Bacteriocin production by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198 in view of its application as adjunct starter in Greek Feta cheese making

Bacteriocin production by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198, isolated from Greek Feta cheese, was studied in batch fermentations, under conditions simulating Feta cheese preparation. Maximum enterocin activity and growth rate was obtained in de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37 degrees C with controlled pH 6.5. The enterocin was produced throughout the growth phase of the microorganism, showing primary metabolite kinetics with a peak activity during the mid-exponential phase. The use of skimmed milk as substrate revealed low enterocin activity. When fermentations were performed in skimmed milk in the presence of rennet, CaCl2, and a mixed starter culture, no enterocin activity was observed, although the examined strain grew well under the above conditions. Finally, when E. faecium FAIR-E 198 was applied as adjunct starter in Feta cheese making, no enterocin activity was detected throughout ripening. Results obtained underline the frequently underestimated finding that in vitro production by novel bacteriocinogenic starter or co-cultures is no guarantee for in situ efficiency. It was concluded that the complex food environment thoroughly interferes with bacteriocin production levels.     

Enterocin A production by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 406 is characterised by a temperature- and pH-dependent switch-off mechanism when growth is limited due to nutrient depletion

The biokinetics of cell growth and bacteriocin production of Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 406 was studied as a function of temperature (20-45 degrees C) and pH (5.5-8.5) using de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe medium. Growth of E. faecium FAIR-E 406 was characterized by three successive growth phases and was modelled with the mechanistic nutrient depletion model. Bacteriocin production showed primary metabolite kinetics but was limited to the early growth phase. The critical biomass for switching off bacteriocin production was dependent on medium pH and incubation temperature, and was inversely correlated with the specific bacteriocin production. Doubling the concentration of the nitrogen source as well as a step-wise pH increase shifted the bacteriocin production towards a higher switch-off cell density.     

Growth inhibition of heat-injured Enterococcus faecium by oligophosphates in a cured meat model

Cells of two heat-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium were heated and incubated in meat suspensions containing curing ingredients. The concentrations of the curing ingredients were those frequently used for pasteurized ham-type products, except that the concentrations of the oligophosphates (triphosphate and diphosphate) varied. Heating tests at 69 degrees C were performed with inoculated meat suspensions in heat-sealed plastic pouches. Numbers of bacteria were counted immediately after heating and in parallel series of heated pouches incubated at 37 degrees C. Plating was performed in Tryptone Dextrose Yeast Meat Peptonised Milk Agar (TDYMP); in TDYMP Agar to which the curing ingredients were added; and in TDYMP Agar to which the curing ingredients except oligophosphates were added. The inclusion of oligophosphates in the heating medium increased the heat-injury sustained by the E. faecium cells, and in combination with rather severe heat treatment even completely blocked the growth of surviving organisms in the meat suspension incubated at 37 degrees C. The presence of oligophosphates in the culture medium TDYMP Agar severely reduced the counts of freshly heated cells; however, this effect disappeared after repair and growth of the surviving organisms in the meat suspension.     

屎肠球菌冷冻干燥保护剂筛选及稳定性比较研究

屎肠球菌在微生态产品中的应用效果受产品活菌量、贮存稳定性影响明显,为寻找适于屎肠球菌规模化生产的冻干保护剂,本研究通过正交试验设计,及屎肠球菌冷冻干燥保护剂4℃、37℃贮存稳定性比较,优化适合屎肠球菌的冻干保护剂配方为:脱脂乳5g/100mL、蔗糖1g/100mL、麦芽糊精5g/100mL。采用此保护剂配方制备的屎肠球菌冻干样品,在铝箔袋密封包装、温度37℃、相对湿度75%条件下存放4周,菌存活率为97.90%。     

Cloning of the bile salt hydrolase (bsh) gene from Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 345 and chromosomal location of bsh genes in food enterococci

Enterococcus faecium strain FAIR-E 345 isolated from food was shown to possess bile salt hydrolase (Bsh) activity in a plate screening assay and by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The bsh gene was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis revealed that it encoded a protein of 324 amino acids, with pI 4.877. A bsh gene probe was prepared from the cloned bsh gene and was used for probing plasmid and total genomic DNA of Bsh-positive enterococci isolated from food to determine the genomic location of their bsh genes. This probe was able to detect the bsh gene among total genomic DNA preparations but not from plasmid preparations of 10 plasmid-bearing Enterococcus strains. However, the probe could detect the bsh gene from total genomic DNA preparations of 12 Enterococcus strains that did not contain detectable plasmid DNA. In no cases did the probe hybridize with plasmid DNA preparations, suggesting that the bsh gene among enterococci is probably generally chromosomally encoded. This presumptive chromosomal location of bsh genes among food enterococci suggests that transfer of this trait by conjugative plasmids is unlikely.     

