小麦籽粒硬度与淀粉粒蛋白关系的研究和应用

从小麦籽粒硬度与淀粉粒蛋白的相互关系的角度，详细介绍了国内外有关小麦硬度、小麦淀粉粒与蛋白质之间的相互作用、小麦籽粒硬度遗传控制、小麦淀粉粒表性特征对食品质构的影响等的最新研究成果，为客观评价小麦籽粒的硬度、了解小麦淀粉粒蛋白在面团形成过程中的功能，从而帮助育种工作者和谷物生产者更有效地为小麦加工利用提供理想水平的小麦原料、为小麦品质改良研究提供参考依据。     

小麦籽粒硬度特性及其研究进展

该文系统介绍软、硬小麦品质和加工特点,籽粒硬度测定方法及对小麦制粉影响;从生化 和遗传学角度,分析小麦硬度形成及变化机理。     

小麦籽粒硬度和小麦销售加工及育种关系的探讨

简要论述了我国小麦籽粒硬度分类及测定方法，就籽粒硬度与加工及小麦育种的关系进行了探讨。     

软质小麦与硬质小麦的籽粒结构比较研究

用扫描电镜观察三个小麦品种（２软质１硬质）的籽粒结构结果表明，硬质小麦淀粉粒较小，胚乳中淀粉与蛋白质基质密结，导致磨粉时破损淀粉粒较多，胚乳也易于与麸皮分离，出粉率高，麸星较少。而软质麦淀粉粒较大，淀粉粒与基质蛋白质结合不牢固，磨粉时易于分离，淀粉粒破碎少，且麸星较多，总出粉率低。     

小麦籽粒淀粉品质与蛋白质品质关系的初步研究

淀粉与蛋白质是小麦籽粒主要的组成成分。小麦粉所特有的面团特性和烘焙品质主要是由蛋白质组分决定的。本文定量分析了淀粉含量、淀粉组成、膨胀特性、粘度特性、蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、面筋含量、沉降值等性状及各性状之间的关系。通过测定32个小麦品种籽粒的11个淀粉品质性状及10个蛋白质品质性状，结果表明：     

小麦胚乳中蛋白质、淀粉组分分布及各性状关系的研究

以小麦品种为9023的各系统面粉样品为试验材料,测定各样品蛋白质及组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、淀粉及其组分含量,研究小麦胚乳中蛋白质与淀粉及组分分布情况,并对蛋白质和淀粉及各性状间的关系进行初步研究.结果表明:小麦胚乳由内向外,蛋白质含量及球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量呈现递增的分布趋势,而淀粉和直链淀粉含量则逐渐减小;球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量两两呈现显著或极显著正相关,且与粗蛋白含量显著正相关;湿面筋含量与蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量均呈现极显著正相关关系;直链淀粉含量与总淀粉含量显著正相关,与支链淀粉含量负相关;直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均呈显著负相关,支链淀粉含量与谷蛋白含量、湿面筋含量显著正相关.     

小麦胚乳中蛋白质、淀粉组分分布及各性状关系的研究

以小麦品种为9023的各系统面粉样品为试验材料，测定各样品蛋白质及组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、淀粉及其组分含量．研究小麦胚乳中蛋白质与淀粉及组分分布情况，并对蛋白质和淀粉及各性状间的关系进行初步研究。结果表明：小麦胚乳由内向外．蛋白质含量及球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量呈现递增的分布趋势．而淀粉和直链淀粉含量则逐渐减小：球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量两两呈现显著或极显著正相关．且与粗蛋白含量显著正相关；湿面筋含量与蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量均呈现极显著正相关关系：直链淀粉含量与总淀粉含量显著正相关，与支链淀粉含量负相关：直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均呈显著负相关，支链淀粉含量与谷蛋白含量、湿面筋含量显著正相关。     

燕麦籽粒硬度与品质特性关系研究

为考察燕麦籽粒硬度与品质特性之间的关系,收集国内5个燕麦主产区56份燕麦样品,检测了燕麦籽粒硬度与主要营养成分(蛋白质、脂肪、直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖等)含量及理化特性(白度、糊化特性)指标,并分析了这些参数间的相关关系。结果表明,燕麦籽粒硬度值在17.29~58.70 N范围内,均值为38.32N,燕麦类型(皮或裸)、品种、产地等因素均对其有重要影响。籽粒硬度与蛋白质、灰分、a*值、峰值黏度、最小黏度呈极显著相关关系,与L*值、衰落值、糊化时间呈显著相关关系。     

