欧盟农药残留监控体系概述及对中国的启示

本文通过对欧盟农药残留监控的法律法规、组织机构、监控计划、监控报告和应用等方面详细介绍了欧盟农药残留监控体系的整体情况,并针对我国农药残留监控体系的现状进行分析比对,提出完善我国农药监管体系的建议。     

严格监控肉类食品中的农药残留

报告了我国农药使用情况，农药在肉食品中的残留情况和这些被农药污染的肉食品给人类健康，出口贸易所带来的危害，最后对如何监控肉类食品中的农药残留问题提出了看法。     

澳大利亚国家残留监控计划简介

澳大利亚是世界上农业最发达的国家之一,生产的农产品80%以上出口。出于对出口肉类中农药残留的考虑,澳大利亚政府在20世纪60年代初开展了国家残留监控计划(national residue survey,NRS)。此后,NRS扩展到对其他动物、粮食、园艺产品及水产品中的农药和兽药残留以及其他污染物检测,并逐步形成了以联邦政府、州政府、民间协会和市场四位一体、互为补充的监控体系。NRS作为澳大利亚食品农产品风险管理系统的重要组成部分,一方面可以帮助识别农兽药使用中潜在的问题;另一方面也为建立良好农业规范和强化出口农产品质量管理打下了基础。本文详细介绍了NRS的法律背景、监控组成、具体动植物监控计划、监控体系特点等内容,旨在帮助我国政府部门和企业了解澳大利亚的残留监控体系和制度。     

我国龙眼农药最大残留限量制定及农药残留现状分析

本文分析了我国龙眼的主要生产地区和商业进出口贸易状况以及龙眼农药最大残留限量相关规定,研究了影响茂名市龙眼质量以及安全的主要因素,并提出提高茂名市龙眼质量水平的措施,以此为龙眼安全种植提供一定的参考。     

加拿大化学残留控制计划简介

为保证加拿大的食品安全,加拿大政府建立了完善的食品监管体系。作为监控体系的重要表现形式,加拿大政府制定并实施涵盖内容广泛、形式多样的食品安全监控计划,这些计划的主要构成是食品抽样和检测行动(sampling and testing activities),该行动分为监控抽样、基于风险的抽样、定向抽样、合规检测、目标调查和法律抽样,以监控食品中的病原微生物、化学残留及污染物,其中涉及化学残留控制计划的行动涵盖了除\"基于风险的抽样\"之外的其他5个种类。本文选取了2种典型的控制计划:全面系统的国家残留监控计划(national chemical residue monitoring program,NCRMP)和灵活针对性强的目标调查,详细介绍了NCRMP的法律背景、统计学依据、抽样化合物确定模型、抽样结果报告、结果应用等内容,并简要介绍了目标调查;最后分析了加拿大监控体系的特点。旨在帮助我国政府部门和企业了解加拿大的化学残留监控体系和制度。     

销售蔬菜中农药残留分析

为了解沈阳市蔬菜农药残留情况,随机采集43种蔬菜,共1180份样品,采用快速检测法和气相色谱法进行检测.43种蔬菜中,检测出农药残留超标的蔬菜有:茄子、芹菜、小白菜、菠菜和油麦菜,主要的残留农药是氧化乐果、磷胺、水胺硫磷、对硫磷、甲拌磷、三唑磷;蔬菜的农药残留受季节影响明显,冬季蔬菜农药残留最为严重;根据蔬菜种类比较发现,叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留问题明显大于果菜类和根茎类蔬菜.     

