Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 4. Mitteilung: Entfernen komplexer Anschmutzungen von Glasoberflächen

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 4: Removal of Complex Soils from Glass Surfaces Under practical conditions, the soil on household crockery is composed of a mixture of fat, starch and protein residue. These diverse components mutually affect their adherence, and, consequently the ability of the cleansing liquid to remove them. Removal of starch is improved in the presence of casein residues; conversely, casein is more easily removed from glass in the presence of starch. Starch residues inhibit the removal of fat, however, this negative effect is compensated, if casein residues are simultaneously present. An attempt is made to explain the interactions between the individual components of the soil.     

Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 2. Mitteilung: Entfernen von Stärkerückständen von Glasoberflächen

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 2: Removal of Starch Residues from Glass Surfaces The use of ¹⁴C-labelled tobacco starch as indicator of potato starch enabled to study the removal of starch residues from glass surface by mechanical dish washing. It was found that the amount of starch applied could be reduced to as much as 11.5% during prewashing with cold tap water. The use of prewashing water at 45°C improves the swelling of dried starch residues. In contrast to removal of fat, the removal of starch residues requires a washing temperature of at least 55°C. However, even after an optimum combination of washing temperature, washing time and amount of cleansing agent, higher proportions of starch residues are retained on the glass surface than fat residue. At a maximum washing temperature of at least 50°C, the amount of starch residue remaining on the cleaned glass surface is greatly independent of the amount of starch applied to the glass surface.     

Stand der Technik beim manuellen und maschinellen Geschirrspülen

Situation of the Technology in Manual and Mechanical Dish Washing The mode of action of the modern dish washing agents for manual washing depends on its content of neutral surface active agents. On the other hand, in the dish washing machines alkaline washing agents and acid or neutral rinsing agents are used. Health hazards due to the washing agent remaining on the dishes are not to be feared.     

Gläser in der Geschirrspülmaschine I

Glasses in Dish Washing Machine I Efficiency of household dish washing machines, detergents and rinsing-aids has been considerably increased during the past years. A common problem is due to the diversity of articles to be washed. Even today, the behaviour of glasses causes some anxiety, because mechanical washing can lead to scratchy appearance and turbidities. These anomalies are mainly due to factors originating from the glass itself, although the external factors during the process of mechanical washing play a significant role as well. Results of investigations have shown that mechanical washing requires highly resistent glasses. The author has shown that it is possible to prepare standardized glasses that are required for such experiments. It is interesting to note that glasses certified as resistent a dish washing machines are already offered in the market.     

Das Verhalten von Glas beim maschinellen Geschirrspülen

The Behaviour of Glass in Mechanical Dish-Washing Under the conditions involved in mechanical dish-washing there is only a slight difference in the behaviour of glasses of different compositions. The higher temperatures attained thereby are mostly responsible for the damages to the glass. Alkaline, especially strongly alkaline solutions, attack more than the acidic ones. The percentage of the complaints lodged for the glass damages is still relatively small. However, the rapidly increasing number of household dish-washing machines makes it necessary that everybody concerned should discuss the problem of cloudiness of glass.     

Enzyme in Spülmitteln für Haushalt-Geschirrspülmaschinen? I

Enzymes in Washing Agents for Household Dish Washing Machines? I As early as in the beginning of this century, enzymes were used for the first time in tannery and laundry. At the end of the year 1969, when household dish washing machines provided with two cleaning operations per washing programme were available in the market, enzymes started gaining interest in the field of mechanical dish washing, since first of the aforesaid cleaning operations was meant for “biological cleaning”.     

Beeinflussung der Waschintensität (WI) in Abhängigkeit von Chemie und Mechanik

Influence of Chemical and Mechanical Factors on the Intensity of Washing Mutual effects of the two significant chemical and mechanical factors that influence the removal of dirt could be studied by treating the fabric in specific manner using a roller-type washing machine, which was developed in author's institute, and a device for measuring the working force. The tests revealed distinctly that intensity of washing is preferably promoted under the action of a solution of washing agent when fibres within the thread are displaced as widely as possible. When the aforesaid conditions are fulfilled, dirt substances from fabrics are suitably dispersed and suspended, which result in optimum washing action.     

Toxikologische Prüfung eines Geschirrspülmittels

Toxicological Examination of a Dish-Washing Agent The acute toxicity, emetic action and tolerance of a commercial dish-washing agent were investigated in mice, rats and dogs, whereby the animals were subjected to repeated ingestion of this substance. Furthermore, the toxic actions on embryo and the effect on fertility were tested. The preparation showed a very low acute toxicity and it caused nausea in dogs given moderate doses. Repeated intake of high doses was tolerated by rats. No signs of intolerance were shown by dogs which received subemetic doses. No effect of the preparation on fertility and embryo-development could be detected. It can be concluded from these results that the application of the preparation as dish-washing agent does not involve any risk to the health.     