小麦籽粒质量性状与兰州拉面感官质量关系研究

为研究小麦籽粒质量性状与兰州拉面产品感官质量之间的关系,明确影响兰州拉面质量的主要籽粒性状,以黄淮冬麦区70个小麦品种为试验材料,测定小麦品种籽粒质量性状,实验室制作兰州拉面,拉面师傅评价拉面制作过程,感官评价小组评价产品感官特性。结果表明,容重、籽粒色泽b*值、吸水率与兰州拉面"制作过程评价总分"和产品"感官评价总分"均呈显著或极显著正相关,籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降指数、GMP含量、拉伸参数与"制作过程评价总分"呈显著或极显著负相关。籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量与"感官评价总分"呈极显著负相关。优质兰州拉面小麦品种或拉面专用粉应具有较高的容重、较高的籽粒色泽b*值,适中的籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量,以及中等强度的拉伸能量。     

烟草种子萌发时胚乳细胞显微结构的变化

采用树脂切片法观察了烟草种子萌发时胚乳细胞的显微结构变化，结果：①随着胚的生长，胚乳细胞由里至外逐渐解体并消亡；②胚乳细胞中贮藏物转运十分彻底，内含物撤离细胞的顺序为：细胞质、细胞核、圆球体、质膜与内膜；③胚乳细胞通过质外体转运降解物，而胚通过子叶表皮细胞从胚乳腔吸收胚乳降解物。     

Wheat endosperm hardness. Part II. Relationships to content and composition of flour lipids

In Part I we analysed hardness and colour of wheat endosperm and stated that these features are quite well correlated among kernels of individual varieties. In order to enhance knowledge of the biochemical basis of endosperm hardness, this study aimed at determining how the content and the composition of free and starch lipids influence it. Wheat samples (used previously in Part I) were milled in a way that reduced the number of non-endosperm particles in flour. Simple linear correlation coefficients between endosperm hardness and its lipid composition indicated that hardness was positively correlated with the content of free glycolipids (r=0.82) and negatively with the content of surface lipids of starch, especially with their non-polar fraction (r=-0.83). The typical feature of harder wheat varieties was a substantially higher content of oleic acid in lipids of the starch surface.     

Comparison of Endosperm Starch Granule Development and Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Waxy and Non-Waxy Wheat

Starch granule development and physicochemical properties of starches in waxy wheat and non-waxy wheat were investigated in this article. Starch granules in waxy wheat endosperm showed an early developmental process. Compared with non-waxy wheat starch granules (round-shaped), waxy wheat starch granules (ellipse-shaped) were larger and contained more B-type granules. According to the granule size, starch granules were divided into two groups in waxy wheat, but were divided into three groups in non-waxy wheat. Compared with non-waxy wheat starch, waxy wheat starch had higher swelling power, gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, Tc), and relative degree of crystallinity. They showed similar ordered structures on external regions of starch granules. Additionally, waxy wheat starch had a higher proportion of double-helical components and a lower proportion of single-helical components than non-waxy wheat starch. Based on the previous results, it was concluded: (1) waxy wheat and non-waxy wheat not only differed in starch granule development, but also in physicochemical properties of starches; (2) waxy wheat had more potential value for producing traditional products than non-waxy wheat.     

Wheat endosperm hardness. Part I. Relationships to colour of kernel cross-section

The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the measurement of wheat endosperm colour can be used to predict its hardness. The results indicate that there is no general (for all varieties) relationship between the colour of wheat endosperm and its hardness. Nevertheless, endosperm hardness tends to increase along with increasing values of b*, H and S attributes and decreasing values of a*. More promising results were obtained when the colour–hardness relationship was examined within a variety. In all cases, the results were statistically significant, but the endosperm hardnesses of Zyta, Rysa, Banti, Sakwa, and Mewa varieties were found to be more closely linked with the colour of the central part of the endosperm (r ranging from 0.53 to 0.76), whereas that of durum and Elena wheats were found to be more closely linked with the colour of the whole endosperm (r=0.70 and 0.57 respectively). It was observed that the varieties examined can be divided into three groups differing in the range of changes in hardness as a function of the b* attribute of endosperm colour. For group I (durum and Zyta), the rate of hardness increase was higher than that of group II (Rysa, Banti and Sakwa). The third group (Elena and Mewa) was characterised by the highest slope of hardness versus b*; however, it was well differentiated from group I by its low values for yellow.     

