腐植酸调节豆科植物结瘤和固氮的研究进展

腐植酸是土壤腐殖质中的重要组成成分,其生物活性与结构密切相关,不同来源的腐植酸结构有所不同,因此生物活性有所差异。腐植酸对农作物的作用表现在刺激作物生长、增加养分吸收利用率、提高作物抗逆性和产量等多个方面。本文综述了腐植酸在豆科植物结瘤和固氮调控方面的研究进展,以期为腐植酸在豆科植物上的资源化利用提供参考。     

土壤腐植酸的化学研究(一) 腐植酸的元素组成

采用从不同类型土壤制得的39种腐植酸为试样,统计研究了腐植酸类型或腐植化程度与元素组成之间的关系。比较了不同类型腐植酸(A、B,Rp(1),Rp(2)和 Po)的 C%H%,N%,O%,H/C,N/C 和 O/C 的平均值。通过变量分析表明,不同类型腐植酸的元素组成有显著的差别。对包括 P+～+++型腐植酸在内的35种腐植酸的 C%,     

腐植酸钾对土壤微生物种类和数量的作用初探

本实验采用不同浓度的腐植酸钾处理纯培养条件下的烟草青枯菌,研究腐植酸钾对烟草青枯菌的抑制作用。同时将不同浓度的腐植酸钾施加入土壤,研究腐植酸钾对土壤微生物群的作用,为合理利用腐植酸钾来防治植物青枯病提供参考。     

熟化过程中生草灰化壤质土和砂壤土腐殖质的变化

对生草灰化土腐殖质的储藏量、含量及其成分进行研究,是评价土壤肥力及在农业上合理利用所必要的条件。考虑到土壤的颗粒组成在很大程度上决定着土壤的性能,因此对熟化的砂壤和壤质生草灰化土的腐殖质状态进行了研究。研究工作是在耕地土壤与生荒地土壤比较下进行的。列宁格勒州国营农场,八区轮作制,熟化的生草灰化壤质土和格罗德年斯克农业试验站的熟化的生草灰化     

腐植酸肥料优化土壤与环境友好(摘要)

腐植酸是地球上最古老的物质,与土壤共存亡。近十几年来,腐植酸肥料产业迅速成长,枝繁叶茂,日新月异。腐植酸开发肥料越专业越精准越与环境友好。一声,腐植酸的来路(1)腐植酸从土壤中来。腐植酸是土壤"脉动"的主力,是土壤腐殖质中最活跃的组分,一般占土壤有机质的60%以上。因此,没有腐殖质和腐植酸的土地,就不能称其为土壤,仅仅是"土地",甚至只是风化了的岩石而已。(2)腐植酸从矿源中来。我国拥有的风化煤、褐煤、泥炭三大资源约2000亿吨,属于不可再生的腐植     

腐植酸钾肥料对土壤细菌多样性和养分的影响

采用高通量测序技术研究了不同用量腐植酸钾肥料对土壤细菌的丰度及其群落组成的影响,为腐植酸钾肥料提高土壤生物活性及养分提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)从细菌的门水平来看,不同用量腐植酸钾肥料处理土壤中细菌群落组成和优势菌群都相似,优势菌门依次为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和芽单胞菌门。HA1(对照)的酸杆菌门含量(15.0%)在不同处理中最高,而HA2(5 g/kg土)的放线菌门含量(14.4%)则是最高。(2)从细菌的OTU水平来看,不同用量腐植酸钾肥料处理的土壤中OTU组成丰度也较为相似,OTU2914、OTU3151、OTU2799、OTU3463、OTU3451为土壤中主要类型,HA3(10 g/kg土)处理的OTU2914含量最高为3.12%,HA1处理的OTU2914含量最低为1.41%。(3)不同用量腐植酸钾肥料处理均能在一定程度上提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量,土壤磷、钾养分含量与细菌OTU呈正相关。     

活化腐植酸-尿素施用对小麦-玉米轮作土壤氮肥利用率及其控制因素的影响

<正>腐植酸-尿素是一种新型有机无机复合肥料,其增产效应显著,但是在小麦-玉米轮作中该肥料的利用率和环境调控因素尚不清楚。本研究通过田间定位与室内培养试验,以不施肥处理和单施尿素处理为对照,研究腐植酸-尿素直接掺混处理(U+HA1)、腐植酸-尿素活化处理(U+HA2)和腐植酸-尿素活化催化处理(U+HA3)对小麦和玉米生长、土壤理化性质、氮肥利用率和土壤氮转化     

