尼龙-6膜与丙烯酸接枝共聚合的研究

通过一系列实验选择以（NH4）2（NO）6／HSO4为引发剂,了尼龙－6膜与丙烯酸的接枝共聚合反应,通过改变单体浓度,反应温度,（NH4）2Ce(NO3)6浓度,H2SO4浓度,尼龙－6膜在甲酸中的溶胀时间等因素发现,接枝膜的接枝率与单体浓度有关,。随单体浓度的改变,接枝率有一个极大值,单体浓度高于或低于此浓度,接枝率都较低,通过改变（NH4）2Ce(NO3)6和H2SO4浓度也得到类似规律,反应温度对接枝膜的接枝率也有影响,温度过高（＞70度）或过低（小于40℃）都得不到较高的接枝率;将尼龙－6膜在20％甲酸中溶胀,有利于提高产物的接枝率。     

Mobile Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy monitoring of air pollution

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an efficient technique for the detection and quantification of molecules in gas mixtures. Measurement results from a mobile laboratory for ambient air analysis and for remote sensing of plume emission with the commercially available K300 spectrometer are reported. CO, CO(2), NO, NO(2), N(2)O, NH(3), CH(4), SO(2), H(2)O, HCl, and HCHO concentrations have been determined with good agreement with in situ results. The on-line multicomponent analysis software is based on line-by-line retrieval and least-squares fitting procedures, including the effects of multiple aerosol scattering and cloud and rain influences.     

Sulfur species in volcanic gases

A new analytical method for the determination of the sulfur species (SO2, H2S, S8(0)) in volcanic gases is proposed by revising, updating, and improving previous methods. The most significant advantages of the proposed procedure can briefly be summarized, as follows: (i) the reaction among sulfur species stops during the gas sampling by using preevacuated thorion-tapped vials with purified 0.15M Cd(OH)2 in 4 M NaOH to favor the precipitation of H2S as CdS; (ii) all the sulfur species (SO2, H2S, S8(0)) are analyzed by ion chromatography, after conversion to SO4, which allows the detection limit to be lowered significantly with respect to the previous studies; (iii) appropriate aliquots from intermediate steps may be used to determine other species commonly present in volcanic gases such as CO2, HCI, HF, HBr, HI, and so forth; (iv) determination of all the other gas species is not jeopardized by the proposed method, i.e., one single vial can be used for analyzing the full chemical composition of a volcanic gas with the exception of NH3. Statistical parameters calculated from gas sampling data at the F5 crater fumarole in Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy), suggest that the standard error of mean (s/ root n) is higher for S (0.10), followed by SO2, H2S, and CO2 (0.04, 0.038, and 0.028, respectively). SO2 shows the higher variation coefficient (12.1%) followed by H2S, S, and CO2 (5.7, 1.5, and 0.8%, respectively). Furthermore, if the time dependence of sampling is taken into account, the measured values, instead of fluctuating in a random manner, tend to follow systematic patterns, out of statistical control, possibly suggesting a sort of natural fluctuation of the volcanic system. Other crater fumaroles from volcanic systems located in different geodynamical areas (Hawaii, USA, El Chichon, Mexico, Poas, Costa Rica) have been analyzed as well.     

Recovery of ammonium alum from waste solutions with a varying ratio of NH4 to Al in groundwater remediation after underground uranium leaching

Experiments with cooling crystallization of ammonium alum, (NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O), were performed with concentrated multicomponent acidic solutions (originating from underground uranium leaching in Stráz pod Ralskem area, Czech Republic, and containing as the principal components Al3+, NH4+, and SO4(2-) ions) as well as with similar solutions prepared in the laboratory. The yield of NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O crystals increased significantly with the increasing NH4+/Al3+ molar ratio, in accordance with pertinent solubility data. The purifying effect of crystallization was quantified by means of the distribution coefficients, characterizing the uptake of ionic impurities to alum crystals; the tendency of cationic impurities to crystallize with NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O decreased in the following order: K+ > Cr3+ >Na+ approximately Fe3+ >Mg2+ approximately Zn2+ >Fe2+. Additionally, gypsum (CaSO4.2H(2)O) solubilities at 25 degrees C, in mother liquors after NH(4)Al(SO(4))2.12H(2)O crystallization, were determined.     

