuation characteristics are further analyzed. For the alternative stall, the stall cells are fixed relative to the impeller, but a large vortex in the stalled passage is always swaying. The outlet vortex is generated from it, and then develops and sheds periodically. For the rotating stall, the stall cells first occur in the suction side of the blade. With the growth of the stall cells, the block area gradually increases until the inlet region is almost blocked, then moves to the pressure side with a continuous decay. When the rotating stall occurs, the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation is much larger than that under the alternative stall condition. The propagation of the stall cells has a significant effect on the pressure fluctuations in the impeller.     

Application of modified κ-ω model to predicting cavitating flow in centrifugal pump

Considering the compressibility of the cavity in the cavitating flow, this paper presents a modified κ-ω model for predicting the cavitating flow in a centrifugal pump, in which the modified κ-ω model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model were combined with ANSYS CFX. To evaluate the modified and standard κ-ω models, numerical simulations were performed with these two models, respectively, and the calculation results were compared with the experimental data. Numerical simulations were executed with three different values of the flow coefficient, and the simulation results of the modified κ-ω model showed agreement with most of the experimental data. The cavitating flow in the centrifugal pump obtained by the modified κ-ω model at the design flow coefficient of 0.102, was analyzed. When the cavitation number decreases, the cavity initially generates on the suction side of the blade near the leading edge and then expands to the outlet of the impeller, and the decrease of the total pressure coefficient mainly occurs upstream of the impeller passage, while the downstream remains almost unaffected by the development of cavitation.     

Numerical simulation of cavity flow induced noise by LES and FW-H acoustic analogy

The predictions of cavity flow and flow-induced noise are two important and complex issues in fluid-acoustic coupling field. Numerical studies for these issues are performed in the paper by large eddy simulation (LES) and FW-H acoustic analogy. Firstly, the wall pressure fluctuations of plate, foil, shutter hole are computed and compared with experimental results. The robustness of large eddy simulation in unsteady flow calculation is analyzed. Secondly, the calculation of a 2-D cavity flow are accomplished. The power spectrum of pressure fluctuations is compared with measured data and the vorticity distribution is analyzed. Finally, the flow induced noises of two 3D cavities are predicted. The computed results are compared with experimental data of Large Circulation Channel in CSSRC. It shows that the numerical prediction method in the paper is credible.

     

轴流泵叶片安放角增大过渡过程特性

建立配置虹吸式出水流道的立式轴流泵几何模型, 提出轴流泵在运行中调节叶片安放角过程的三维非定常数值模拟方法, 采用动网格及网格重构技术实现叶片自转与其随叶轮公转的复合运动。选定 3 种调节规律进行数值模拟, 获得相关工作参数变化规律和内部流场变化情况。结果表明: 采用 3 种不同时间增大叶片安放角 2°, 机组流量增加 4.4% ~ 4.9% , 叶轮水力矩增加 5.1% ~ 5.9% , 叶轮进出口平面的测点静压波动范围较大; 在叶片安放角增大的过程中, 叶轮区域流态恶化、有涡核分布, 叶片吸力面出现分布不均匀的低压区域; 调节时间为 1 s 时, 叶轮进 出口平面测点静压及叶轮水力矩的波动范围要大于其他两种规律, 叶轮区域的涡核分布也要多于其他两种规律, 故在较短时间增大叶片安放角会增加叶轮区域的不稳定性。     

井筒式泵装置水力特性数值模拟

基于k-ε紊流模型和雷诺时均N-S方程,运用商用CFD软件,对井筒式泵装置进行了三维流动数值仿真计算。通过对性能曲线的分析,发现设计工况下,进水管直径较大时效率较高。对比进出水损失发现,进水损失随着流量增大而增大,出水损失随着流量增大先减后增。通过分析VX云图和流线图,发现进口管直径较小时,流速较大,形成的漩涡也较大,漩涡区域涡量为大管径时的2倍以上。对叶轮进口断面轴向流速分布均匀度的分析,得到进水管较大时,叶轮进口的流速均匀度较高,但在流量超过330L/s的工况下差异不明显。从喇叭管进口断面平均涡量的计算分析中,得到喇叭管进口断面平均涡量随着流量增大而增大,且进水管直径较大时,平均涡量小,减小超过20%。     

