Residential solar-powered air conditioners

The power demand in Japan increases yearly especially in summer, and peaks in the daytime. The main cause is the drastically increased load of air conditioners used widely in general residences. The load pattern of air conditioners is very similar to the output pattern of a photovoltaic (PV) array. Therefore, Sanyo has been developing two types of residential solar-powered air conditioners. One is a unidirectional system by using a dc/dc converter which controls the voltage of a PV array at its optimal operation point and boosts the voltage up to the dc voltage of an inverter-type air conditioner. The other is a bi-directional system by using a bi-directional current-control converter, which regenerates surplus power into a commercial system from a PV array, and suppresses the input current distortion of an air conditioner. In this paper, the configurations and experimental results are described and discussed.     

变频空调用新型高性能开关电源的设计

采用单端反激式拓扑设计了一种基于高性能单片控制芯片TNY-268P的新型开关电源,包括开关变压器设计,具有变频调制、开/关控制和关断时频率抖动等特点。实验结果表明,该电源具有结构紧凑、成本低、效率高和EMI减小等优点,可用于采用隔离或非隔离硬件设计的变频空调等家用电器。     

A Service Business Model for Saving Energy and Reduction of CO2 Emissions Using Inverters

This paper considers the effectiveness of the service business approach for reducing CO₂ emissions. “HDRIVE” is a service business using inverters to reduce the energy consumption of motor drive. The business model of this service is changed to find new opportunities of CO₂ emission reduction by combining various factors such as financial services or long‐term service contracts. Risk analysis of this business model is very important for providing stable services to users over the long term. The HDRIVE business model is found to be suitable for this objective. This service can be applied effectively to industries such as chemicals or steel, where CO₂ emissions are very large, and has the possibility of creating new business considering CDM or trading CO₂ emission rights. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through several examples in real business. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 40–48, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21242     

石油钻机VFD电驱动系统的谐波抑制

分析了石油钻机VFD电驱动系统工作原理,给出了变频器常见的两种接入方案6脉动方案和12脉动方案。由于12脉动方案无需滤波器,故对6脉动方案进行谐波计算可知,其谐波含量大,需要增加滤波器。对6脉动方案滤波系统进行了设计,实测滤波前后波形进行对比,说明所设计的方案滤波效果良好,解决了石油钻机VFD电驱动系统(小电网)谐波的问题,具有十分重要的工程前景。     

Proposal and evaluation of a gas engine and gas turbine hybrid cogeneration system in which cascaded heat is highly utilized

A high‐efficiency cogeneration system (CGS) is proposed for utilizing high‐temperature exhaust gas (HTEG) from a gas engine (GE). In the proposed system, for making use of heat energy of HTEG, H₂O turbine (HTb) is incorporated and steam produced by utilizing HTEG is used as working fluid of HTb. HTb exhaust gas is also utilized for increasing power output and for satisfying heat demand in the proposed system. Both of the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed system and a gas engine CGS (GE‐CGS) constructed by using the original GE are estimated. Energy saving characteristics and CO₂ reduction effects of the proposed CGS and the GE‐CGS are also investigated. It was estimated that the net generated power of the proposed CGS has been increased 25.5% and net power generation efficiency 6.7%, compared with the original GE‐CGS. It was also shown that the proposed CGS could save 27.0% of energy consumption and reduce 1137 t‐CO₂/y, 1.41 times larger than those of GE‐CGS, when a case study was set and investigated. Improvements of performance by increasing turbine inlet temperature were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 37– 45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20708     

中央空调节费运行方案及其适用性分析

基于商业用户节省空调电费的强烈愿望和带楼宇自控系统的中央空调自身的调节能力,提出一种分时电价激励作用下用户自主实施的、以节费为目的的中央空调运行方案优化模型。优化结果给出按一定时间间隔调节空调温度设定值的方案,业主可通过预冷移荷和提高高电价时段的室温以达到降费的目的。针对商业性建筑典型参数实施的算例分析表明:用户以节费为目的的空调运行优化方案,对降低峰荷时段的电力需求有一定效果;运营时段降载量和节费量主要受调温周期和允许最大温升影响;早峰荷时段的起始时间、峰平价比都是激励用户预冷移荷的关键因素。     

Characteristics evaluation of a CO2‐capturing power generation system with reheat cycle utilizing regenerative oxygen‐combustion steam‐superheater

A new CO₂‐capturing power generation system is proposed that can be easily realized by applying conventional technologies. In the proposed system, the temperature of medium‐pressure steam in a thermal power plant is raised by utilizing an oxygen‐combusting regenerative steam‐superheater. The CO₂ generated by combusting the fuel in the superheater can be easily separated and captured from the exhaust gas at the condenser outlet, and is liquefied. The superheated steam is used to drive a steam turbine power generation system. Using a high‐efficiency combined cycle power generation system as an example, it is shown that the proposed system can increase the power output by 10.8%, and decrease the CO₂ emissions of the entire integrated system by 18.6% with a power generation efficiency drop of 2.36% compared with the original power plant without CO₂ capture, when the superheated steam temperature is 750 ^°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 35–41, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20575     

