软溶液工艺(SSP)在先进无机材料领域的应用及进展

软溶液工艺（soft solution processing简记为SSP）是近年国际上发展起来的先进材料制备的重要工艺技术，也是具有环境协调性的工艺技术，本文概枋了软溶液工艺技术的基本原理，特点及其在先进无机材料制备中的应用和发展，重点介绍软溶液工艺的几种技术（包括水热技术，电化学技术）及其在先进无机材料制备中的应用原理，范围和特点，指出水热电化学技术是很有发展前景的软溶液工艺，最后对软溶液工艺技术的发展前景和条件进行了展望和评述。     

微波高温加热技术进展

微波高温加热技术被认为是本世纪最有可能取代传统外部加热技术而应用于材料制备的先进技术之一.总结了近年来微波高温加热技术在理论与模拟、结构材料和功能材料方面的研究进展,并对微波高温技术在产业化方面的应用现状和发展前景进行了论述.     

Prospects of Supercritical Fluids in Realizing Graphene‐Based Functional Materials

Supercritical‐fluids science and technology predate all the approaches that are currently established for graphene production by several decades in advanced materials design. However, it has only recently been proposed as a plausible approach for graphene processing. Since then, supercritical fluids have emerged into contention as an alternative to existing technologies because of their scalability and versatility in processing graphene materials, which include composites, aerogels, and foams. Here, an overview is presented of such materials prepared through supercritical fluids from an advanced materials science standpoint, with a discussion on their fundamental properties and technological applications. The benefits of supercritical‐fluid processing over conventional liquid‐phase processing are presented. The benefits include not only better performances for advanced applications but also environmental issues associated with the synthesis process. Nevertheless, the limitations of supercritical‐fluid processing are also stressed, along with challenges that are still faced toward the achievement of the great expectations from graphene materials.     

Laser-Ultrasonics: From the Laboratory to the Shop Floor

Ultrasonics is a powerful technique for inspecting and characterizing industrial materials. It not only can detect bulk and surface flaws, but also obtain information on material microstructure, which determines engineering properties, such as elastic moduli and ultimate strength. However, traditional ultrasound requires liquid or contact coupling for its generation and detection, making it difficult or impossible to apply in many industrial situations. This occurs, in particular, on curved parts and on parts at elevated temperature, a situation widely found in industrial products and during the processing of industrial materials.Through a continuing effort that started more than 10 years ago, the Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research Council of Canada working in collaboration with UltraOptec Inc. has developed a technique called laser-ultrasonics, that circumvents the limitations of the conventional techniques. This novel technique is based on the generation and detection of ultrasound with lasers. The technology we have developed has been demonstrated to be applicable to real industrial conditions. In particular, a system was brought to a steel mill to measure on-line the wall thickness of tubes at 1000°C moving at 4 m/s. The capability of our technology to inspect advanced aircrafts made of composite materials was also demonstrated by inspecting a CF-18 in the hangar of a maintenance facility. UltraOptec Inc. is now in the process of commercializing this technology, in particular, for these two demonstrated industrial applications.     

水热电化学技术及其在陶瓷薄膜制备中的应用

本文概括介绍软溶液工艺技术（Soft Solution Processing简记为SSP）中的重要工艺技术－水热电化学制备技术的基本原理和特点，重点介绍该技术在先进陶瓷薄膜材料（尤其是具有钙钛矿结构ABO3型薄膜）制备中的主要应用及其优势，并对该技术在先进无机材料制备领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

Nanosized corundum synthesis

 Alumina continues to play an important role in the materials industry with the Bayer process still providing alumina after a 100 years of continuous processing. In addition to traditional applications of alumina, alumina is being advanced as a major part of the new frontier on nanophase materials and nanophase technology. High surface area corundum has been synthesized using a rapid totally ”green” hydrothermal process for forming nanosized diaspore precursor to nanosized corundum. Surface areas of the nanosized corundum are in excess of 160 square meters per gram. High temperature solution calorimetry show that gamma alumina becomes the energetically stable phase relative to corundum at specific surface areas greater than 125 square meters per gram. These data provide a thermodynamic basis for the equilibrium relationships among the alumina phases in the nanocrystalline region. Received: 19 November 1997 / Accepted: 22 December 1997     

Self-propagating high-temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS) of powder-compacted materials

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of powder compacts is a novel processing technique currently being developed as a route for the production of engineering ceramics and other advanced materials. The process, which is also referred to as combustion synthesis, provides energy- and cost-saving advantages over the more conventional processing routes for these materials. At the same time, the rapid heating and cooling rates provide a potential for the production of metastable materials with new and, perhaps, unique properties. This paper reviews the research that has been, and is being, undertaken in this exciting new processing route for high-technology materials and examines the underlying theoretical explanations which will, eventually, lead to improved control over processing parameters and product quality.     