煤炭腐植酸与土壤腐殖酸性能对比研究

土壤腐殖酸是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,是供给植物养分、维持碳循环、降低温室气体排放最重要的一环。本文通过对煤炭腐植酸与土壤腐殖酸中腐植酸的形成、概念、组成结构、参与碳循环方式做相应对比研究,阐述了二者的相似性与相异性。结果表明,煤炭腐植酸在组成、结构、化学性能等诸多方面与土壤腐植酸及其相似,且具有稳定的化学结构。因此,煤炭腐植酸可作为土壤有机质最有效的补充来源,对于改良土壤、肥料增效、环境保护、增效减排都有积极的意义。     

简述腐植酸在土壤重金属污染修复中的作用

近年来,土壤重金属污染修复一直是研究的热点和难点。腐植酸作为土壤中重要的有机物质,因其特殊的结构和性质,在土壤重金属污染修复中起了极其重要的作用。从腐植酸的组成及结构入手,对土壤重金属污染现有的修复技术、腐植酸对土壤重金属污染修复效果及修复机理等方面进行综述,并对腐植酸修复土壤重金属污染的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

施加枣椰堆肥的腐植酸对土壤质量的影响

正本研究旨在评价枣椰堆肥能否通过增加土壤腐植酸复合物来确保土壤碳含量的持续增长。通过设置土壤添加枣椰堆肥与羊粪(粪肥)2个处理,以不添加2者的土壤为对照处理。试验土壤样品分别取自0～20 cm和20～40 cm的土层。利用物理化学分析和光谱分析对3个处理土壤中提取的腐植酸进行分析。结果表明:当堆肥的p H为中性和C/N比为11.9,表明枣椰/粪肥堆肥已腐熟。施用枣椰堆肥能有效提高士壤质量。通过光谱分析发现     

用有机修复剂实时修复受金属污染土壤：腐植酸在铜生物有效性中的作用

本研究的目的是测定从生物固体堆肥（BI）、风化褐煤（LE）、金属污染土壤和用BI或LE修复土壤中分离出的,与结构性质有关的Cu（Ⅱ）与腐植酸键结合的行为,来探究腐殖酸控制土壤Cu（Ⅱ）生物有效性作用。在pH=5和离子强度为0.1mol/L时用电位滴定和朗缪尔模型来获取所要测定的腐植酸络合Cu（Ⅱ）的能力和Cu（Ⅱ）-H...     

雨养沼泽泥炭腐植酸的性质和结构

腐植酸类物质是土壤、泥炭和自然水体中有机物的主要成分,其来源不同,结构和性质也不同。本研究阐述了雨养沼泽泥炭腐植酸的性质,评估了泥炭剖面内腐植酸的均质性,并研究了泥炭腐殖化程度对腐植酸性能的影响。结果表明,以不同来源的苔藓为主的雨养沼泽植物对泥炭腐植酸结构的影响较大。泥炭腐植酸的成岩作用程度介于活有机体和煤炭之间,当碳水化合物、氨基酸等被破坏后,耐分解的芳烃和多环芳烃结构出现,泥炭腐植酸的结构趋于形成。然而,与土壤、水体和其他腐植酸相比,泥炭腐植酸的芳香性较低。相对而言,雨养沼泽泥炭腐植酸处于活有机体向成岩转化过程的初始阶段。羧基和酚羟基含量的变化取决于提取腐植酸的泥炭年龄和分解程度,羧酸酸度随泥炭深度和腐殖化程度增加而增大。     

Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa: legume rotation and fertilizer N

