湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质及其米线品质的影响

以大米淀粉为原料,研究湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质以及米线品质的影响。结果表明:与未处理大米淀粉相比,湿热处理后,大米淀粉的热学特性中T_0、T_P、T_C、T_C_T0、ΔH均增大;淀粉晶型仍为A型,结晶度增加4.14%;淀粉溶解率和膨润力显著降低,直链淀粉含量显著升高;淀粉糊化黏度、衰减值和回生值明显降低;淀粉凝胶硬度、弹性和耐咀嚼性增强;淀粉白度由89.7降低至80.3;添加20%湿热处理大米淀粉制作的米线感官品质和质构特性得到显著改善,断条率和蒸煮损失率分别降低5.67%,10.13%;大米淀粉溶解率、膨润力、溶解率、凝胶特性和糊化特性可有效预测米线品质。     

韧化处理对大米淀粉性质的影响

为韧化处理在大米淀粉改性中的应用提供理论依据,作者以余赤早籼米为原料,在不同温度（50～70℃）和水分质量分数（45%～65%）条件下对大米进行韧化处理,然后提取韧化处理后大米中的淀粉,以未经韧化处理提取的大米淀粉为对照,研究韧化处理对大米淀粉溶解度、膨润力、糊化特性、消化特性和冻融稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：与对照组相比,经韧化处理的大米淀粉溶解度和膨润力降低;峰值黏度、最终黏度、谷值黏度、回生值和衰减值均有所降低,糊化温度升高,不同韧化处理温度对衰减值的影响差异显著;淀粉中RDS（快消化淀粉）质量分数升高,RS（抗性淀粉）质量分数减少,SDS（慢消化淀粉）质量分数随着韧化处理条件的不同而不同,说明韧化处理提高了大米淀粉的消化性,也使大米淀粉冻融稳定性下降。     

乳酸菌发酵对大米淀粉物理化学性质的影响

本文采用早籼稻为原料，利用乳酸菌发酵，研究发酵对大米淀粉物理化学性质的影响。对比发酵前后的大米粉，发现发酵后其保水力和溶解度以及凝胶体积膨胀率都有不同程度的增加。扫描电镜分析，发酵后大米淀粉颗粒被腐蚀，小颗粒淀粉增多。RVA和DSC结果表明：发酵后淀粉糊化过程中最高峰值粘度下降了692cp，糊化起始温度提前，糊化所需时间延长，糊化焓升高。X-射线衍射图谱显示发酵没有改变大米淀粉的晶型，但使结晶度由28％降低到22％。     

自然发酵对豌豆淀粉理化性质的影响

豌豆在35℃下分别自然发酵0、1、3、5 d,研究对豌豆淀粉的直链淀粉含量、透明度、溶解度、膨润力、黏度特性和质构特性等理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液的pH从7下降到4.2,直链淀粉含量增加,透明度降低。自然发酵后豌豆淀粉的溶解度和膨润力均降低,发酵5 d后,糊化温度从73.05℃升高到83.55℃,峰值黏度从178.42 RVU降低到120.8 RVU,淀粉凝胶硬度从920.34 g降低到104.01 g。     

高纯度大米淀粉的提取分离纯化

大米淀粉和大米蛋白这两种大米深加工产品目前市场价格昂贵，是低品质大米转化为高附加值产品的有效途径。本研究利用生物酶技术对大米淀粉的提取分离纯化进行了研究，找到了大米淀粉的最佳分离工艺，对纯化前后的淀粉进行了性质的比较，发现纯化后的淀粉溶解度增加、膨润力下降，糊化温度升高、黏度降低。     

植物乳杆菌发酵对大米淀粉理化性质的影响

以早籼米为原料,利用植物乳杆菌发酵大米,采用酶法提取大米淀粉,研究发酵对大米淀粉理化性质的影响.结果表明:发酵后淀粉糊的透明度降低,凝沉性增强.淀粉的溶解度增加,而膨润力在高温阶段还有所降低,但发酵未影响大米淀粉的偏光十字.     

绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉理化性质比较研究

对绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉的颗粒形态及大小、溶解度、膨润力、透光率、糊化特性、老化特性等理化性质差异进行比较。结果表明：芸豆淀粉颗粒多呈椭圆形,粒径大小范围是17.89～28.80μm;绿豆淀粉颗粒呈现圆形或椭圆,形粒径大小范围是10.50～27.59μm;绿豆淀粉的膨润力、溶解度开始上升的温度较芸豆淀粉的早,并且芸豆淀粉的膨润力和溶解度在任意相同温度下都略小于绿豆淀粉;芸豆淀粉比绿豆淀粉的透明度先增加又随后降低,并且绿豆淀粉的透明度变化比较缓慢,而芸豆淀粉的透明度变化非常明显;绿豆淀粉比芸豆淀粉易于糊化;芸豆淀粉老化的速度高于绿豆淀粉。     

