端氨基聚氨酯的合成及增韧环氧树脂的研究

合成了数均分子量(M^-n)不同的聚乙二醇型端氨基聚氨酯(ATPU2)。并用它与E-44环氧树脂配成了综合力学性能好的胶粘荆。用DSC、FT—IR、SEM分别表征了ATPU2／E-44胶粘剂的固化过程、固化产物的结构以及冲击断面形貌,测试了胶粘荆的柔韧性、附着力和剥离强度等力学性能与ATPU结构的关系。结果表明,ATPU2/E-44胶粘剂的中温固化主要是通过端氨基与环氧基反应完成的;它具有的冲击强度高等优异的力学性能与其固化后的交联网络形成了一种由环氧刚性链段和柔性聚乙二醇链段组成的两相结构和产生断裂时能形成微纤结构密切相关。     

双马来酰亚胺改性酚醛型环氧树脂的研究

试图合成一种具有良好力学性能的耐高温胶粘剂,以满足耐高温吸波涂层的需要.用二苯甲烷型双马来酰亚胺(BMI)对酚醛型环氧树脂(F-51)进行改性,合成了耐高温新型环氧胶粘剂.实验结果表明:最佳的固化工艺是在180℃下固化2h;胶粘剂中BMI含量越高,其附着力越大,热分解温度越高,耐热性越好,但剪切强度较差.借助于红外光谱分析、热分析等现代测试手段探讨了环氧胶粘剂固化反应机理.     

铝塑复合用聚氨酯胶粘剂的制备及性能研究

以聚酯、聚醚混合多元醇和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯为主要原料,制备了一种低粘度无溶剂型聚氨酯覆膜胶粘剂。研究了聚酯、聚醚混合多元醇的配比对胶粘剂合成时间、粘度、抗水性能和粘结强度的影响;同时,探讨了催化剂的添加对胶粘剂综合性能的影响。结果表明:由混合聚酯、聚醚多元醇合成的聚氨酯胶粘剂粘度低、易涂覆且耐水性得以改善,但比例必须适宜,以2种多元醇所含羟基物质的量比为0.3:0.7为佳;催化剂的加入虽能显著提高固化速度,但降低了胶粘剂的剥离强度,不利于胶粘剂综合性能的改善,故应酌情适量添加。     

蓖麻油-丙烯酸酯改性的双组分水性聚氨酯胶粘剂研究

以聚醚多元醇(N220)、甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI-80)、蓖麻油(C.O)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为主要原料,合成了蓖麻油改性的水性聚氨酯(WPUCA)复合乳液.向该复合乳液中加入固化荆,得到复合软包装用双组分改性水性聚氨酯胶粘剂.研究了蓖麻油的添加量以及丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯比例对改性后乳液及胶膜各项性能的影响,同时研究了多异氰酸酯固化剂用量及固化时间时胶粘剂粘结性的影响.实验结果表明,蓖麻油的添加量为3.0%(质量分数),PA、PU质量比为1:2,固化荆含量为6%(质量分数),固化时间为4h,胶粘剂的性能达到较佳.     

室温固化高低温使用环氧胶粘剂的制备与性能

研究了一种在-150℃~100℃宽温度范围具有较高剪切和剥离强度,并且能够承受液氮温度(-196℃)~150℃冷热冲击的室温固化环氧胶粘剂体系。探讨了促进剂2,3,4-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(DMP30)的最佳用量,考察了不同固化时间及后固化工艺对胶粘剂固化度、玻璃化转变温度和力学性能的影响。结果表明,适量DMP30的添加有利于提高固化物的力学性能,后固化可以提高固化物的固化度和拉伸强度,但对于已处于玻璃态的固化物的性能影响很小。当胶粘剂的本体强度达到一定值后,体系固化度和玻璃化转变温度与其剪切强度的关系不大,后固化对其本体强度的提升不能带来粘接强度的相应明显提高。     

DSC法研究双酚A型环氧树脂的UV固化过程

以DSC法研究了双酚A型环氧树脂以ITX、184为光引发剂,在紫外光固化(UV)作用下的固化过程,及不同量的稀释剂对固化的影响.实验结果表明,放热反应在很短时间内达到高峰,放热峰过后转入缓慢的后反应阶段;放热过程的ΔH值基本上随稀释剂用量的增大而增大;平均固化速率大体上随稀释剂用量的减少而变慢.     

空心玻璃微珠/全芳香族共聚酯复合泡沫的构筑及其热学性能

本研究将空心玻璃微珠(HGB)引入到全芳香族热固性共聚酯(ATPE)发泡体系中制备了HGB/ATPE复合泡沫,并研究了HGB的含量和泡沫性能对于复合泡沫体系的影响.当玻璃微珠改性后,HGB/ATPE复合泡沫的比强度为26.2MPa/(g·cm-3);HGB的加入也使复合体系热性能和阻燃性能有较大提高,HGB/ATPE复...     

环氧树脂改性固化工艺及配方对微观结构的影响

为了探讨固化工艺及配方对环氧树脂体系微观结构的影响,研究了用4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)作固化剂的环氧树脂与聚醚砜(PES)共混体系.采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究其相分离和微观结构,并通过改变聚醚砜的用量和固化工艺条件对其进行控制.结果表明,在环氧树脂与聚醚砜间形成了半互穿网络,对应于环氧态和聚醚砜态的玻璃化转变温度彼此靠近.通过控制反应进程和聚醚砜用量,可以获得不同的相结构,加入较多的聚醚砜或采用较高的固化温度,有利于提高聚醚砜增韧环氧树脂的冲击性能.     

与液氧相容聚合物基体材料

为改善环氧树脂与液氧的相容性,研究了环氧／溴环氧／氰酸酯树脂三元共固化体系,并探讨了2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑 ( 2E4MZ ) 对于共固化体系的促进作用。实验发现,2E4MZ可以显著降低共固化体系在不同温度下的凝胶时间。采用傅立叶红外光谱跟踪固化过程,结果表明,无论在环氧基团过量还是氰酸酯基团过量情况下,2E4MZ均能够明显加快固化反应速度,同时增大固化产物中共聚产物的比例,提高反应的选择性。热分析、闪点和氧指数以及液氧冲击试验结果表明,2E4MZ促进的较低氰酸酯含量的共固化体系具有较好的抗氧化和阻燃性能,与液氧的相容性也得到较大幅度改善。采用咪唑促进这种相对简单有效的改性途径,可得到与液氧相容性较好的、综合性能理想、成本合理的环氧树脂体系。      

增塑剂DOP对紫外光固化胶粘剂性能的影响

采用邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)做增塑剂,加入到聚氨酯丙烯酸酯紫外光(UV)固化胶粘剂中,发现DOP对胶粘剂具有良好的稀释增塑作用。通过透射电镜(TEM)照片发现,部分增塑剂DOP以微小的团聚体分散在固化后的体系当中。DOP的加入能降低胶粘剂的初始施工黏度,同时胶粘剂的拉伸剪切强度降低,而不均匀扯离强度增大。DOP的加入使胶粘剂固化后的交联密度降低,而玻璃化温度(Tg)先明显降低后又有所升高。胶粘剂固化后放置一段时间,其强度还会上升。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...