Cyclic constitutive equations of rock with coupled damage induced by compaction and crackingOA

In this paper, the cyclic constitutive equations were proposed to describe the constitutive behavior of cyclic loading and unloading. Firstly, a coupled damage variable was derived, which contains two parts,i.e., the compaction-induced damage and the cracking-induced damage. The compaction-induced damage variable was derived from a nonlinear stress–strain relation of the initial compaction stage, and the cracking-induced damage variable was established based on the statistical damage theory.Seco...     

Viscous property of dried clay

One dimensional and triaxial compression tests of air-dried and oven-dried Fujinomori clay and Pisa clay were carried out. Water content is less than 4.5% and 1.0% for air-dried and oven-dried clay specimens, respectively. In all tests, axial strain rate was changed stepwise many times and drained creep tests were performed several times during monotonic loading at a constant strain rate. Global unloading （and also reloading in some tests） was applied during which creep loading tests were performed several times. Cyclic loading with small stress amplitude and several cycles was also performed to calculate the modulus of elasticity of the clay in tests. Local displacement transducer was used in triaxial compression test to increase measuring accuracy of axial strain. The results show that air-dried and oven-dried clay have noticeable viscous properties; during global unloading, creep deformation changes from positive to negative, i.e. there exist neutral points （zero creep deformation or no creep deformation point） in global unloading part of strain-stress curve; viscous property of Fujinomori clay decreases when water content decreases, i.e. viscous property of air-dried Fujinomori clay is more significant than that of oven-dried Fujinomori clay.     

盐岩损伤测试中卸载模量研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,对盐岩和大理岩进行了单轴压缩下的7级加卸载试验和低周循环加卸载试验测试,对盐岩和大理岩的卸载模量进行了探讨。低周循环试验加载波形采用正弦波,频率1Hz,循环应力幅值小于其平均抗压强度,单级应力幅值为30个振动循环。通过试验,得到了盐岩应力应变滞回环均为条带状,大理岩则均为尖叶状;盐岩在加卸载部位具有较大不可逆变形,对应弹性响应较慢,大理岩则反之;盐岩卸载模量变化趋势受加载测试方法影响较大,而大理岩在2种试验条件下得到的卸载模量变化趋势相似;加载应力幅值比加卸载循环数对盐岩不可逆变形增量影响更加显著。损伤变量研究结果表明,利用低周循环加卸载方法测试具有显著时间效应变形岩石的损伤弹性模量,能更真实反映其损伤特征。     

Strain rate effects on sand and its quantitative analysis

Strain rate effects on the stress—strain behavior of sand were investigated by performing special plane strain and triaxial compression tests on saturated and air-dried sand specimens. In these tests, the loading strain rate was changed many times by a factor of up to 1 000 during otherwise monotonous loading at a constant axial strain rate. Test results show that the stress jump upon a stepwise change in the strain rate decays with an increase in the irreversible strain when monotonous loading continues at the changed strain rate and the amount of stress jump is essentially proportional to the instantaneous stress. Based on the amount of these stress jumps, a parameter β called the rate-sensitivity coefficient is introduced to represent the quantity of the observed viscous properties of sand, which equals 0.021 3 and 0.024 2 respectively for Hostun and Toyoura sands. Further analyses on the results indicate that the effect of the presence of pore water is deemed to be negligible with sand and the β value is rather independent of loading method, wet condition and confining pressure. Foundation item: Project(50679056) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(06-0378) supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University; Project(05SG25) supported by the “Dawn” Program of Shanghai Education Commission, China; Project(B308) supported by the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline, China     

循环荷载下考虑滞回效应的混凝土损伤模型

针对高混凝土坝地震过程中复杂的材料非线性问题,建立循环荷载下考虑滞回效应的混凝土损伤模型。模型分别选取符合混凝土实际变形特性的拉伸与压缩骨架线以考虑材料拉压异性,骨架线中含有软化段系数以适应试验结果的离散性。采用不依赖于骨架线形状的滞回效应加卸载特征点表达式,搭建能够反映混凝土循环荷载作用下软化段滞回效应的卸载路径与重新加载路径,并建议设立残余应变临界值解决残余塑性应变与卸载应变比值随应变增长的持续发散问题。模型将复杂多轴问题转化至单轴等效应变空间中求解,计算参数少,数学表达式简单,并通过混凝土循环荷载试验与Koyna重力坝的震害模拟验证了模型在非线性问题求解上的正确性与高效性。     

Novel fluorescence sensor based on covalent immobilization of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole via electrostatically assembled gold nanoparticle layer