双向潜水贯流泵装置内流及水力性能分析

为明晰双向运行时潜水贯流泵装置的内流特征及水力性能,采用数值模拟技术对双向潜水贯流泵装置进行全流道计算,通过模型试验验证数值计算的有效性。结果表明：在叶轮的叶片安放角0°、双侧可调导叶的叶片调节角0°且灯泡体位于内河侧时,泵装置在排涝工况时最高效率为59.29%,引水工况时泵装置最高效率为58.41%;双向运行各流量工况时,叶轮进水侧的过流结构内部流线均平顺流态较好,叶轮出流侧的过流结构内部流态相对紊乱;在双向运行时,直管式流道的出口面轴向速度分布均匀度均大于92%,速度加权平均角均大于89°,直管式进水流道为叶轮提供良好的入流速度分布;在高效工况时,泵装置出水流道进口的偏流角均低于导叶体出口;叶轮所受的轴向力均随着流量的增大而减小。研究成果为双向潜水贯流泵装置的结构优化提供了一定的参考价值。     

基于反问题设计的离心泵叶轮泥沙磨损特性优化研究

离心泵被广泛应用于我国黄河沿岸的提灌泵站中。黄河水中的泥沙对离心泵造成的泥沙磨损问题严重影响离心泵的安全高效运行。反问题设计是离心泵叶轮优化设计的常用方法，但作为其关键设计参数的叶片载荷加载方式对离心泵磨损性能的影响尚不清楚。针对叶片载荷加载方式对离心泵叶轮泥沙磨损特性影响的问题，采用固液两相流数值计算的方法，研究了前盖板前加载后盖板后加载、前后盖板均偏中加载以及前后盖板均偏后加载3种不同叶片载荷加载方式对离心泵水力性能、叶轮磨损特性和固液两相流流场特性的影响。结果表明：相比于其它方案，前后盖板均偏中加载方案得到的离心泵具有较优的水力性能。在各工况下，相比于原叶轮，前后盖板均偏中加载方案的叶片最大磨损率减小25%~73%，小流量工况下可减小73%，大流量工况下可减小25%，明显提高了叶片的磨损性能。相比于原叶轮，3种优化方案在前盖板背面流线上的压力分布更均匀光顺;在小流量工况下，前后盖板均偏中加载方案和前后盖板均偏后加载方案叶片表面的固相体积分数较小，各种方案得到的叶片表面的速度分布基本相同;在额定流量工况下，原叶轮的叶片表面体积分数较小，前后盖板均偏中加载方案和前后盖板均偏后加载方案的叶片工作面固相速度大的区域相对较小，固相速度也有所减小。因此，前后盖板均偏中加载方案具有较优的水力性能和磨损特性，可为离心泵叶轮磨损特性的优化提供参考。     

The acoustic attenuation and hydraulic roughness in a large section sewer pipe with periodical obstacles.

The acoustic attenuation, relative sound pressure levels and the equivalent Nikuradse wall roughness under variable flow conditions in a 600 mm concrete sewer pipe are experimentally investigated. The values of the acoustic attenuation are obtained in the case of airborne sound propagation in the dry pipe. A range of values of the equivalent wall roughness is artificially generated by deploying a periodical array of engineering bricks. A novel method of rapid evaluation of the acoustic attenuation is proposed. The method relies upon sound reflections from the adjacent manholes. The results demonstrate that the acoustic attenuation depends strongly on the value of the equivalent wall roughness. This work can pave the way to the efficient methodology for the in-situ, physical evaluation of the equivalent hydraulic roughness of new and existing sewer networks.     