Mn-Cu-La/TiO_2低温催化剂催化还原氮氧化物性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mn-Cu-La/TiO2催化剂,研究了其组分配比、焙烧温度等制备条件和NO进口浓度、空速、O2含量、NH3/NO摩尔比等操作条件对Mn-Cu-La/TiO2上NH3低温还原NO活性的影响;探讨了H2O、SO2对Mn-Cu-La/TiO2活性的影响.结果表明,该催化剂具有很好的低温SCR活性,空速为10 000h-1,反应温度为150℃下时NO转化率接近99.6%.180℃下同时通SO2、H2O后的360min内,活性始终保持在95%以上;单独通入SO2时,该催化剂较容易中毒;单独通入体积分数10%的H2O对催化剂活性基本没有影响,转化率始终保持在98%以上.     

新型铝合金Ce-Mo基转化膜

研制了一种新型的铝合金Ce-Mo基转化膜工艺－AM工艺,此种工艺的成膜溶液组成为：（NH4）2Ce(NO3)62.5g/L,NaKC4H4O6.4H2O2.5g/L,Na2co37.5g/L,NaMoO45.0g/L.铝合金浸在浸腾的此种成膜溶液中20min,可形成约3.6um厚的铝合金Ce-Mo基转化膜,于5％NaCl溶液中进行了极化曲线测试和浸泡试验表明,对LF6铝合金,经AM工艺处理形成的转化膜抗局部腐蚀能力超过了传统的铝吕金铬酸盐转化膜,但对LC4铝合金,此种转化 耐蚀性能不理想,EDAX和SEM分析表明,LF6和LC4两种铝合金上莆成的AM转化膜主要由Al,Ce,Mo的氧化物或氢氧化物组成,但们的表面形貌差异很大。     

Modified solid-state reaction synthesized cathode lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) from different phosphate sources

A modified solid-state method was used to prepare LiFePO4. With the aid of deionized water, a mixture containing Fe2O3, NH4H2PO4 (or (NH4)2HPO4), LiOH, glucose and oxalic acid was prepared into fluffy powders, which were heated in a carbon-coated crucible at 700 degrees C for 3 hours to synthesize LiFePO4 without any inert gas flow. For the first time, the roles of NH4H2PO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 on the preparation of LiFePO4 were systematically investigated. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), revealing that the crystallinity of the LiFePO4 sample prepared from NH4H2PO4 is superior to that prepared from (NH4)2HPO4 and the particle size of the sample prepared from NH4H2PO4 is smaller than that prepared from (NH4)2HPO4. The specific capacity, cycle property and rate capabilities were also compared between the as-prepared LiFePO4 samples. A better electrochemical performance was observed in the sample prepared from NH4H2PO4.     

A complementary electrochromic device with highly improved performance based on brick-like hydrated tungsten trioxide film

Uniform and well adhesive nanostructured hydrated tungsten trioxide (3WO3 x H2O) films were grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a facile and template-free crystal-seed-assisted hydrothermal method by addition of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that the films are of orthorhombic structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis showed that the film was composed of brick-like nanostructures with a preferred growing direction along (002). The influence of seed layer, (NH4)2SO4 and H2O2 on the products were also studied. The film showed good cyclic stability, comparable switching speed and coloration efficiency (30.1 cm2 C(-1)). A complementary electrochromic device based on the film and Prussian blue depicted highly improved color contrast, coloration/bleaching response (1.8 and 3.7 s respectively) and coloration efficiency (164.6 cm2 C(-1)).     

预分解磷石膏制备贝利特-硫铝酸盐水泥

研究磷石膏在低温还原-高温氧化气氛下的分解特性,并将分解后的磷石膏作为钙源代替石灰石制备贝利特-硫铝酸盐水泥。结果表明:在碳硫比(C/S)为2,CO_2-950℃-1h/空气-1 200℃-1h的分段煅烧条件下,磷石膏分解率可达87.69%,且SO_2在900~1 200℃内集中释放。将分解率为87.69%的磷石膏代替部分石灰石烧制贝利特-硫铝酸盐水泥熟料,其主要矿相有C4A3珔S、C2S和C4AF,及少量C2AS,水泥净浆3d抗压强度为41.4 MPa。每生产1t贝利特-硫铝酸盐水泥熟料可消纳约0.98t磷石膏,减少石灰石用量近50%。     

A dual-use of DBD plasma for simultaneous NO(x) and SO(2) removal from coal-combustion flue gas

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was investigated for the simultaneous removal of NO(x) and SO(2) from flue gas in a coal-combustion power plant. The DBD equipment was used in either a mode where flue gas was directed through the discharge zone (direct oxidation), or a mode where produced ozonized air was injected in the flue gas stream (indirect oxidation). Removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO for both methods were measured and compared. Oxidation of NO is more efficient in the indirect oxidation, while oxidation of SO(2) is more efficient in the direct oxidation. Addition of NH(3), has lead to efficient removal of SO(2), due to thermal reaction, and has also enhanced NO removal due to heterogeneous reactions on the surface of ammonium salt aerosols. In the direct oxidation, concentration of CO increased significantly, while it maintained its level in the indirect oxidation.     