A novel technique of immobilizing indicator dyes by electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding to fabricate optical sensors was developed. 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) was attached to the outmost surface of quartz glass slide via aminosilanizing the slide, crosslinking chitosan, adsorbing Au nanoparticle, self-assembling HS(CH₂)₁₁OH, and coupling AEC. Thus, an AEC-immobilized optical sensor was obtained. The sensor exhibits a wide linear response range from 7.0×10⁻⁷ to 1.0×10⁻⁴ mol/L and a correlation coefficient of 0.995 9 for the detection of 2-nitrophenol. The detection limit and response time of the sensor are 1.0×10⁻⁷ mol/L and less than 10 s, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of the used sensor can be restored to the blank value by simply rinsing with blank buffer. A very effective matrix for immobilizing indicator dye is provided by the proposed technique, which is adaptable to other indicator dyes with amino groups besides AEC. Foundation item: Project(20775010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(208095) supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education, China; Project(07A006) supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China; Project(07JJ3020) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China     

Parameter fitting of constitutive model and FEM analysis of solder joint thermal cycle reliability for lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag

The experimental tests of tensile for lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag were performed for the general work temperatures range from 11 to 90 °C and strain rate range from 5×10⁻⁵ to 2×10⁻² s⁻¹, and its stress—strain curves were compared to those of solder Sn-37Pb. The parameters in Anand model for solder Sn-3.5Ag were fitted based on experimental data and nonlinear fitting method, and its validity was checked by means of experimental data. Furthermore, the Anand model was used in the FEM analysis to evaluate solder joint thermal cycle reliability. The results show that solder Sn-3.5Ag has a better creep resistance than solder Sn-37Pb. The maximum stress is located at the upper right corner of the outmost solder joint from the symmetric center, and thermal fatigue life is predicted to be 3.796×10⁴ cycles under the calculated conditions. Foundation item: Project(50376076) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Fractal characteristics of rock fragmentation at strain rate of 10^0 -10^2 s^-1

The fragmentation test of granite subjected to strain rate of 10^0 - 10^2 s^-1 was carried out using split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） whose diameter is 75 mm, where half-sine loading waveform was performed. The sieving statistics results of the fragments show that the distribution of the fragments is a fractal, and the fractal dimension values fall into the range of 1.2 - 2.4. The correlation analysis between the fractal dimension and the logarithm of the energy density shows that they have approximately linear relation. Finally, based on damage theory and scale invariant principle, the fragmentation model with renormalization method was put forward, and the fractal dimension value predicted with the model was compared with the test results. It is found that the fractal dimension value obtained from the improved fragmentation model is more reasonable.     

Deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during high temperature compression

The deformation behavior of a new Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was investigated with compression tests in temperature range of 380–470 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s⁻¹ using Gleeble 1500 system, and the associated microstructural evolutions were studied by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that true stress—strain curves exhibit a peak stress, followed by a dynamic flow softening at low strains (ɛ<0.05). The stress decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon exponential equation with the activation energy for deformation of 157.9 kJ/mol. The substructure in the deformed specimens consists of few fine precipitates with equaixed polygonized subgrains in the elongated grains and developed serrations at the grain boundaries. The dynamic flow softening is attributed mainly to dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. Foundation item: Project(2006AA03Z523) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China     

Non-fragile delay-dependent H ∞ control of linear time-delay system with uncertainties in state and control input

The problem of designing a non-fragile delay-dependent H∞ state-feedback controller was investigated for a linear time-delay system with uncertainties in state and control input. First, a recently derived integral inequality method and Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability theory were used to derive new delay-dependent bounded real lemmas for a non-fragile state-feedback controller containing additive or multiplicative uncertainties. They ensure that the closed-loop system is internally stable and has a given H∞ disturbance attenuation level. Then, methods of designing a non-fragile H∞ state feedback controller were presented. No parameters need to be tuned and can be easily determined by solving linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the validity of the proposed methods was demonstrated by a numerical example with the asymptotically stable curves of system state and controller output under the initial condition of x（0）=[1 0 -1]^T and h=0.8 time-delay boundary.     