甘肃省苹果农药残留分析及风险评估

目的 为明确甘肃省苹果主产区农药残留状况,评估农药残留的膳食摄入风险。方法 对采自主产区的570个苹果样品进行农药残留检测,根据急性参考剂量(ARfD)、各类人群的体重和苹果消费量进行农药残留急、慢性膳食摄入风险评估;借鉴兽药残留风险排序矩阵对农药和样品进行风险排序;采用每日允许摄入量(ADI)、体重和日消费大份餐分析苹果中最大残留限量估计值(eMRL)。结果570个样品中共检出14种农药,有277个样品检出农药残留,样品检出率为48.6 %,其中多残留样品有132个,有6个样品农药残留超标(吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、噻虫嗪、氯氟氰菊酯超标),仅占1.0 %。在14中农药中,克百威和联苯菊酯在儿童中的急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)分别为112 %和154 %;多菌灵在幼儿和儿童中的急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)分别高达227 %和120 %,均存在不可接受风险。检出残留的14种农药,慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)在0.11 %～21.52 %,在各类人群中均可接受。根据农药残留风险得分,克百威和氯氟氰菊酯为高风险农药;以样品风险指数排序,高风险样品仅占1.6 %(9个),中、低、极低风险样品占98.4 %。吡唑醚菌酯、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、氯氟氰菊酯、克百威、乙唑螨腈最大残留限量(MRL)均制定过严,建议将其分别设定为2.6、6、7、1.7、0.09、8 ㎎.㎏_-1⁽eMRL);而多菌灵、哒螨灵、咪鲜胺最大残留限量值(MRL)制定过松, 建议将其分别设定为2.6、0.9、0.9 ㎎.㎏_-1⁽eMRL)。结论 甘肃苹果主产区样品农药残留检出率不高,但农药多残留情况复杂,农药施用存在盲目混用现象。苹果农药残留在各类人群中的慢性膳食风险均很低,但多菌灵、联苯菊酯、克百威在低龄人群中的急性膳食风险较高。氯氟氰菊酯和克百威为高风险农药,其中克百威为苹果中禁止使用农药,在栽植前, 上一期作物在施用克百威时在土壤中的残留量应重点关注。甘肃主产区苹果农药残留以低、极低、中风险为主。建议修订吡唑醚菌酯等9种农药的最大残留限量(MRL)。     

中国蔬菜农药残留等监测合格率提升

农业部新闻办公室4月11日发布了2007年第一次农产品质量安全监测信息。监测结果显示，蔬菜农药残留监测合格率为92．8％，瘦肉精污染监测合格率为98．8％。     

食品农药残留检测技术的分析及展望

随着我国农产品贸易的快速发展,人民群众的物质生活得到了极大的丰富。在农产品贸易发展过程中,大量的农药残留不仅会导致农产品质量不符合要求,还会对人体造成损伤,所以必须要积极加强食品农药残留检测。本文通过对当前食品农药残留检测技术进行分析,为今后农药残留检测技术的发展提供重要的建议。     

Comparison of pesticide residues in composite samples and in individual units: the Swedish approach to sampling

The method used to take samples for residues testing in Sweden involves taking three subsamples of 1-2kg. These are split in two for laboratory analyses. Where required one of these laboratory samples can be used to determine the variability between individual units. Details of the variation in residues in individual units of a number of commodities are presented. The highest variability factors, around 600, expressed as the quotient of the maximum and the minimum residue, were found for methamidophos in peppers and monocrotophos in grapes.     

臭氧在果蔬保鲜和农残降解上的应用

臭氧是一种强氧化剂，它可以杀灭果蔬上的微生物，去除果蔬释放的乙烯，抑制果蔬的呼吸作用，延长果蔬的保鲜期。臭氧还可以降解果蔬上的农药残留。尽管可能会对某些果蔬的品质造成损伤，但具有高活性、高渗透性和无毒降解产物的特点的臭氧在果蔬采后处理上有着巨大的应用潜力。     

香料烟中“溴氰菊酯”的残留降解研究

为了评价“溴氰菊酯”在香料烟中的残留降解行为,进行了连续2年“溴氰菊酯”在香料烟中的残留田间试验.检测结果表明:①2.5％“溴氰菊酯”乳油在香料烟叶中的降解符合一级动力学降解模式,其半衰期为5.80 ～ 6.19 d;②施药后15 d残留量在0.0128 mg· kg-1以下,降解率达95％以上;③按600 mL· hm-2喷施2次和3次2.5％“溴氰菊酯”乳油,15 d后采收,香料烟鲜烟叶中的残留量为＜0.01～ 0.4703 mg· kg -1;④2年的气候条件虽然有差异,但“溴氰菊酯”在香料烟中的残留降解行为基本一致.在香料烟的生长过程中,按照推荐用量,在15 d安全间隔期以上,连续3次施用2.5％“溴氰菊酯”乳油,“溴氰菊酯”的残留量不超过0.05 mg· kg-1.     

Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danish market, 1998?99

The objective of the Danish pesticide monitoring programme for fruit and vegetables was to check for compliance with the maximum residue levels in foods and to monitor the residue levels to assess the pesticide exposure of the Danish population. Sampling plans were designed based on previous findings and on food consumption data. Approximately 60% of the samples were selected on the basis of positive findings in samples from the previous 5 years. The remaining samples reflected the pattern of food consumption in Denmark. In addition, a rolling programme is maintained for commodities with a low consumption and no detected residues. Within each commodity, the sampling was random. Samples (n = 4150) of mainly fresh, conventionally grown fruit and vegetables were taken throughout the chain of suppliers including foodprocessing companies. Of the samples, 3% were frozen products and 2% were organically grown. Of the samples, 35% were of Danish origin, with 65% originating from other countries. Three accredited laboratories performed analyses of the samples using capillary gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric methods. Results were registered online into a central database. Residues were found in 54% of the samples of fruit but only in 13% of the vegetables. Residues above the MRL were found in 4% of all samples of fruit and in 1% of vegetables.     

Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danish market, 2000-01

To check compliance with the maximum residue levels in foods and to monitor the residue levels to enable an evaluation of the exposure of the Danish population to pesticides, a monitoring programme for pesticides residues in fruit and vegetables was performed. Sampling plans were designed based on previous findings and on consumption data. Samples (n = 4404) of mainly fresh conventionally and organically grown fruit and vegetables were collected at wholesalers and importers and at food processing companies. Of the samples, 3% were frozen products and 5% organically grown. Of the samples, 34% were of Danish origin, with 66% from other countries. Two accredited laboratories performed analyses of the samples using capillary gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and a spectrophotometric method. Reporting levels were set at the lowest calibration level or at the limit of determination. Residues were found in 60% of the samples of fruit but in only 18% of the vegetable samples. Residues above the maximum residue levels were found in 6% of all samples of fruit and in 2% of the vegetable samples.     

Pesticide residues in oranges from Valencia (Spain)

One hundred and fifty citrus samples from an agricultural co-operative of the Valencian Community (Spain) were analysed for pre- and post-harvest pesticide residues using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Among the residues from post-harvest treatments, imazalil was detected in 112 (74.7%) samples at a mean level of 1.2mg/kg, thiabendazole in 21 (14.0%) samples at a mean level of 0.47mg/kg and carbendazim in 5 (3.3%) samples at a mean level of 1.05mg/kg. Among the residues from preharvest treatment, dicofol was detected in 28 (18.7%) samples at a mean level of 0.28mg/kg, chlorpyriphos in 19 (12.7%) samples at a mean level of 0.16mg/kg and endosulfan in 11 (7.3%) at a mean level of 0.27mg/kg. Most of the samples contained residues of various pesticides and six samples (4.0%) exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). The pesticides that surpassed the MRLs were chlorpyriphos in five samples and dicofol in one.     

The health significance of pesticide variability in individual commodity items

The observed phenomenon of variability of residues in individual fruit and vegetables has a number of implications for risk assessment. The main implication is that the possibility of acute toxic effects in humans has to be considered, where items are commonly consumed unprocessed, are commonly consumed at a single sitting and the pesticide involved has substantial acute toxicity. The main groups of pesticides of concern are the anticholinesterase organophosphates and carbamates. The problem partly arises from the fact that, with some older pesticides, studies of the type most appropriate for setting acute reference doses (ARfDs) have not been carried out. As a result ARfDs are based on studies of length that is greater than ideal. While there is little evidence from the scientific or medical literature that food-borne pesticide poisoning is occurring on any major scale, the symptomatology of such poisoning would be non-specific and the pattern in the population, sporadic. Hence it is likely that pesticide-related illness, through food, would be missed. It is concluded that risk assessments should be improved, using refined safety factors, more appropriate studies and better intake data. The reasons for the variability could be sought and remedied or the application conditions of the pesticide modified.     