泡菜源屎肠球菌RS3的菌株生长特性及耐药谱研究

为获得安全高效抗逆性强、性状优良的乳酸菌菌株,对从泡菜中分离获得的屎肠球菌RS3进行生长特性和耐药谱研究。结果表明屎肠球菌RS3为革兰氏阳性兼性厌氧细菌,菌体呈椭圆形或圆形,4个～5个成团簇状或短链状分布;菌体无运动能力;菌体脂肪酸指纹图谱分析发现其特征峰主要为十四碳烷酸、十六碳烷酸、十六碳烯酸、十八碳烯酸和十八碳二烯酸;可特征性发酵山梨醇和D-棉子糖,但不可发酵L-阿拉伯糖和甘露糖,在牛奶培养基发酵液中乳酸含量为5.73 g/L;对氨苄西林霉素敏感,对头孢噻吩等抗生素表现出一定的耐药性,该研究为进一步评估并利用此株屎肠球菌RS3开发为益生菌剂提供了理论参考。     

自然发酵乳中粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的4种鉴定方法的比较

采用传统生理生化鉴定方法,16S rRNA基因序列分析技术,16S-23S rRNA间区序列多态性分析技术,变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE),对分离于自然发酵乳中的9株粪肠球菌和6株屎肠球菌进行鉴定,并对4种鉴定方法进行比较和评价。结果表明,16S-23S rRNA间区序列多态性分析技术和DGGE技术不但可以快速、精确地区分粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌,而且能够将粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌种内的不同基因亚型区分开,而传统生理生化鉴定方法和16S rRNA基因序列分析技术较以上两种方法区分效果略差。     

豆酱中产细菌素屎肠球菌的筛选及特性分析

从农家传统发酵豆酱中分离出164株疑似乳酸菌,其中有84株球菌。试验筛选到1株产细菌素的屎肠球菌R1并对其理化性质进行研究。该细菌素对金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌等具有较好的抑制作用,对酸和热稳定。经鉴定该细菌素种类为肠球菌素P。菌株R1在p H3.0模拟胃液中3 h存活率达86.35%,在模拟肠液中6 h存活率达87.72%,对人工消化液耐受性良好。药敏试验结果表明,菌株R1对青霉素、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、氯霉素和庆大霉素敏感,对诺氟沙星和红霉素不敏感,未检测出毒力因子,具有潜在安全性。     

Relation of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from foods and clinical specimens

Clinical Enterococcus faecalis (n=65) and Enterococcus faecium (n=12) blood isolates from three Swiss hospitals were characterized with testing for resistance to antimicrobial agents, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the occurrence of virulence factors. Phenotypic determination of resistance to antimicrobial agents resulted in 20% of E. faecalis isolates showing a triple resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and seven isolates (two E. faecalis and five E. faecium) exhibiting a multiresistance against five or more antimicrobials. One isolate each of E. faecalis and E. faecium showed vancomycin resistance. All isolates contained at least two of the nine tested virulence genes (agg, gelE, cyl, esp, efaAfs, efaAfm, cpd, cob, and ccf). Phylogenetic analysis of the PFGE profiles identified several small clusters within E. faecalis isolates, one of which included isolates of all three hospitals. Fifty-six (73%) isolates occurred as unique, patient-specific clones. Several PFGE types were associated with shared features in their resistance patterns, indicating spread between and within wards. Finally, enterococci from this study and previous isolates from cheeses were examined by PFGE typing. The comparison of PFGE profiles from human and food isolates resulted in clusters of genetically strong related strains, which suggests high similarities of the enterococcal community composition of these two environments. A possible spread of the enterococcal isolates through the food supply cannot be excluded.     