小麦淀粉分离方法研究

小麦淀粉通过直接破碎浸泡过的小麦籽粒来分离得到，通过对各种影响因素的研究，总结出一种淀粉分离方法，以此种方法分离制取的小麦淀粉纯度高，破损率低，能够较好地保持其原有的各种特性，利于对小麦淀粉特性进行研究。     

Proteolysis of Sorghum Endosperm Proteins when Mashing with Raw Grain Plus Exogenous Protease and Potassium Metabisulphite

With the aim of improving free amino nitrogen (FAN) production when mashing with raw sorghum grain and exogenous enzymes, the effect of mashing with the addition of the reducing agent potassium metabisulphite (KMS) on the sorghum endosperm proteins was studied. When mashing was conducted at low temperature (40°C) over an extended period (7 h) with 0.1% KMS (sorghum basis) in addition to exogenous protease, FAN increased by approx. 6 fold to approx. 91 mg/100 g sorghum, as opposed to 5 fold to approx. 75 mg/100 g sorghum with the exogenous enzyme only. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the exogenous protease caused the endosperm protein matrix that surrounds the starch granules to break up on cooking. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the exogenous protease predominantly hydrolysed the glutelin matrix protein surrounding the kafirin protein bodies. In the presence of KMS there was also substantial breakdown of the protein bodies. Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that KMS had the effect of reducing kafirin polymers and oligomers into monomers. It appears that the addition of KMS in a sorghum grain mashing system significantly improves the rate of sorghum protein hydrolysis because of the reduction of intermolecular disulphide bonds in the kafirin protein, which allows better access of the protease, resulting in improved FAN production.     

小麦淀粉凝胶质构特性研究

为了掌握不同小麦品种淀粉凝胶质构特性;陕西关中小麦品种和西澳面条用小麦品种的淀粉凝胶质构的异同;淀粉的直链淀粉含量、色度及粘度特性与淀粉凝胶质构特性的关系。以参加陕西省关中小麦品种区域试验的15个小麦品种(品系)、西澳8个面条用小麦品种(品系)为材料,研究了小麦品种淀粉凝胶质构特性及淀粉特性与凝胶质构特性的关系。结果表明:不同小麦品种淀粉凝胶质构特性不同,陕西关中小麦品种之间淀粉凝胶质构特性比西澳面条小麦品种之间差异大。直链淀粉含量与凝胶特性无明显关系;色度中L值与凝胶硬度呈显著正相关;粘度特性与淀粉凝胶质构特性显著相关。关中小麦品种小偃6号、小偃128、秦农068和西澳面条小麦品种具有相似的凝胶质构特性。     

Effects of Granule Sizes on Physicochemical Properties of Cross‐linked and Acetylated Wheat Starches

Large and small wheat starch granules were used for cross‐linking and acetylation to determine effects of granule sizes on physicochemical properties of the modified starches. The native and cross‐linked starches from the small granules showed higher phosphorus contents than did those from the large granules. However, the level of phosphate substituents in the modified starches was not significantly different between the large and small granules under the same conditions. In contrast, the large granules had a higher reactivity with acetic anhydride than did the small granules. The phosphate group cross‐linked starch (CS), acetylated starch (AS) and acetylated cross‐linked starch (ACS) from the large granules had lower gelatinization temperatures and higher enthalpies than those from the small granules. The paste viscosities of the CSs from the large granules decreased rapidly, whereas those of the AS or ACS increased significantly as compared with those from the small granules. The pastes of cross‐linked starches from the small granules were more stable than those from the large granules, whereas the pastes of AS and ACS from the large and small granules had similar resistance to freeze‐thaw treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the small granules were less damaged after modification than the large ones. Thus, the different granule sizes resulted in different physicochemical properties of starch after modification.     

Relationship between Sensory and Instrumental Hardness of Commercial Cheeses

ABSTRACT: The effect of deformation (10% to 90%) and deformation rate (0.2 to 10 mm/s) on both maximum compression force and correlation between sensory and instrumental measurements of hardness were investigated for 26 commercial cheeses. Log-linear regression models were used to model the relationship between deformation rate and maximum compression force and fitted well to the relationship, indicating that maximum compression force is a log linear function of deformation rate. Deformation had a large effect on the correlation between sensory and instrumental hardness, while deformation rate had a small effect. The optimal deformation and deformation rate for the maximum correlation were 70% to 90% and 1.0 mm/s, respectively. This implies that an optimal combination of deformation and deformation rate can be used for maximizing the correlation between sensory and instrumental hardness for cheese products.     

小麦胚芽对馒头水分迁移以及微观结构的影响

采用低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究小麦胚芽对馒头水分迁移和面团微观结构的影响。LF-NMR结果表明,添加胚芽的面粉制成的新鲜馒头中,弱结合水含量上升,紧密结合水含量下降,老化作用后,紧密结合水和弱结合水含量均下降;且当添加比例为6%时,T_2值均较低,水分相对更稳定;RVA表明添加胚芽的混合粉峰值黏度与崩解值均降低;SEM结果证实添加胚芽后,面筋结构的交互作用被弱化。说明添加胚芽可改善馒头的保水性,但不利于面筋结构的形成。当添加比例为6%时,保水能力最强,适宜储存,为最佳添加比例。