Schnelle Bestimmung von Citrat in Wasch- und Reinigungsmitteln durch Titration mit Cu-Lösung

Rapid Determination of Citrate in Washing and Cleansing Agents by Titration with Cu-Solution Complex formation of Cu(II)-ions with citric acid in weak alkaline solution permits direct titration of the acid using metal indicators for the visual determination of end point. A procedure for the determination of citric acid and its salts in washing and cleansing agents is reported.     

Sekundäres Alkansulfonat Eigenschaften und Einsatzmöglichkeiten in kosmetischen Präparaten

Secondary Alkanesulfonate – Properties and Applications in Cosmetic Preparation Large amounts of secondary alkanesulfonate are used since several years in the production of cleansing and washing agents. Laboratory and practical tests have shown that this new surfactant, produced commercially, can be used in cosmetic preparations as well. Secondary alkanesulfonate in combination with other surfactants such as alkylethersulfates, exhibit special properties when used for the production of cleansing agents for hair and skin. Further interesting effects are achieved by incorporating secondary alkanesulfonate into soaps and emulsifier mixtures. The commercial production of secondary alkanesulfonate by a continuous process is described briefly. A prognosis on the future market for cosmetic body cleansing agents is given.     

Kunststoffe in der Milchwirtschaft — eine kritische Studie,V. Mitteilung: Zur Reinigung und Desinfektion von Kunststoffoberflächen 2. Teil: Hygienische Beschaffenheit von Kunststoffoberflächen und ihre Folgen

Plastics in the Milk Industry — A Critical Study, V. Communication: Cleansing and Disinfection of Plastic Surfaces 2nd Part: Hygienic State of Plastic Surfaces and Their Consequences Plastic articles, meant for repeated use in direct contact with food-stuffs can permanently establish themselves, only if success is achieved in maintaining plastic appliances and parts clean and germ-free without much difficulty. Because in some respects the properties of the plastics deviate from those of hitherto employed materials of construction, the former set specific requirements on cleansing agents and cleansing processes. The cleansing solutions for the plastics must be physico-chemically more effective, in order to overcome the strong adhesion of fatty impurities. Since it is basically doubtful, whether polyolefines without adverse effects can at all be employed for repeated use in direct contact with fat-containing milk products, intensive trials should be made with plastics having lower affinity for fat.     

Nichtionogene Tenside für Spezialwaschmittel

Nonionic Surfactants for Special Washing Agents The use of fatty alcoholethoxylates and alkylphenolethoxylates as surfactants for washing agents has considerably increased during the past years. These surfactants show, especially on synthetic fabrics, a superior washing action compared to anion-active surfactants. Owing to superior biodegradability, the ethoxylated primary and secondary alcohols are used in washing and cleansing agents in preference to poorly biodegradable ethoxylated alkylphenols which, in the future, are likely to lose their significance as surfactants for washing agents. At present an extensive use of nonionic surfactants in amounts comparable to anionic surfactants is limited by the relatively high price of the former and the difficulties involved in their processing.     

Modification of polymers using multilayered “smart pellet” additives: Part I

A multilayer “smart pellet” additive composed of layered polymers, and capable of exfoliating in a manner similar to that of smectite clays, was demonstrated to be an effective reinforcing agent for bulk polymers processed in the melt. Polysulfone (PSF) and Ethylene-octene (PEOC-1) copolymer were chosen as one of the model systems. PSF/PEOC-1 smart pellets were added to PEOC-1 as masterbatches during injection-molding. This methodology allowed for high glass transition temperature PSF to function as a reinforcing agent during injection-molding of matrix polymers processed below their glass transition temperature. Mechanical properties of the composites were studied by performing tensile and flexural tests. Tensile modulus was fitted to the Halpin-Tsai model, and this model was used to predict the optimum tensile modulus that PSF/PEOC-1 smart pellets could achieve. The morphology of smart pellet and polymer composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical microscopy (OM). The PSF layers were observed to resemble clay platelet morphology in PEOC-1 matrix.     

Beiträge zur Schaumreinigung fester Oberflächen, 1. Mitteilung: Experimentelle Grundlagen

Foam Cleansing of Solid Surfaces 1. Experimental Basis In addition to the rinsing and spraying processes, mainly carried out for cleansing in food processing plants, the process of foam cleansing might gain importance, especially for the treatment of wall surfaces or the outer side of plants. Therefore, a method for testing the efficiency of foam cleansing using a model tiled wall has been developed. An aqueous dispersion of casein, according to Hammersten, and soot is used as soil which is sprayed on the tiles. The effect of cleansing is quantitatively assayed by measurement of brightness by the remission technique. Advantages, limits and accuracy of the method are discussed.     

