细胞壁组分变化与果实成熟软化的关系研究进展

果实软化是由细胞壁结构和组分的变化引起的,果实细胞壁的主要成分为果胶、纤维素和半纤维素,还有少量的蛋白质。根据近年来国内外有关果实成熟软化的研究现状,从细胞壁的化学组成与结构、细胞壁结构的变化和细胞壁组分的变化等3个方面综述了果实成熟软化的生理生化机制。     

茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

果实成熟衰老相关酶的研究进展

果实的成熟衰老过程是一个非常复杂的过程,其间有多种酶和蛋白的参与(如表1),在此仅列出以下相关密切的几种酶。1　多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(ＰＧ)表1　与果实成熟有关的酶和蛋白　　酶和蛋白ｃＤＮＡ大小/ｋｂ转录产物大小/ｋｂ多肽大小/ＫＤ染色体定位测译绿果中ｍＲＮＡ熟果中ｍＲＮＡ是否受乙烯诱导多聚半乳糖醛酸酶1.8/1.61.5855/5010 很低增高 外多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(ｅｘｏ-ＰＧ)很低变化很小内多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(ｅｎｄｏ-ＰＣ)无增高1氨基环丙烷1羧酸1.84654.7 未测增高 (ＡＣＣ合成酶)ＡＣＣ氧化酶(ＥＦＥ)1.41.4357 很低增高 八氢番茄红素脱…     

硬溶质型桃果实成熟过程中细胞壁多糖降解特性及其相关酶研究

以硬溶质型桃‘晚湖景’为试材,研究细胞壁多糖降解以及细胞壁多糖降解相关酶对硬溶质型桃果实成熟软化的影响。结果表明:硬溶质型桃果实成熟过程中,CDTA-1果胶含量上升,两种Na2CO3溶性果胶含量在成熟末期减少率分别为22.5%和27.4%。KOH溶性果胶含量在整个成熟过程中变化不明显。果实CDTA、Na2CO3组分中果胶多糖主链的断裂、半纤维素和纤维素组分中阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的降解主要发生在成熟末期;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)与桃果实成熟软化启动密切相关,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)对桃果实成熟后期快速软化起重要作用。Na2CO3-1溶性果胶多糖的降解与硬溶质型果实采后软化密切相关,KOH-1、KOH-2半纤维素多糖的降解可能促进硬溶质型桃果实成熟软化进程,富含半乳糖醛酸的果胶多糖主链的断裂以及果胶、半纤维素、纤维素中阿拉伯糖、半乳糖等中性糖的降解都可能是果肉软化的重要因素,并有多种多糖降解酶参与其中。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁多糖分子质量的分布变化

以软溶质型桃\"雨花三号\"和硬溶质型桃\"加纳岩\"果实为试材,采用高效液相色谱法测定细胞壁多糖组分分子质量分布变化。结果表明:CDTA、Na2CO3和KOH组分多糖的分子质量在两种桃果实成熟软化过程中都发生下降,说明细胞壁多糖在桃果实成熟过程中发生了解聚,高分子质量物质向低分子质量物质转变。但两种溶质型桃在多糖组分分子质量的大小、各分子质量组分含量及出现解聚的时间都明显不同,说明多糖组分的解聚方式对桃果实软化过程有一定影响。     

嘎拉苹果果实质地发育软化与细胞壁降解及其基因表达的关系

以嘎拉苹果为试材,分析了果实发育软化过程细胞壁组分、细胞壁酶活性及其酶基因表达的变化。结果表明,发育期,细胞壁物质(CWM)及其组分均先升后降,果胶中共价结合果胶(CSP)含量最高,纤维素含量远高于半纤维素,此期CSP和纤维素含量与硬度显著相关,细胞壁酶表现不同的活性变化和基因表达,并与细胞壁组分存在一定相关性,表明细胞壁降解参与了果实发育期的相关生理过程。采后CSP含量快速降低,水溶性果胶(WSP)含量开始增加,纤维素和半纤维素含量降低,均与硬度显著或极显著相关;细胞壁酶中,β-Gal活性和基因表达量增幅最快,α-Af和PG次之,PME活性和基因表达的增加时期相对滞后,且β-Gal和α-Af活性与硬度和各细胞壁组分的相关性强于PG和PME,PG与CSP和半纤维素表现较强相关性,而在PME上的相关性最差,说明细胞壁代谢与嘎拉果实软化密切相关,β-Gal和α-Af可能对果实软化的作用更强。     