Integrated soil management with leguminous cover crops was studied at two sites in the northern Guinea savanna zone of northern Nigeria, Kaduna (190 day growing season) and Bauchi (150 days). One-year planted fallows of mucuna, lablab, and crotalaria were compared with natural grass fallow and cowpea controls. All treatments were followed by a maize test crop in the second year with 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha^–1 as urea. Above ground legume residues were not incorporated into the soil and most residues were burned early in the dry season at the Kaduna site. Legume rotation increased soil total N, maize growth in greenhouse pots, and dry matter and N accumulation of maize. Response of maize grain yield to 30 kg N ha^–1 as urea was highly significant at both sites and much greater than the response to legume rotation. The mean N fertilizer replacement value from legume rotation was 14 kg N ha^–1 at Kaduna and 6 kg N ha^–1 at Bauchi. W ith no N applied to the maize test crop, maize grain yield following legume fallow was 365 kg ha^–1 higher than natural fallow at Bauchi and 235 kg ha^–1 higher at Kaduna. The benefit of specific legume fallows to subsequent maize was mostly related to above ground N of the previous legume at Bauchi, where residues were protected from fire and grazing. At Kaduna, where fallow vegetation was burned, maize yield was related to estimated below ground N. The results show that legume rotation alone results in small maize yield increases in the dry savanna zone.     

有机氮肥对马来西亚沙捞越州酸性土壤玉米干物质产量及铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响

腐殖质中的腐植酸和黄腐酸可以提高土壤中可交换性铵（NH4＋）的回收率。这两种酸固定和保持NH4＋的能力已经在许多研究中得到了证实,二者通过提高植株的光合作用速率、促进根系发育影响植物的生长和养分吸收。因此,本研究调查了这两种酸（液态）对玉米干物质产量、土壤铵态氮和硝态氮（NO3-）含量的影响。根据液态有机氮肥的组成,采用标准方法分离提纯腐植酸。有机氮肥在玉米种植后第10天、第28天分别施入盆栽土壤,然后在种植后第54天或孕穗期采集植株和土壤样品。土壤样品分析PH、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,植株样品测定干物质产量。结果表明,在酸性条件下,液态有机氮肥（黄腐酸、腐植酸或二者同时施用）的施用可以提高土壤中NH4＋的累积量。随土壤活性碳储量的增加,腐植酸分子上羧基官能团对土壤NH4＋的吸附能力增强。然而,酸含量较低时对干物质产量的影响明显减小。各处理间硝态氮的有效性没有达到统计上的差异显著水平。较低的PH值能抑制土壤硝化作用进程,同时降低土壤NO3-含量。这表明液态腐植酸和／或黄腐酸在提高尿素利用效率方面发挥着重要作用。然而,与腐植酸分子特性有关的作用机理还需要进一步详细研究。本研究为液态和叶面有机肥料的发展提供一定的依据。     

Carbon sequestration potential of organic agriculture in northern Europe – a modelling approach

Decline in carbon content in agricultural soils contributes both to climate change and to soil fertility problems. The CENTURY element dynamics simulation model was tested and adapted for Northern European agricultural conditions using long-term datasets from Askov experimental farm in southern Denmark. The part of the model dealing with decomposition was tested in isolation using a bare fallow experiment and it could predict soil organic matter levels with high accuracy. In the cropping experiments predictions were less accurate. The crop production was not accurately predicted. Predictions were more accurate on loamy than on sandy soils. The model was used to predict the effect of conversion to organic agriculture on carbon sequestration as soil organic matter. It predicted an increase in soil organic matter during the first 50 years of about 10–40 g C m^–2 y^–1, and a stable level after about 100 years. The use of grass-clovers in the rotation and as cover crops was particularly important for the increase in organic matter.     

巴塔哥尼亚（阿根延）海洋与河水中腐植酸组成比较

比较了Enga西。海湾海水（大西洋）和丘布特河水（阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亚）中腐殖质的结构。这些腐殖质被分离、纯化后,通过元素分析法,核磁共振法（C13和1H谱）,红外光谱法,紫外吸收法和荧光法等对其结构特性进行了分析鉴定,并以氮含量、氧含量、H／C比、C／N比、红外波段中氮和羧基官能团含量、核磁共振吸收谱线中官能团的斜率系...     