Waschverfahren partikulär‐disperser Systeme – Verfahrensspektrum und Aspekte der Verfahrensauswahl

Washing of Disperse Solid Systems – Existing Washing Processes and Guidelines for Choosing the Appropriate Washing Procedure Washing of disperse solid systems is a widely used and complex operation. Since the washing‐step is mostly integrated into other process operations, it is subject to numerous demands, which exceed the primary demands like a good separation result and a low specific wash liquid demand. Because of the phenomenology and limits of different washing procedures it is difficult to choose an appropriate washing process. Additionally, the acting transport mechanisms of some washing procedures are not yet sufficiently understood. This work shows a broad overview over the existing washing processes, the numerous parameters and the demands they have to fulfill. A categorization of washing procedures as well as a classification of the processes concerning their macroscopic transport phenomena are the base for a broad decision chart which compares and evaluates existing washing processes and shows their individual limits. The work can be seen as a rough guideline for choosing the appropriate washing procedure.     

Peroxycarbonsäuren - Neue Bleichwirkstoffsysteme für die Textilniedrigtemperaturwäsche

Peroxycarboxoic Acids - New Systems of Bleaching Substances for the Low Temperature Textile Washing. In the recent time the development of activ oxygen containing bleaching agents for the low temperature textile washing process was increased. Because of their properties peroxycarboxoic acids and preferably diperoxydodecandioic acid can be used in detergent formulations. The stabilization of peracids by in situ desensitization allows safe handling for the formulator as well as for the consumer.     

Kunststoffe in der Milchwirtschaft — eine kritische Studie,V. Mitteilung: Zur Reinigung und Desinfektion von Kunststoffoberflächen 1. Teil: Spezielle Gegebenheiten

Plastics in the Dairy Industry — A Critical Study V: Cleansing and Disinfection of Plastic Surface, Part 1: Special Characteristics Plastic articles are suitable for repeated use in direct contact with food-stuffs, provided the former can be maintained properly clean and low in germ-content. Uptil now the plastic surfaces were cleansed empirically, based purely on the experience gathered from conventional materials. The difficulties arising hereby result from the special requirements which the plastics, limited by their specific properties, set on their cleansing solutions and cleaning processes. As against the metals, the plastics do not corrode, however, they are etched easily and are partly not very thermostable. Measurements of angle of contact have shown that the adhesion of fatty impurities on PVC and polyethylene is stronger than the corresponding adhesions of cleansing solutions, hitherto employed for glass and metal surfaces. Soft PVC retains water in contact with cleansing solutions; the extent of liquid retention being dependent on the quantity as well as nature of the plasticizer and on the temperature.     

红泥在皮肤清洁产品中的应用评价

介绍了一种新型洁肤用添加剂——红泥，并对红泥在皮肤清洁产品中的作用进行了研究，结果表明，红泥能显著提高活性剂型洁面剂、皂类洁面剂和面膜的清洁功效，是一种高效的洁肤用化妆品原料。     

Weichspülmittel

Soft Washing Agents The degree of softening achieved at the surface of terry cloth by the action of a washing agent depends upon the structure of the fabric and its molecular weight as well as upon the hardness of water. This is owing to the adsorption of the washing agent on the fibre. Highest degree of softening is attained if at the last stage of washing a cation-active surfactant is added to the rinsing water. However, a quaternary ammonium compound which is employed currently, makes the fabric rather strongly water repelling. It was found out that certain sulfonium compounds impart considerable softness to the fabric without rendering them excessively water repellent.     

Der Einfluß von Hautreinigungs- und Textilwaschmitteln auf den Hautlipoidmantel. Bestimmungen mit einer neuen Methode

Influence of Skin Cleansing Agents and Textile Washing Agents on the Surface Lipids of Skin. Determinations Using a New Method The hitherto known methods do not permit the repeated sampling of lipids. A combined absorption and diffusion method was therefore evolved. The lipid removal is most pronounced with textile washing agents and generally lesser (but not in all cases) with skin cleansing agents. The skin surface lipid is hardly affected adversely by bathing with bran. Following a bathing with oil, the lipid content exceeds the initial value. The regeneration of lipids is dependent on the intensity of the preceding lipid removal, requiring longer periods in the case of textile washing agents. The amount of lipid that can be removed immediately after bathing is mostly larger than before. This important fact was overseen uptil now. Soaking of the epidermis layers and emulsifier action must account for this phenomenon.