Comparative study of jetting machining technologies over laser machining technology for cutting composite materials

There has been a great interest for improving the machining of composite materials in the aerospace and other industries. This paper focuses on the comparative study of jetting techniques and laser machining technics. This paper concentrates on the machining of composite materials like epoxy pre-impregnated graphite woven fabric and fibre reinforced plastic materials that are used in aerospace industries. While considering machining these materials with the traditional machining there are many disadvantages projected. One of these advantages is that all the traditional machining processes involve the dissipation of heat into the workpiece. This serious shortcoming has been dealt by the jetting technologies, which, contrary to the traditional machining, operate under cold conditions. The two methods in the jetting technologies used for processing materials are water jet machining and abrasive water jet machining. The first of these, water jet machining, has been around for the past 20 years and has paved the way for abrasive water jet technology. Water jet machining and abrasive water jet machining have been used for processing composite materials because of the advantages offered by this technologies as compared to traditional techniques of processing. The high surface and structural integrity required of any technique used for processing composite materials has created an opportunity for abrasive water jet machining. Cutting of composites using laser is also an option, and experiments were also conducted to reveal the extent of using laser technique.     

Synthetic Methodologies for Carbon Nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials have advanced rapidly over the last two decades and are among the most promising materials that have already changed and will keep on changing human life. Development of synthetic methodologies for these materials, therefore, has been one of the most important subjects of carbon nanoscience and nanotechnology, and forms the basis for investigating the physicochemical properties and applications of carbon nanomaterials. In this Research News article, several synthetic strategies, including solvothermal reduction, solvothermal pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and soft‐chemical exfoliation are specifically discussed and highlighted, which have been developed for the synthesis of novel carbon nanomaterials over the last decade.     

Soft solution processing of ZnO nanoarrays by combining electrophoretic deposition and hydrothermal growth

The use of seeded or pretreated substrates has been reported as a feasible way to control the morphology, texture and orientation of ZnO structures during hydrothermal growth. However, in a typical seeding procedure, high energy-consumption, high-cost, complexity and/or specific substrates are by now required. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a soft solution process that may allow avoiding such problems of classical seeding procedures. In this work, the combination of these two soft solution processing techniques, EPD and hydrothermal growth, has been studied for growing ZnO nanostructures onto stainless steel substrates. The use of ZnO seed layers deposited by EPD as a way to control the evolution of ZnO structures during hydrothermal growth is discussed, showing that the seeding and its nature have an effect on the number of nucleation sites and consequently on the size and morphology of the obtained structures.     

材料合成新技术──自蔓延高温合成

自蔓延高温合成（ＳＨＳ）是目前被广泛开发用于工业陶瓷和其它先进材料制备的一种独特的先进工艺技术。本文对生产高科技材料的自蔓延高温合成技术方法进行了介绍，并分析了该工艺的特点及其理论基础，同时还讨论了影响材料合成的因素。     

The heating of polymer composites by electromagnetic induction – A review

Since the late 1980s a small number of research groups have been attracted with the idea of using induction heating technology for the processing of fibre reinforced polymer composites. Induction technology is suitable for the processing of thermoplastic and thermoset polymer materials but requires special susceptor additives (conductive materials) either in the form of structured fibres and fabric or particulate that can transform the electromagnetic energy into heat. This paper aims to summarize the principles of induction heating with respect to polymer composites processing taking a look first at material and equipment based process influences. State of the art applications and research activities are then reviewed, from thermoplastic composite welding, thermoset curing, selective material heating and fast mould heating technologies. Current simulation possibilities and available software tools have also been covered. Finally, some new ideas and possibilities for future developments in the field of polymer composites processing have been discussed.     