Nitrogen incorporation in AIPO4-5 molecular sieves by thermal ammonolysis

AIPO₄-5 samples were treated with NH₃ or NH₃/CO mixtures at temperatures up to 1173 K. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (i.r.) spectroscopy, and high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy (²⁷Al, ³¹P, ¹H, and natural abundance ¹⁵N). At all temperatures, ammonia was adsorbed by the molecular sieve through the coordination of one or two NH₃ molecules with aluminum to yield five- and six-fold coordinated Al. During ammonium treatment above 1073 K, oxygen bridges were broken, leading to -PNH₂ and -AlOH terminal groups. -AlNHP- bridging groups were not observed.     

A study on major inorganic ion composition of atmospheric aerosols at Tirupati

Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected from an urbanized area (Tirupati, South India) during the period April to September 2001 and were analyzed for major inorganic ions-F, Cl, NO(3,) SO(4), Na, K, Mg, Ca and NH(4) by employing the ion chromatograph. The average mass of the aerosol was found to be 55.64 microgram(-3) with a total water-soluble load (total anion+total cation) of 5.74 microgram(-3). Seasonal distribution of the aerosol mass and temporal variations of the ion concentrations present a clear trend of lowering atmospheric levels during the rainy season due to washout effect. Composition of the aerosols showed higher concentration of SO(4) followed by NO(3) and NH(4) and found to be influenced by local terrestrial sources. The presence of SO(4) and NO(3) may be due to re-suspension of soil particles (formation by heterogeneous oxidation). Ca, Mg and Cl are mainly soil derived ones. The presence of NH(4) may be attributed to the reaction of NH(3) vapors with acidic gases such as H(2)SO(4), HNO(3) and HCl or ammonia vapor may react or condense on an acidic particle surface of anthropogenic origin. Equivalent ratios of NH(4)/(NO(3)+SO(4)) varied between 0.62 and 0.74. It shows the aerosol to be slightly acidic due to the neutralization of basicity by SO(2) and NO(x).     

Hydrogen dependent surface morphology study of plasma deposited SiN(x):H films for two gas systems SiH4/NH3 and SiH4/N2

Partially amorphous silicon nitride thin films were deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique using the two gas systems: SiH4/NH3 and SiH4/N2. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to derive the relative changes in the bonded hydrogen content with increasing flow rates of NH3 and N2. Surface morphology was monitored using atomic force microscopy. Root mean square surface roughness was found to be dependent on the NH3 and N2 flow rates, unlike silicon nitride films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering with variation in (N2/Ar) (Li et al. Thin Solid Films 334 (1998) 140). The discrepancy has been explained in the light of bonded hydrogen content in these films. The X-ray diffraction technique has also been used to observe the phases of the nitride films which showed the presence of silicon nitride grains oriented in (200), (400) and (221) directions in the predominantly amorphous as-deposited SiN(x):H films.     

卤水与纯碱工业蒸氨汽制备高纯氧化镁前驱体研究

以卤水与纯碱工业蒸氨汽(氨气和二氧化碳的混合气,体积比为5∶1)为原料制备高纯氧化镁前驱体,以净化后卤水的波美度、物料比、水热反应温度、纯化时间以及纯碱蒸氨汽的通气速率5个因素,设计5因素4水平正交试验,并通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对产物进行表征。结果表明,在卤水的波美度为25.1Bh、物料比为3∶1、反应温度为70℃、纯化时间为0.5 h、通气速率为50 ml/h的条件下可以制备出较好的4MgCO_3·Mg(OH)_2·4H_2O晶体。影响氧化镁转化率的主次因素依次为物料比、卤水波美度、反应温度、通气速率、纯化时间。     