腐植酸制剂在设施蔬菜上的应用研究

土壤次生盐渍化和养分失衡已成为制约设施蔬菜生产的关键问题。为了探究腐植酸制剂在设施蔬菜上防治土壤次生盐渍化和平衡养分的应用效果,试验设计腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分的配方肥、常规施肥、不施肥(CK)4个处理,分别在设施番茄、黄瓜进行试验。结果表明,腐植酸制剂能够明显改善土壤理化性质,可有效降低土壤盐分,与CK相比差异显著(P0.05);施用腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分的配方肥分别比CK番茄增产36.5%和26.1%,与CK相比,腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分配方肥分别使黄瓜增产39.5%和34.4%,同时对番茄和黄瓜的Vc含量、糖含量等品质指标改善明显,分别与对照达到显著水平(P0.05)。可见,腐植酸制剂具有改善设施土壤性质,降低土壤盐分积累,明显提高蔬菜产量和改善品质的应用效果。     

Impact of planted fallows and a crop rotation on nitrogen mineralization and phosphorus and organic matter fractions on a Colombian volcanic-ash soil

Soil fertility replenishment is a critical factor that many farmers in the tropical American hillsides have to cope with to increase food crop production. The effect of three planted fallow systems (Calliandra houstoniana-CAL, Indigofera zollingeriana-IND, Tithonia diversifolia-TTH) and a crop rotation (maize/beans-ROT) on soil nitrogen mineralization, organic matter and phosphorus fractions was compared to the usual practice of allowing natural regeneration of native vegetation or natural fallow management (NAT). Studies were conducted on severely degraded Colombian volcanic-ash soils, 28 months after fallow establishment, at two on-farm experimental sites (BM1 and BM2) in the Cauca Department. Tithonia diversifolia had a significantly higher contribution to exchangeable Ca, K and Mg as well as B and Zn; the order of soil nutrient contribution was TTH > CAL > IND > NAT > ROT. On the other hand, lND had significantly higher soil NO₃⁻–N at both experimental farms as compared to all the other fallow system treatments. For the readily available P fraction, CAL and ROT had significantly higher H₂O–Po and resin-Pi, respectively, in the 0–5 cm soil layer; whereas TTH showed significantly higher values for both H₂O–Po and resin-Pi in the 5–10 cm soil layer. Significant effects were observed on the weights of the soil organic matter fractions which decreased in the order LL (Ludox light) > LM (Ludox intermediate) > LH (Ludox heavy). Indigofera zollingeriana showed greater C, N and P in the soil organic matter fractions than all the other fallow treatments, with NAT having the lowest values. It is concluded that planted fallows can restore soil fertility more rapidly than natural fallows.     

煤炭腐植酸作为土壤改良剂对土壤物理性质和小麦产量的影响

在巴基斯坦旁遮普的波特瓦地区(33°N,74°E),集约化土壤耕作,土壤侵蚀和低量作物残体的投入是导致土壤结构退化的原因。结构不稳定的土壤很容易受到侵蚀,反过来,土壤侵蚀又会造成作物产量的下降。因此,为了改善土壤的物理性状,在巴基斯坦旁遮普的干旱地区进行了田间试验。试验地点位于大学(拉瓦尔品第PMAS干旱农业大学)研究农场的园区内。2种不同等级(实验室级和商品级)的腐植酸(HA)各分8个水平,施用2年,处理分别为HL_0(对照,不施腐植酸),HL_1 10 kg HA/hm~2,HL_2 20 kg HA/hm~2,HL_3 30 kg HA/hm~2,HL_4 60 kg HA/hm~2,HL_5 90 kg HA/hm~2,HL_6 120 kg HA/hm~2和HL_7 150 kg HA/hm~2,各处理同时配合施用N-P-K(120-90-60 kg/hm~2)。试验期间,检测土壤总有机碳、饱和导水率、团聚体稳定性、容重、土壤含水量和作物产量。试验结果表明,腐植酸能通过影响土壤总有机碳、饱和导水率、团聚体稳定性、容重和土壤含水量等指标来改善土壤的物理性状。2年试验结果均表现为,实验室级的腐植酸比商品级的腐植酸能更好地改善土壤物理性状,从而提高小麦产量。2种不同级别的腐植酸各施用水平与对照相比,差异均显著。在120 kg/hm~2和150 kg/hm~2的腐植酸施用水平下,大多数指标均显示出了相似的结果,因此,从经济角度考虑,120 k g/hm~2的腐植酸用量为最佳施用量。     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon

The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.