基于破坏类型的本溪灰岩本构关系研究

根据单轴和三轴条件下本溪灰岩的压缩试验和峰后循环加载试验,总结本溪灰岩的强度、变形随围压的变化规律,研究不同围压下本溪灰岩的破坏过程和重复加载过程,分析不同应力条件下本溪灰岩破坏的方式.结果表明:本溪灰岩在应力刚过峰值且未完全进入残余强度阶段,其弹性模量与峰前相同,此阶段进行循环加载时,新的峰值应力低于卸载点应力;在残余强度阶段,残余强度不再随重复加载发生明显变化;采用比较峰值时的环向弹性应变值与环向应变值的方法来判别本溪灰岩的破坏类型是可行的;不同围压下,本溪灰岩的破坏方式有张性破坏和剪切破坏2种类型,这2种破坏方式下本构模型的控制参数是不同的.分别选取了环向应变和剪切应变作为控制参数建立了本构模型,该模型很好地描述了本溪灰岩峰后阶段的应力脆性跌落现象及应力与应变的关系.     

High temperature plastic deformation behavior of non-oriented electrical steel

High temperature plastic deformation behavior of non-orientated electrical steel was investigated by Gleeble 1500 thermo-mechanical simulator at strain rate of 0.01−10 s⁻¹ and high temperature of 500–1 200 °C. The stress level factor (a), stress exponent (n), structural factor (A) and activation energy (Q) of high temperature plastic deformation process of non-orientated electrical steel in different temperature ranges were calculated by the Arrhenius model. The results show that, with dynamic elevation of deformation temperature, phase transformation from α-Fe to γ-Fe takes place simultaneously during plastic deformation, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization process, leading to an irregular change of the steady flow stress. For high temperature plastic deformation between 500 and 800°C, the calculated values of a, n, A, and Q are 0.039 0 MPa⁻¹, 7.93, 1.9×10¹⁸ s⁻¹, and 334.8 kJ/mol, respectively, and for high temperature plastic deformation between 1 050 and 1 200 °C, the calculated values of a, n, A, and Q are 0.125 8 MPa⁻¹, 5.29, 1.0×10²⁸ s⁻¹, and 769.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Foundation item: Project(2005038560) supported by the Postdoctoral Foundation of China; Project(05GK1002-2) supported by Key Program of Hunan Province     

Electrochemical kinetics of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution

1 INTRODUCTIONEssentially , determination of electrode reac-tion mechanism is just the determination of thecourse of electrode reaction and the rate-determi-ning step[1 5]. Based on the previous results[6 11],gold dissolution mechanism undergoes the follow-ing courses in alkaline thiourea solution: adsorp-tion of thiourea on active points of electrode sur-face and formation of Au[SC(NH2)2]ads; chargetransfer fromactive gold atomto thiourea moleculeand formation of Au[SC(NH2)2]a+ds; Au-…     

超高性能轻质混凝土的循环拉伸力学性能

超高性能轻质混凝土(ultra-high performance lightweight concrete,UHPLC)是一种具有高拉压比和拉伸应变强化特性的轻质水泥基材料.为了阐述UHPLC与钢筋在钢筋屈服点之前的协同受拉机制,针对一种密度为1789 kg/m3、抗压强度为63.1 MPa、极限拉伸应变约为2.4×1...     

轴向循环加载条件下人工制备结构性土力学特性

为探讨结构性土的力学特性和变形机理,对人工制备的弱胶结结构性土样进行了轴向加载—卸载—再加载的三轴压缩试验,分别在围压为25和100 kPa时进行了固结排水和固结不排水压缩试验.结果表明:随着荷载的逐渐增加,结构性土样的结构逐渐弱化,其特性逐渐趋向重塑土的特性;在固结排水条件下,在整个轴向加载—卸载—再加载过程中,结构性土样总体上体积收缩.但在轴向应变较小,颗粒间的胶结保持较完好时,在卸载时会出现局部剪胀或体积收缩不明显,区别与重塑黏土的特性;在固结不排水条件下,产生正的孔压,轴向卸载时,在应变较小的情况下,孔隙压力减小,在应变较大的情况下,孔隙压力增大,且围压大时孔隙压力增加的量值大.     

侧向卸荷条件下结构性软黏土典型力学特性

为研究海积结构性软黏土在侧向卸荷路径下的结构损伤特性,通过温州瑞安软黏土侧向卸荷条件下的应力路径试验,研究侧向卸荷路径和结构性对软黏土应力-应变关系、强度、初始卸荷模量等典型力学特性的影响;分析应力路径和土样深度对初始结构性及损伤特性的影响.试验结果表明:温州软黏土应力-应变关系呈明显应变软化型,具有较强的结构性;侧向卸荷条件下,初始切线模量与平均固结压力呈线性关系,斜率为加荷条件的1.4倍;侧向卸荷条件下达到峰值强度时对应的应变较常规加荷条件小.拓展了应力比结构性参数的应用范围,计算结果表明侧向卸荷条件下初始应力比结构性参数明显大于常规加荷条件.结构损伤曲线可分为平稳损伤、加速损伤和减速损伤三段,常规加荷条件下加速损伤段的损伤速率明显大于卸荷条件,这种差异与其各向异性有关,施工时需予以重点关注.     