外源草酸对采后‘蜂糖李’果实软化和细胞壁降解的影响

为探讨外源草酸处理对采后李果实软化进程的影响,以‘蜂糖李’果实为试材,采用5 mmol/L草酸(oxalic acid, OA)溶液浸泡处理10 min,以蒸馏水浸泡处理10 min为对照(CK),自然晾干后置于室温(25±1)℃条件下贮藏20 d。分析果实硬度、纤维素、原果胶和可溶性果胶含量的变化以及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase, PME)、纤维素酶(cellulase, Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-Af)和木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, XET)活性。结果表明,外源OA处理能使‘蜂糖李’果实保持较高的硬度,延缓原果胶和纤维素含量的下降以及可溶性果胶含量的增加,抑制果实PG、PME、Cx、β-Gal、α-L-Af和XET活性上升。果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素、可溶性果胶含量、Cx、β-Gal、XET和α-L-Af活性均...     

果实采后软化机制研究进展

采后果实在经过储藏运输等一系列过程后会发生软化现象,而软化现象产生的原因有很多,例如由于细胞壁代谢相关酶活性的作用,使得细胞壁的物质成分、结构等发生改变;也可能是由于果实成熟后相关物质的变化以及受到植物激素的调控,进而促进果实成熟软化。本文综述了采后果实软化产生的原因,包括植物激素合成以及与受体结合进而促进果实软化、相关转录因子对果实软化的调控和果实软化相关的细胞壁代谢与碳水化合物代谢等途径,以期为探究采后果实软化机制提供参考。     

影响桃果实质地的细胞壁降解酶的研究进展

介绍与桃果实质地变化相关的细胞壁降解酶(PG.PE,β-Gal,Cx,XET)在果实成熟过程中的作用.综合表明,桃果实采后的质地变化受多种酶的协同作用,不同酶在桃果实成熟软化的各阶段作用不同,而且各种酶活性变化在不同品种的果实中表现不同.     

Relationship between softening and the polyuronides in ripening banana fruit

Banana fruits, Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’ were ripened in air at 20°C with ethylene. Pulp began softening between days 1 and 2 of ripening and reached a maximum by the fourth day. Total pulp cell wall uronic acid and uronic acid soluble in 40 mM EDTA, 50 mM acetate, pH 4.5, also began to decrease and increase respectively between days 1 and 2. By day 8, total uronic acid had decreased from 10.2 to 4.4 mg g^?1 fresh weight, and had become entirely soluble in EDTA-buffer, while EDTA-buffer-soluble uronic acid had increased from 2.3 to 4.5 mg g^?1. The molecular size distribution of the EDTA-buffer-soluble uronic acid was unchanged up to day 4, when there was a slight loss in the proportion of smaller species. The average molecular size of this uronic acid did not change significantly during 8 days of ripening (relative to dextrans, M_n 36 kDa; M_w 173 kDa). The large change in total content and extractability of cell wall polyuronides that correlated with softening was inconsistent with depolymerisation by endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15), reduced cross-linking of polyuronides by calcium, or extraction artefacts.     

Fruit ripening phenomena--an overview

Fruits constitute a commercially important and nutritionally indispensable food commodity. Being a part of a balanced diet, fruits play a vital role in human nutrition by supplying the necessary growth regulating factors essential for maintaining normal health. Fruits are widely distributed in nature. One of the limiting factors that influence their economic value is the relatively short ripening period and reduced post-harvest life. Fruit ripening is a highly coordinated, genetically programmed, and an irreversible phenomenon involving a series of physiological, biochemical, and organoleptic changes, that finally leads to the development of a soft edible ripe fruit with desirable quality attributes. Excessive textural softening during ripening leads to adverse effects/spoilage upon storage. Carbohydrates play a major role in the ripening process, by way of depolymerization leading to decreased molecular size with concomitant increase in the levels of ripening inducing specific enzymes, whose target differ from fruit to fruit. The major classes of cell wall polysaccharides that undergo modifications during ripening are starch, pectins, cellulose, and hemicelluloses. Pectins are the common and major components of primary cell wall and middle lamella, contributing to the texture and quality of fruits. Their degradation during ripening seems to be responsible for tissue softening of a number of fruits. Structurally pectins are a diverse group of heteropolysaccharides containing partially methylated D-galacturonic acid residues with side chain appendages of several neutral polysaccharides. The degree of polymerization/esterification and the proportion of neutral sugar residues/side chains are the principal factors contributing to their (micro-) heterogeneity. Pectin degrading enzymes such as polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, lyase, and rhamnogalacturonase are the most implicated in fruit-tissue softening. Recent advances in molecular biology have provided a better understanding of the biochemistry of fruit ripening as well as providing a hand for genetic manipulation of the entire ripening process. It is desirable that significant breakthroughs in such related areas will come forth in the near future, leading to considerable societal benefits.     