耐事故燃料包壳用FeCrAl不锈钢的研究进展

3.11日本福岛核事故后,国内外围绕提高核燃料元件的事故包容能力和固有安全性课题开展了大量的耐事故燃料(ATF)的研发工作,其中性能更先进的包壳材料是ATF研究的前沿和难点。Fe Cr Al合金优良的高温性能结合管材制备工艺的技术成熟度和经济性,促使该合金包壳成为近期ATF包壳研发的首选目标。简介了国外在ATF包壳候选材料的筛选和Fe Cr Al不锈钢上的研究进展,综述了ATF包壳用Fe Cr Al不锈钢高温蒸汽氧化性能、力学性能、中子辐照性能和应力腐蚀性能等方面的研究现状,指出了Fe Cr Al包壳研制和工程应用等方面需突破的关键技术和研究方向,其中成分优化控制及制备工艺、中子辐照性能和应力腐蚀性能等工程应用的评价是未来研究的重点和难点。     

Microwave–material interaction phenomena: Heating mechanisms,challenges and opportunities in material processing

Efforts to use microwaves in material processing are gradually increasing. However, the phenomena associated with the processing are less understood; popular mechanisms such as dipolar heating and conduction heating have been mostly explored. The current paper reviews most of the significant phenomena that cause heating during microwave–material interaction and heat transfer during microwave energy absorption in materials. Mechanisms involved during interaction of microwave with characteristically different materials – metals, non-metals and composites (metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and polymer matrix composites) have been discussed using suitable illustrations. It was observed that while microwave heating of metal based materials is due to the magnetic field based loss effects, dipolar loss and conduction loss are the phenomena associated with the electric field effects in microwave heating of non-metals. Challenges in processing of advanced materials, particularly composites have been identified from the available literature; further research directions with possible benefits have been highlighted.     

Application of X-ray Imaging in Fabrication of Advanced Materials and Surface Coatings

X-ray imaging is attractive as one of the advanced tools in modern non-contact and nondestructive inspection. It is used to fulfill the increasing requirements associated with new materials and corresponding inspection specifications. In this paper, the applications of x-ray imaging in the fabrication of advanced materials and surface coatings, such as ceramic particulate reinforced metal matrix composites, materials made by Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and laser treated coatings are discussed. The x-ray images show clearly the flaws or defects, such as cracks, pores, bubbles, precipitation of phases and agglomeration of particles caused by the manufacturing processes. This information has been successfully used in quality control during fabrication. The reasons for the formation of these defects during fabrication are explained, and solutions are found to optimize the processing parameters.     

试论干银材料的稳定性——以剖析研究结果为基础

近十年来,以羧酸银作为银源的感光材料（称为干银材料Dry silver）在技术上取得了重要进展,由于干银材料具有加工简便,无污染且能耗低等优点,已广泛应用于医疗领域,如医学成像、缩微等。因而围绕改进和提高干银材料的应用性能所开展的研究也成为国际感光科学界的热点研究课题之一。本文通过对国际上先进的干银胶片有机物的结构剖析所得到的数据,并结合相关资料报道的信息,讨论干银材料的稳定性问题。     

Organic photovoltaics: key photophysical,device and design aspects

Key aspects of Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) have been reviewed in this tutorial. Issues pertaining to the choice of materials, fabrication processes, photophysical mechanisms, device characterization, morphology of active layers and manufacturing are discussed. Special emphasis has been given to recent developments in large-area modules. Current strategies in enhancing the performance using external optical engineering approaches have also been highlighted. OPVs as a technology combine low weight, flexibility, low cost, good form factor and high-throughput processing; making them a promising PV technology for the future.     

Geopolymer matrices with improved hydrothermal corrosion resistance for high-temperature applications

Ceramic matrix composites have to overcome two major barriers for applications in aircraft and stationary turbines/engines. One is the unacceptably high processing cost to obtain sufficient mechanical properties and the other is their poor corrosion resistance under hydrothermal oxidizing conditions typical of engines and turbines. Functional geopolymer composites provide possible solutions to the above two problems since they can be formed by technologically simple processing routes and the hydrothermal corrosion resistance can be improved by tailoring material compositions. In this paper geopolymer matrix materials with superior hydrothermal corrosion resistance were processed from the selected geomimetic compositions. The effects of processing parameters, such as particle size, extent of dissolution, and firing temperature on the compressive strength and microstructures were examined and specimens with a compression strength as high as ∼99 MPa were fabricated. Hydrothermal test experiments on KOH-derived geopolymer specimens showed that all of potassium-bonded geopolymer specimens have minimal mass change or dimensional change during hydrothermal exposure in spite of the phase change.