Synthesis and coloring properties of Cd（S1-xSex） pigments by precipitate-hydrothermal method

Cd（S1-xSex） pigments （red to yellow） were synthesized by precipitate-hydrothermal method. The structure, morphology and hue of the powder were characterized by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDAX） and CIE chromaticity. The optimum synthesis conditions were obtained and reaction mechanism was further analyzed as well. The results show that molar ratio of S to Se, pH value and hydrothermal reaction conditions have great effects on the hues of the pigments. Pigments with vivid hues are obtained under the conditions that pH value is about 13.0, hydrothermal reaction condition is at 140 ℃ for 4 h or at 160 ℃ for 6 h. The reaction mechanism is that Se^2- of Cd（S1-xSex） substitutes S^2- of CdS and then forms a continuous solid solution.     

Use of double edge-cracked Brazilian disk geometry for compression-shear fracture investigation of rock

A new specimen geometry-the double edge-cracked Brazilian disk and a relevant fracture analysis by weight function method are proposed for the investigation of rock fracture caused by compression-shear loading. Not only can the mixed mode fracture with any ratio of KI /KII be achieved, but also the pure mode n crack extension can be obtained. The combined mode fracture analysis for this geometry shows that diametral compression in the far-field can induce a compression-shear stress state in the singular stress field ahead of crack tips. Experimental investigations conducted on marble specimens show that the pure mode [I crack extension can be obtained when the dimen-sionless crack length a>0. 7 and the inclined crack angle 5°≤ψ≤40°. Normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors decrease from -0. 45 and 2. 47 at ψ= 5° to - 1. 65 and 1. 52 at ψ=40°, respectively. The strains at three points of specimen are also measured in order to investigate the influence of stress singularity on initi     

A novel scale-free network model based on clique growth

A novel scale-free network model based on clique (complete subgraph of random size) growth and preferential attachment was proposed. The simulations of this model were carried out. And the necessity of two evolving mechanisms of the model was verified. According to the mean-field theory, the degree distribution of this model was analyzed and computed. The degree distribution function of vertices of the generating network P(d) is 2m ² m ₁⁻³ (d − m ₁ + 1)⁻³, where m and m ₁ denote the number of the new adding edges and the vertex number of the cliques respectively, d is the degree of the vertex, while one of cliques P(k) is 2m ² k ⁻³, where k is the degree of the clique. The simulated and analytical results show that both the degree distributions of vertices and cliques follow the scale-free power-law distribution. The scale-free property of this model disappears in the absence of any one of the evolving mechanisms. Moreover, the randomicity of this model increases with the increment of the vertex number of the cliques. Foundation item: Projects(60504027, 60573123) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20060401037) supported by the National Postdoctor Science Foundation of China; Project(X106866) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China     

Viscoelasto-plastic rheological experiment under circular increment step load and unload and nonlinear creep model of soft rocks

The viscoelastic-plastic creep experiments on soft ore-rock in Jinchuan Mine III were performed under circular increment step load and unload. The experimental data were analyzed according to instantaneous elastic strain, visco-elastic strain, instantaneous plastic strain and visco-plastic strain. The result shows that instantaneous deformation modulus tends to increase with the increase of creep stress; soft rocks enhance the ability to resist instantaneous elastic deformation and instantaneous plastic deformation during the multi-level of load and unload in the cyclic process. In respect of specimen JC1099, the ratio of visco-elastic strain to visco-plastic strain varies from 3.15 to 6.58, and the ratio has decreasing tendency with stress increase as a whole; creep deformation tends to be a steady state at low stress level; soft rocks creep usually embodies accelerated creep properties at high stress level. With the damaging variable and the hardening function introduced, a nonlinear creep model of soft rocks is established, in which the decay creep is described by the nonlinear hardening function H of viscidity coefficient. The model can describe the accelerated creep of soft rocks since the nonlinear damaging evolvement variable D of deformation parameter of rocks is introduced. Three stages of soft rocks creep can be described with the uniform creep equation in the nonlinear creep model. With this nonlinear creep model applied to the creep experiments of the ore-rock of Jinchuan Mine III, the nonlinear creep model’s curves are in good agreement with experimental data. Foundation item: Project(2007CB209400) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of China; Project(50774093) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(200801) supported by Open Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Key of Safe Mining Techniques of Coal Mines