Changes in the activities of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes with ripening in Musa paradisiaca

The activities of phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) were monitored in the pulp and peel of post-harvest plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) stored at 26 °C and at 14° respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the activities of the three enzymes in both the pulp and peel of plantain fingers stored at 26 °C as ripening progressed as assessed by the unpaired t-test. The increase in amylase activity was more dramatic, thus suggesting a greater hydrolytic rather than phosphorolytic cleavage of starch. The enzyme activities in the plantain stored at 14 °C also increased with the post-harvest storage period (P < 0.01) although the absolute values were less than those from the corresponding plantain fingers stored at 26 °C. The possible importance of these observations in the light of reducing the large wastage of M paradisiaca due to poor storage facilities, and thereby enhancing its shelf life and usefulness in the tropics, is discussed.     

浸钙处理对黄桃后熟软化的影响

研究了在不同贮藏温度下,浸钙处理对黄桃后熟软化的影响,实验结果表明:浸钙处理可以明显地延缓黄桃果实后熟,保持较高硬度,防止软化。     

萘乙酸对草莓采后成熟与软化的影响

为了延长草莓保鲜期,探索外源NAA对草莓采后成熟与软化的影响。采摘不同发育期(白色期、初红期、半红期、红熟期)的"丰香"草莓,以不同浓度萘乙酸(NAA浓度分别为0.1、0.2、0.3 g/L)溶液浸泡处理15 min,测定草莓的硬度、色泽a值、电导率、可滴定酸(TA)和总可溶性固形物(TSS)在室温条件下的变化趋势。0.1～0.3 g/L NAA都能起到抑制软化的作用。0.3 g/LNAA溶液处理,对初红期草莓进一步着色,对初红期和半红期果实TSS增加和成熟期果实酸度下降有一定抑制作用;对各期果实成熟过程细胞膜通透性增加均有显著的抑制作用。外源NAA对草莓成熟有抑制作用。以外源NAA处理推迟草莓成熟和软化,延长货架期,值得进一步深入研究。     

Molecular aspects of cell wall modifications during fruit ripening

Fruit ripening is associated with cell wall modifications. The present review focuses on cell wall components and the nature of noncovalent and covalent interactions in the primary cell wall. The role of structural protein cross-links are evaluated within the context of cell wall-mediated changes in texture during fruit ripening. The article discusses molecular approaches in fruit cell wall interactions to regulate processes in fruit ripening in order to improve post-harvest textural characteristics.     

The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on the shelf life and quality of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) fruit

The use of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) to extend the shelf life of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) was investigated. Higher concentrations of 1‐MCP delayed the ethylene induced climacteric peaks in mature green (MG) and breaker (BR) fruits. Thirteen days after treatment, control fruits were 55% as firm as fruit treated with 0.11 μL L^?1 1‐MCP. The initiation of fruit softening, chlorophyll degradation and accumulation of lycopene and carotenoids was delayed in treated fruits. Higher 1‐MCP concentrations inhibited the accumulation of lycopene and carotene such that the colour of the fruit did not reach that of control fruit. Treatment of MG cherry tomatoes with 1‐MCP enhanced shelf life optimally, while treatment of BR fruits was beneficial where full colour and high content of lycopene and carotenoids is important. Differentiation of the different stages of ripening before application of 1‐MCP is needed in order to succeed in accomplishing different postharvest objectives.     

Increase in low molecular size uronic acid in ripening banana fruit

Uronic acid soluble in ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) increased from 9 ± 1 mg kg^?1 fresh weight in pulp of unripe banana fruit. Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’, to 53 ± 13 mg kg^?1 fresh weight in fruit ripened for 13 days. This increase began within the first 2 days of ripening. Uronic acid soluble in phenol/acetic acid/water (2:1:1 w/v/v) increased from 15 ± 5 to 86 ± 17 mg kg^?1 fresh weight during the first 8 days of ripening, accompanied by a decrease in cell wall uronic acid from 10·2 ± 0·8 to 4·4 ± 0·4 g kg^?1 fresh weight. Most or all of the uronic acid in extracts of ripe pulp cochromatographed with monogalacturonic acid. The results were consistent with hydrolysis of cell wall polyuronides by exopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.67).     

Ensiling alfalfa with additives of lactic acid bacteria and enzymes

Ensiling alfalfa with silage additives containing lactic acid bacteria and enzymes increased fiber digestibility of fresh but not wilted alfalfa in 90 day ensiling, and resulted in a rapid, controlled homolactic fermentation of both fresh and wilted alfalfa. The enzyme treatment was most effective in ensiling fresh cut alfalfa using a cocktail of cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase enzymes with lactic acid bacteria inoculum containing Pediococcus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.