阿魏酸对粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌产酪胺机制的影响

摘 要：研究阿魏酸对高产酪胺的粪肠球菌XL-M66和屎肠球菌XL-M76生长、基因表达以及产酪胺的影响。利用反转录实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术分析2 株菌在阿魏酸作用下的酪氨酸脱羧途径相关基因表达情况,并使用高效液相色谱法检测2 株肠球菌培养48 h期间酪胺积累量。结果表明：未添加酪氨酸底物时,阿魏酸对酪氨酸脱羧酶（tyrosine decarboxylase,tyrDC）和酪氨酸/酪胺透性酶（tyrosine/tyramine permease,tyrP）基因的转录影响不大（P＞0.05）,但能促进酪氨酰-tRNA合成酶（tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase,tyrS）基因的转录（P＜0.05）。反之存在酪氨酸时,阿魏酸对tyrS基因表达的影响不大（P＞0.05）,却能显著抑制tyrDC和tyrP基因的表达（P＜0.05）。同时,阿魏酸能显著抑制粪肠球菌XL-M66和屎肠球菌XL-M76的生长（P＜0.05）,最终使得酪胺产量分别降低27.0%和19.9%。     

粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)和屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)产生物胺交互作用研究

粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌是发酵香肠中常检出的2种主要的产酪胺和苯乙胺微生物。将粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌按照不同比例进行混合接种培养,发现在48h连续培养过程中,当粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌以1∶9比例混和接种培养时,体系pH值、细菌数量和酪胺生成量均显著低于其他各处理组;粪肠球菌有很强的产苯乙胺能力而屎肠球菌产苯乙胺能力较弱,当两者混合接种培养时,各混合体系的产苯乙胺水平相当,屎肠球菌产苯乙胺能力不受影响,而粪肠球菌产苯乙胺能力显著降低。     

大蒜精油对屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌产苯乙胺和酪胺的影响

本试验采用双倍试管稀释法,测定大蒜精油分别对高产苯乙胺和酪胺的E.faecium和E.faecalis的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC);并利用高效液相色谱法测定不同浓度的大蒜精油对两株高产苯乙胺和酪胺菌株的影响,从而明确大蒜精油对其产生物胺能力的抑制作用。结果表明:大蒜精油对供试菌株都具有较强的抑菌活性,大蒜精油对E.faecium的最大抑制率可达48.20%,对E.faecalis的最大抑制率为52.41%,且抑菌效果随大蒜精油浓度的增大而逐渐增强;在大蒜精油的添加量为1/2 MIC时,大蒜精油对E.faecium和E.faecalis的生长具有抑制作用;当大蒜精油浓度为0.025%时,能够显著(p0.05)降低供试菌株产苯乙胺和酪胺的含量,苯乙胺含量与空白组相比降低了26.61%,酪胺的降低了15.54%。说明大蒜精油对高产酪胺和苯乙胺的菌株具有显著(p0.05)抑制效果,从而减少了酪胺和苯乙胺的生成。     

屎肠球菌源谷氨酸脱羧酶的制备及其酶学性质研究

为了开发谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase,GAD),以Enterococcus faecium为gadB基因供体、纤维素结合域(cellulose-binding domain,CBD)为亲和标签,利用内含肽DnaB自剪切作用分离GAD,对融合酶CBD-DnaB-GAD的构建、表达、GAD纯...     

Occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus faecium

Enterococci are the second to third most important bacterial genus in hospital infections. Especially Enterococcus (E.) faecium possesses a broad spectrum of natural and acquired antibiotic resistances which are presented in detail in this paper. From medical point of view, the transferable resistances to glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin, VAN, or teicoplanin, TPL) and streptogramins (e.g., quinupristin/dalfopristin, Q/D) in enterococci are of special interest. The VanA type of enterococcal glycopeptide resistance is the most important one (VAN-r, TPL-r); its main reservoir is E. faecium. Glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium (GREF) can be found in hospitals and outside of them, namely in European commercial animal husbandry in which the glycopeptide avoparcin (AVO) was used as growth promoter in the past. There are identical types of the vanA gene clusters in enterococci from different ecological origins (faecal samples of animals, animal feed, patients in hospitals, persons in the community, waste water samples). Obviously, across the food chain (by GREF-contaminated meat products), these multiple-resistant bacteria or their vanA gene clusters can reach humans. In hospital infections, widespread epidemic-virulent E. faecium isolates of the same clone with or without glycopeptide resistance can occur; these strains often harbour different plasmids and the esp gene. This indicates that hospital-adapted epidemic-virulent E. faecium strains have picked up the vanA gene cluster after they were already widely spread. The streptogramin virginiamycin was also used as feed additive in commercial animal husbandry in Europe for more than 20 years, and it created reservoirs for streptogramin-resistant E. faecium (SREF). In 1998/1999, SREF could be isolated in Germany from waste water of sewage treatment plants, from faecal samples and meat products of animals that were fed virginiamycin (cross resistance to Q/D), from stools of humans in the community, and from clinical samples. These isolations of SREF occurred in a time before the streptogramin combination Q/D was introduced for therapeutic purposes in German hospitals in May 2000, while other streptogramins were not used in German clinics. This seems to indicate that the origin of these SREF or their streptogramin resistance gene(s) originated from other sources outside the hospitals, probably from commercial animal husbandry. In order to prevent the dissemination of multiple antibiotic-resistant enterococci or their transferable resistance genes, a prudent use of antibiotics is necessary in human and veterinary medicine, and in animal husbandry.     