基于CFD的多级离心泵吸水室优化研究

为分析吸入段90°转角产生的水流偏向对多级离心泵性能的影响,将多级离心泵首级单独取出并配以导叶和进出水段,完成了三维实体建模及网格剖分,基于大型SST剪切应力模型和N-S方程进行了数值模拟计算。仿真结果表明,叶轮进口水流偏向一侧,叶轮各通道的压力分布存在不均匀的情况。在计算结果基础上,对吸水室进行了型线调整,压缩了回流区域,使进水变得较为均匀。优化后,在1.1Q_d,1.0 Q_d和0.6 Q_d工况下,效率分别提高了1.4%,1.1%和2.6%。所研究的优化方法可为多级离心泵的优化提供一种新的思路。     

口环间隙泄漏对离心泵空化性能的影响分析

以DG-350型多级离心泵次级叶轮为研究对象,研究了口环间隙对离心泵空化性能产生的影响。通过定常数值模拟,计算出了离心泵的扬程和效率,同时得出了口环与进口段交汇处的速度矢量图、涡量云图和空化区域分布图以及叶轮流道内的空化区域分布图。模拟结果与实验结果的对比分析表明:(1)误差都在实际工程所要求的5%左右,说明计算与模拟结果准确;(2)由于口环与进口段交汇处速度旋涡的存在,使得离心泵的进口段与前口环交汇处区域的压力降低,从而导致了空化现象的发生;(3)随着口环间隙的增大叶轮流道上的空化区域也随之增大,从而减小了流体的过流面积,使流体速度和必须的汽蚀余量增大,NPSHR增大,则叶轮进口处的空化区域也就会增大。     

微型高速离心泵多工况内部空化特性分析

基于CFX软件和RNG k-ε湍流模型,研究了不同流量和不同进口压力条件下泵内空化流动的特性。通过Rayleigh-Plesset方程均相流动空化模型分析了叶轮内的空泡数与叶轮扭矩随空化系数变化的关系,空化的初生、主要位置和流道的静压变化特性。结果表明:空泡体积随空化系数的减小而增大,空化初生在叶片前缘及附近流道。随着进口压力的减小,诱发空化的低压区主要集中于叶片与流道的中部且压力分布不均匀。各小流量工况下,扭矩变化随着空化系数的减小而减小,在空化系数较大时,不同工况下的扭矩均会有不规则波动且各曲线变化临界点会随着流量的增加逐渐向前移动,但总体变化趋势大致相同。本文研究的微型高速泵内空化流场的特性及空化对泵稳定运行性能的影响可供设计较高运行效率的微型高速离心泵参考。     

基于因子分析的供水管网健康状态评价指标遴选

为筛选出代表性强、敏感度高的指标用于供水管网健康状态评价,对11个供水管网健康状态评价指标进行层次划分,并基于因子分析进行贡献度计算和敏感性分析。层次划分结果表明,评价体系包括外部环境对管道静态结构影响因素、管道内部静态结构影响因素、水质影响因素、水力影响因素;贡献度和敏感度分析结果表明,内外衬层、管径、节点流量与总流量比值、余氯、节点压力与服务最低压力比值、覆土厚度、管材、管龄8个指标应该作为基础的必选指标,并且应尽量提高内外衬层、管径、节点流量与总流量比值、余氯、覆土厚度、管龄数据的精度。     

离心泵内部两相流模拟及其叶轮的流固耦合分析

应用N-S方法和标准k-ε湍流模型,采用SIMPLE法,对离心泵内部三维固液两相流进行了模拟计算。得到不同固相(颗粒)浓度下的离心泵内部压力分布和内部颗粒浓度分布情况,并且基于流固耦合原理对离心泵叶轮进行结构分析,采用多物理场协同仿真平台ANASYS Workbench,通过单向流固耦合技术实现离心泵叶轮结构的仿真计算,获得了离心泵叶轮在同一工况、不同固相浓度下的等效应力及变形情况。计算结果表明,蜗壳中压力和固相体积浓度分布规律都是从进口处随蜗壳半径增大而增大,并且在隔舌处出现浓度分布不均匀的现象。各种计算条件下,叶轮的等效应力和总变形情况变化趋势基本上相同,叶轮的应力分布都不均并且存在局部应力集中,固相体积浓度越大离心泵叶片的变形也越严重。