Making best use of available residue data for acute intake assessment

Risk assessment for pesticide residues in food has previously concentrated on chronic intake, probably with the assumption that if the chronic intake is acceptable, acute intake will also be acceptable. Data generation is expensive so we should extract, where possible, information useful for acute intake estimation from supervised residue trials. Residues in individual units of fruit or vegetables are more variable than the residues in composite samples and the distribution in individual units is probably best approximated by a lognormal distribution, but further evidence is needed. Theory provides a method for calculating the variability of replicate composite samples and applying it to individual units. The expected residue in the 95th or 99th percentile single fruits may then be calculated. An example for folpet residues in apples showed that the 95th and 99th percentile apples would contain 1.8 x and 2.3 x the residue in the composite sample, respectively. For abamectin in apples the 95th and 99th percentile factors were 6.7 and 15, respectively. The 95th and 99th percentile factors for azinphos-methyl in apples, based on single apple analysis, were 1.7 and 2.1, respectively.     

Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in yuza fruits (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) and yuza tea samples produced in Korea

The objective of this study was to establish an analytical method to measure pesticides used to cultivate yuza (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) and to analyze pesticide residue levels of yuza and yuza tea samples. Risk assessments were also performed by calculating estimated daily intake (EDI) and acceptable daily intake (ADI). An excellent linear correlation was achieved with coefficient correlation values of 0.9750–0.9999. Percent recoveries were 80.4–109.9% for most pesticides with a <6.9% relative standard deviation (RSD). The limits of quantification for the method were 0.10–0.67 μg/ml. The RSD of intra-day and inter-day variability was <15.3%. Seven pesticides in yuza (n = 80) and yuza tea (n = 75) were analyzed with the optimized analytical method. Acequinocyl, spirodiclofen and carbendazim were detected in yuza samples in the concentration range of 0.07–0.15 μg/g, 0.11–1.89 μg/g, and 0.03–5.15 μg /g, respectively, whereas chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, phosalone, and deltamethrin were not detected in yuza or yuza tea. The concentrations of acequinocyl, spirodiclofen and carbendazim ranged from 0.18–1.05 μg/g, 0.13–0.29 μg/g, and 0.17–2.36 μg/g, respectively, in yuza tea samples. The percent ratios of EDI to ADI for acequinocyl, spirodiclofen, and carbendazim were 24.6%, 22.7%, and 58.5%, respectively.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in breastmilk: difficulties in sample collection and in assessing intakes

Organochlorine pesticides are highly lipophilic and stable resulting both in their persistence in the environment and their tendency to pass up the food chain. Residues of these compounds are detectable in breastmilk and have been monitored since the 1950s. Samples can be collected using non-invasive techniques and the results are frequently used to assess degradation in the environment as well as risks to recipient infants. As a food, breastmilk is unique. It is manufactured entirely for an individual consumer with some of its constituents driven by its recipient. It can form the sole source of nutrition for a considerable period of an infant's life. Standard calculations of exposure to residues rely on consumption of 750-850ml breastmilk day^-1 containing 3.5% fat for a 5-kg infant. The fat content of breastmilk, however, is highly variable, which means that that using fixed breastmilk volumes and fat can lead to an imprecise calculation of individual risk. The fat concentration of breastmilk changes throughout a single feed, between feeds and as lactation progresses. This variation therefore raises the methodological problem of how to secure a representative sample of breastmilk. Furthermore, maternal factors such as age and parity also affect concentrations because of the persistence of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal fat stores. It is therefore critical that samples are collected in a systematic manner taking account of these variables, particularly if the results not only are to be used for risk assessment, but also in comparing changes in environmental concentrations. Reviews of the literature have shown that these variables have often been disregarded in drawing up sampling strategies and methodologies are poorly reported in publications. The paper discusses the literature currently available on monitoring organochlorine pesticide residues in breastmilk and presents an overview of some of the factors that need to be taken into account when collecting samples and assessing infant exposure.