产酪胺粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌PCR检测方法的建立

目的：建立快速简便地检测产酪胺粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)和屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的PCR方法。方法：将粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的酪氨酸脱羧酶基因与GenBank数据库中已公布的细菌的酪氨酸脱羧酶基因进行比对,根据它们的非保守序列,分别设计粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的特异性引物,建立检测产酪胺粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的PCR方法。结果：根据非保守序列,分别设计粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的特异性引物,用27株细菌对这两对引物分别进行反复验证,结果显示,所设计的两对引物都只对其目的菌株产生特异性扩增,对其他菌株没有扩增,方法的检测限可达到1.0×102CFU/mL。结论：本方法具有良好的特异性、稳定性和灵敏性,可用作食品中产酪胺粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的检测。     

环境因素对屎肠球菌产苯乙胺和酪胺的影响

为揭示环境因素对屎肠球菌产苯乙胺和酪胺的影响,研究了NaCl、糖的添加量、pH、含氧量、温度环境因素以及产胺菌之间对生物胺的影响。结果表明,当pH为5.00时,屎肠球菌的生长和产生物胺能力都受到抑制。当pH为6.00时,产胺菌的产胺能力在有氧条件下显著低于厌氧条件下。通过4因素二次回归方程分析pH、温度、加糖量和加食盐量对生物胺产生的影响,结果表明,pH、糖、盐和温度对屎肠球菌生长有显著的影响,其中受pH和温度影响较大。pH和温度对苯乙胺和酪胺产生有显著的交互影响,并且这种交互作用随着温度升高显著增强。     

屎肠球菌HY07产细菌素发酵条件的优化

对屎肠球菌HY07产细菌素的培养基组成和发酵条件进行了研究.通过单因素水平试验和正交试验,确定产细菌素的最佳培养条件为37℃培养24h,培养基初始pH为6.最佳培养基组成为:葡萄糖1％,鱼粉蛋白胨1.5％,牛肉膏1.5％,磷酸氢二钾0.2％,柠檬酸二铵0.2％,乙酸钠0.5％、硫酸锰0.025％,吐温-800.4％.在此条件下培养屎肠球菌HY07,所产细菌素抑菌圈可达12.60mm.     

Glucose prevents citrate metabolism by enterococci

Enterococcus faecalis FAIR E-239, growing on glucose plus citrate, metabolized citrate at pH 6.5 or 7.5, but only when glucose had been exhausted; it did not metabolize citrate at pH 5.5 or 8.5. When grown on citrate only, the strain metabolized citrate at all pH values, and two growth rates were apparent. Citrate was mainly metabolized during the second, much slower growth rate. Glucose also inhibited citrate metabolism by E. faecalis FAIR E-237 and FAIR E-259 and Enterococcus faecium FAIR E-338 and FAIR E-371. Glucose-grown resting cells were unable to metabolize citrate. Citrate-grown resting cells had a pH optimum of 4.7 for citrate metabolism but also metabolized significant amounts of citrate at pH 4.2 and 6.5. Resting stationary phase cells used citrate more rapidly than resting log phase cells. Citrate metabolism was faster at citrate levels <10 mM than above 10 mM. These results suggest that some form of catabolite repression is occurring.     

屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌混合培养条件的优化

以屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为研究对象,以MRS培养基为基础培养基,采用单因素试验、Box-Behnken实验设计对屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的混合培养进行优化。结果表明:初始p H、装液量和氮源对活菌数影响显著。最优条件为:初始p H 6.5、装液量50/500 m L、氮源用量35 g/L、接种比1∶12、转速180 r/min,在此条件下活菌数达到6.99×1010 CFU/m L,比优化前提高了5倍,屎肠球菌菌株和枯草芽孢杆菌菌株的活菌数分别达到4.58×1010 CFU/m L和2.41×1010CFU/m L。