三聚氰酸选择性非催化还原脱硝特性的实验研究

采用立式管式炉实验系统研究了三聚氰酸选择性非催化还原脱硝特性,探索了温度、O2浓度、停留时间、三聚氰酸与NO摩尔比、NO初始浓度等反应参数以及CO和H2O对三聚氰酸脱硝特性的影响。实验得出适宜的脱硝反应参数:反应温度约为950℃,温度窗口为876~1150℃,停留时间为1.1~1.2 s,摩尔比为0.5,O2浓度为2%~3%。较高的NO初始浓度可以获得较高的脱硝效率。典型工况参数下,三聚氰酸在900℃时取得最大脱硝效率83.1%,大于900℃后,脱硝效率下降幅度较小,与氨气和尿素选择性非催化还原相比,具有更好的高温脱硝特性。CO和H2O的加入可以提高较低温度时的脱硝效率,拓宽温度窗口,使其向低温方向移动,较适宜的CO浓度约为200μL/L,H2O浓度约为5%。     

O2/CO2燃煤气氛下有机钙再燃脱硝性能

采用沉降炉实验系统研究了O2/CO2燃煤气氛下醋酸钙、醋酸调质石灰石和木醋调质石灰石再燃脱硝性能,探索了CO2浓度、温度、再燃比、氧浓度、停留时间、SO2、氨氮比等反应参数对再燃和先进再燃脱硝的影响。结果表明：O2/CO2气氛下,提高CO2浓度有助于有机钙再燃脱硝反应。有机钙再燃和先进再燃脱硝适宜工况参数：温度范围1223~1373 K、再燃比为14%~17%、再燃区入口氧浓度为3%左右、停留时间为0.8 s,氨氮比为0.75。典型工况条件下,有机钙基本再燃脱硝效率为62.0%~82.7%,先进再燃脱硝效率88.3%~95.6%。醋酸和木醋调质石灰石再燃和先进再燃脱硝性能略优于醋酸钙。O2/CO2气氛下有机钙再燃在最佳脱硫温度下不能获得最大脱硝效率,先进再燃可以明显改善脱硝性能。最佳反应条件下木醋调质石灰石先进再燃脱硫脱硝效率分别为73.2%和94.8%。     

浸渍法制备的固态胺CO2吸附剂吸附性能

控制和减缓化石燃料电厂的CO2排放对于缓解大气中CO2浓度的持续上升具有重要意义.作为一种燃烧后CO2捕集技术,固体CO2吸附剂具有低能耗、弱腐蚀性、易再生等优点,在CO2减排领域有着广泛的应用前景.介绍浸渍法制备的固态有机胺吸附剂对CO2的吸附性能,着重介绍载体性质、有机胺负载量、温度和烟气含水量等因素对固态胺吸附剂吸附性能的影响,并对其机理进行了分析.此外,对比了不同固态胺吸附剂在75℃下对CO2的吸附能力.分析认为,相对于其他类型的CO2固体吸附剂,固态胺吸附剂较适用于从高温湿烟气中捕集CO2.     

浸渍法制备的固态胺CO2吸附剂吸附性能

控制和减缓化石燃料电厂的CO₂排放对于缓解大气中CO₂浓度的持续上升具有重要意义。作为一种燃烧后CO₂ 捕集技术,固体CO₂吸附剂具有低能耗、弱腐蚀性、易再生等优点,在CO₂减排领域有着广泛的应用前景。介绍浸渍法制备的固态有机胺吸附剂对CO₂的吸附性能,着重介绍载体性质、有机胺负载量、温度和烟气含水量等因素对固态胺吸附剂吸附性能的影响,并对其机理进行了分析。此外,对比了不同固态胺吸附剂在75 ℃下对CO₂的吸附能力。分析认为,相对于其他类型的CO₂固体吸附剂,固态胺吸附剂较适用于从高温湿烟气中捕集CO₂。     

CO2驱油-埋存一体化评价方法

CO2驱油-埋存一体化工程项目缺乏能够同时评价CO2的驱油和埋存效果及综合评价项目的方法。为此,本文提出了CO2驱油-埋存一体化评价方法,构建了驱油-埋存综合效应因子,引入粒子群优化（PSO）算法来优化驱油-埋存过程前、中、后期的注入速度、生产流压和阶段时长。研究结果表明:在不考虑生产成本的情况下,注采时间越长,驱油-埋存效果越好。无论是以驱油还是以埋存为主,项目初期均要维持高压低速驱替。若注重埋存效果,项目中期需要降低注入速度,项目的后期则需要重新提高注入速度;若注重驱油效果,项目中、后期需要大幅降低注入速度,同时要酌情降低生产流压,提高产油量。     

A simplified cascade current‐source inverter interconnected to a single‐phase three‐wire distribution system and its application to electric energy storage systems with batteries