SO24-／ZrMCM-48和H-ZrMCM-48的制备与催化性能

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、硫酸锆为锆源、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,在氟化物存在的条件下,120℃下水热法合成ZrMCM-48介孔分子筛．分别用H2S04和NH4NO3对ZrMCM48进行修饰,得到酸性的SO24-／ZrMCM-48和H-zrMCM48介孔分子筛．通过x射线衍射仪（XRD）、NH3-TPD、N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等方法对所得样品进行表征,并通过苯酚与叔丁醇的烷基化反应考察其催化性能．结果表明：ZrMCM-48、SO24-／ZrMCM-48和H-ZrMCM48都具有MCM48典型的立方介孔结构．经H2SO4和NH4NO3修饰后得到的样品的介孔有序性下降,ZrMCM48的弱酸中心较多,强酸中心相对缺乏;样品H-ZrMCM-48和SO24-／ZrMCM-48,除具有弱酸中心外,还有一定量的强酸中心,并且SO24-／ZrMCM-48比H-ZrMCM-48的强酸中心多．在相同的实验条件下,SO24-／ZrMCM-48催化剂的催化活性明显高于H-zrMCM48和zrMCM48,反应温度为140℃时,苯酚转化率高达91．6％．对于SO24-／ZrMCM-48催化剂,在低温时有利于选择性制备2,4-DTBP,高温时有利于选择性制备4-TBP．     

Co3O4电化学电容电极材料的制备及性能研究

利用水热法,以硝酸钴为原料,分别以碳酸氢铵、六次甲基四胺为沉淀剂,制备了Co3O4。借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜手段对样品进行表征。以六次甲基四胺为沉淀剂制得的Co3O4,在6 mol.L-1KOH水溶液中,电位窗口为0～0.4V内,通过循环伏安和恒流充放电测试,显示该材料制备的电极具有良好的电容行为。充放电流在为5 mA时,单电极的比容量达到239 F.g-1,是以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂制得的Co3O4电极的1.57倍,说明以六次甲基四胺为沉淀剂制备的Co3O4具有较好的电化学电容性能。     

纳米碳酸铝铵前驱体制备的研究

以硫酸铝铵(NH4Al(SO4)2)和碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3)为主要原料,采用沉淀法制备纳米碳酸铝铵(AACH)前驱体,并利用X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)对前驱体的物相和形貌进行表征.研究表明,滴定速度和陈化时间对前驱体的形貌略有影响,而滴定方式和pH值对其影响较大.将硫酸铝铵溶液滴入碳酸氢铵溶液中,调节体系的pH值9-10,并将其陈化12小时,可以得到较好的前驱体.     

Characterization of artificially patinated layers on artistic bronze exposed to laboratory SO2 contamination

Artificially patinated artistic bronze was exposed to the action of 0.10 and 12.68 ppm SO2 contamination in the laboratory at 100% relative humidity. The surface layers were characterized using electrochemical, atomic absorption, X-ray powder diffraction techniques and Fourier transform–infrared spectrometry. Thermal and calorimetric studies were also performed. Some of the compounds identified were cuprite (Cu2O), digenite (Cu1.8S), yarrowite (Cu9S8), chalcocite (Cu2S), brochantite (Cu4(OH)6SO4), bonattite (CuSO4·3H2O) and Sn2S3.     

Analysis of pollutant chemistry in combustion by in situ pulsed photoacoustic laser diagnostics

A technique for gas analysis based on pulsed-laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy in the UV and the visible is presented. The laser-based technique and the associated analysis probe have been developed for the analysis of pollutant chemistry in fluidized beds and other combustion environments with limited or no optical access. The photoacoustic-absorption spectrum of the analyzed gas is measured in a test cell located at the end of a tubular probe. This test cell is subject to the prevailing temperature and pressure in the combustion process. The instrument response has been calibrated for N(2)O, NO, NO(2), NH(3), SO(2), and H(2)S at atmospheric pressure between 20 and 910 °C. The response of the probe was found to increase with pressure for N(2)O, NO, NH(3), and NO(2) up to 1.2 MPa pressure. The method and the probe have been used for detection and ranging of gas concentrations in a premixed methane flame. Some preliminary tests in a large 12-MW circulating bed boiler have also been done.     

Morphology-tailored synthesis of tungsten trioxide (hydrate) thin films and their photocatalytic properties

Tungsten trioxide hydrate (3WO(3)·H(2)O) films with different morphologies were directly grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a facile crystal-seed-assisted hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that 3WO(3)·H(2)O thin films composed of platelike, wedgelike, and sheetlike nanostructures could be selectively synthesized by adding Na(2)SO(4), (NH(4))(2)SO(4), and CH(3)COONH(4) as capping agents, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that these films were of orthorhombic structure. The as-prepared thin films after dehydration showed obvious photocatalytic activities. The best film grown using CH(3)COONH(4) as a capping agent generated anodic photocurrents of 1.16 mA/cm(2) for oxidization of methanol and 0.5 mA/cm(2) for water splitting with the highest photoconversion efficiency of about 0.3% under simulated solar illumination.