A novel current source inverter system interconnected to the single‐phase grid is proposed. It has the same construction as the conventional three‐phase current source inverter that is interconnected to the single‐phase three‐wire distribution system. Though the proposed circuit has no output transformer, it can be equivalently performed as the single‐phase double cascade inverter by diverting the pole transformer in the utility system. By controlling the appropriate scheme, the output currents can be obtained as the five‐level waveforms and their distortions can be decreased sufficiently. It is applied to the interactive electric energy storage system with batteries and the basic discharging characteristics are discussed experimentally. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 50–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10380     

计及等效负载变化的消弧逆变器性能分析与设计

分析了消弧逆变器等效负载的性质,结果表明：等效负载是有源负载,等效源具有较大的幅值和较宽的变化范围;随过渡电阻和故障距离的变化,等效负载阻抗可呈现阻性、阻感性和阻容性。这一结果表明逆变器需要在负载性质改变和等效电源扰动的情况下,仍能稳定跟踪包含多频次的给定电流。对抗扰性和跟踪性要求的提高,增加了设计难度。鉴于此,提出了消弧逆变器输出滤波器和控制器的设计方法。输出滤波器采用滤波电容分流法进行设计,保证了逆变器能输出包含多频次的电流。采用电容串联电阻来抑制阻感负载情况下带来的谐振失稳问题,并给出了串联电阻的计算方法。控制器采用了定带宽设计法,带宽选定在幅频特性重合段。控制器参数设计准则为：保证阻容负载情况下传函幅频特性低频段具有较高增益。采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了结论的正确性和所提设计方法的可行性。     

电力行业低碳化的关键要素分析及其对电源规划的影响

在电力系统中实现CO2的有效减排,是当前电力行业所面临的突出问题,而电源规划则将在其中发挥着至关重要的作用。文中分析了面向低碳目标的电源规划模式,在揭示各类低碳要素对传统电源规划模式的影响机制与作用原理的基础上,对实施低碳电源规划的关键技术进行了深入的研究;并分析了在不同的低碳要素场景下,中国电力行业实施低碳化发展的规划前景与碳排放特性,进而讨论了各类低碳要素的应用在实施CO2减排中的作用与潜力。文中的结果为中国电力行业的CO2减排工作提供了有益的参考。     

中压直流配电网应用场景与系统设计

目前,中压直流配电网的应用场景、基本特性及其系统设计还缺乏系统性论述。首先,从供电能力、互联作用、相互支撑、短路电流抑制作用等系统特性方面论述了中压直流配电网的应用场景、特点及优势。然后,从工程实现的角度论述了中压直流配电网设计的关键技术,涵盖电压水平的确定、网架设计、接线方式、接地方式的选择等关键技术。最后,指出了中压直流配电系统发展与应用还应考虑的问题。     

流化床炉渣综合利用研究及其在CO_2减排上的意义

介绍了流化床炉渣综合利用应用研究结果以及在CO2减排上的重要意义。研究结果表明，一台35 t/h石煤流化床锅炉排出的灰渣全部用作水泥混合材，在消除灰渣污染的同时，由于流化床灰渣活性好，比一般石灰窑灰渣多掺而使水泥熟料用量减少带来的CO2减排量与一台10 t/h锅炉的CO2排放量相当。     

基于排放轨迹模型的电力行业CO_2减排模式分析

以CO2减排目标为强制约束是控制温室气体排放最直接、最有效的手段。在深入探讨我国电力行业的CO2减排场景的基础上,提出了基于排放总额度约束的标准排放轨迹模型。根据该模型特征,总结了我国电力行业潜在的几种CO2减排模式,进一步分析了在不同模式下通过调控模型中的关键参数实现减排目标的控制手段。结合我国电力行业的实际情况,运用标准排放轨迹模型量化地计算和比较了各种减排模式,并对我国未来电力CO2的减排场景进行了适应性分析。研究结果表明,排放轨迹模型可实现对CO2排放更有效、精确地控制,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Performance analysis of shaft generator systems

A shaft generator system supplies electrical power required in a ship by using a part of the power produced by the main engine. Since the speed of the main engine can vary over a wide range, an externally commutated thyristor inverter, which has high reliability, is generally used to produce ac power with constant voltage and frequency. In this paper, a set of system equations, by which the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage, for example, can be estimated, is derived first. The effects of leading angle of the inverter and the reactance of ac reactor located in the output side of the inverter on the system performances and the operation limit of the system are then clarified. Moreover, a way of taking the system losses into account is proposed to obtain precise calculation results. Finally, the apparent power for the synchronous condenser to provide reactive power in the system is discussed. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(3): 70–79, 2000     

装有空气过滤设备的锌空动力电池的设计

设计了装有空气过滤设备的锌空动力电池。电池组由40只水平式双空气电极单体电池、外壳和过滤设备组成,安装在电动自行车上进行骑行实验,考察空气经过过滤设备后参与电化学反应的状况。总结了附带空气过滤设备的电池组需考虑过滤气体携带的水汽的影响,提出需加强通风道设计,以避免散热不均匀造成的电池变形问题。