退火处理对葛根淀粉理化性质的影响

将配制的一定浓度的葛根淀粉乳退火处理不同的时间,得到不同退火时间样品。分析退火处理前后淀粉的表观直链淀粉含量、膨润力、溶解度、颗粒形貌、冻融稳定性和结晶结构等理化特性。结果显示,退火处理使葛根淀粉膨润力和溶解度降低,但峰值黏度和糊化温度升高,退火处理提高了葛根淀粉糊的冻融稳定性;然而退火处理并没有改变葛根淀粉的颗粒形貌与结晶结构,仅是提高了葛根淀粉的相对结晶度。      

储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响

为研究稻谷储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响,用人工气候箱将早籼稻谷在5、15、25、35 C条件下储藏12个月.分析测定了不同温度储藏稻米淀粉的提取率、色泽、溶解度、润涨力、糊化特性及淀粉凝胶的质构特性.结果表明,相对于新收获稻米,经35℃储藏稻米提取的淀粉色泽微黄,淀粉提取率降低了19.65％;5℃储藏稻米淀粉在90℃时的膨润力最大,经储藏处理稻米淀粉在80℃和90℃的溶解度均高于新收获稻米;稻米淀粉的糊化温度和淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏温度升高而增加,淀粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度及淀粉凝胶的黏聚性随储藏温度升高而降低.     

储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响

为研究稻谷储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响,用人工气候箱将早籼稻谷在5、15、25、35℃条件下储藏12个月。分析测定了不同温度储藏稻米淀粉的提取率、色泽、溶解度、润涨力、糊化特性及淀粉凝胶的质构特性。结果表明,相对于新收获稻米,经35℃储藏稻米提取的淀粉色泽微黄,淀粉提取率降低了19.65%;5℃储藏稻米淀粉在90℃时的膨润力最大,经储藏处理稻米淀粉在80℃和90℃的溶解度均高于新收获稻米;稻米淀粉的糊化温度和淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏温度升高而增加,淀粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度及淀粉凝胶的黏聚性随储藏温度升高而降低。     

乳酸菌发酵对燕麦淀粉物化及热力学特性的影响

以燕麦粉为原料,分别利用植物乳杆菌(L.p)和旧金山乳杆菌(L.s)两种乳酸菌对其进行发酵,研究燕麦淀粉在发酵过程中各种物化及热力学特性的变化。结果表明：燕麦粉经过两种菌发酵后pH 值下降,且L.p 发酵的燕麦粉pH 值下降的速率和产酸量都大于L.s。但是到发酵后期,两种乳酸菌发酵的燕麦粉pH 值相近。发酵燕麦淀粉的溶解度和溶胀力都随着温度的升高而增加,在不同温度下,其溶胀力和溶解度在发酵过程中的变化趋势不同,经L.P 发酵的样品的溶胀力低于L.s,但溶解度大于经L.s 发酵的样品。快速黏度分析仪(RVA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析得到发酵过程中燕麦淀粉的变化：发酵后燕麦淀粉糊化过程中峰值黏度随着发酵时间的延长而降低,糊化起始温度提前,糊化所需时间延长,糊化焓升高,且L.s 发酵样品的糊化焓值高于L.p。发酵后燕麦淀粉的直链淀粉含量在发酵过程中呈上升趋势,L.p 发酵的样品的直链淀粉的含量高于L.s。     

自然发酵优势菌对小米淀粉物化性质的影响

小米自然发酵过程难控制,研究自然发酵液分离并鉴定出的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)对发酵小米淀粉物化性质的影响,可更好地剖析小米自然发酵的机理,为掌握并控制自然发酵提供理论依据。采用质量浓度为0.2 g/100 mL的NaOH溶液提取发酵后小米淀粉,并测定自然发酵、乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉溶解度、膨润度、透明度、热特性、黏度特性。结果表明,随发酵时间的延长,3种发酵方式所得小米淀粉的溶解度、膨润度和透明度均降低,且乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉的透明度较自然发酵下降1.4%和1.0%;乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵96 h时糊化温度较自然发酵下降1.84℃和1.13℃,峰值温度较自然发酵下降1.04℃和0.43℃;终止温度降低3.69℃和2.85℃;热焓值较自然发酵相比上升1.00 J/g和0.78 J/g;而乳酸菌和酵母菌的衰减值、回生值较自然发酵分别下降978 mPa·s和400 mPa·s、743 mPa·s和471 mPa·s,峰值黏度较自然发酵相比上升185 mPa·s和103 mPa·s。自然发酵的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)使小米淀粉发生改性,且发酵后的物化性质较自然发酵发生显著变化。     

不同物理方法处理对碎米中淀粉特性的影响

采用挤压、微波、超声波三种物理方法对水分含量18%的碎米淀粉进行处理,研究分析碎米淀粉经物理方法处理前后的理化性质和结构变化。结果表明,碎米淀粉经微波和超声处理后酶解力增加,糊化黏度下降,而溶解度、膨胀力、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量变化不显著;两种淀粉颗粒表面棱角减少,淀粉颗粒晶型基本没有发生变化,淀粉结晶区降低。挤压后的碎米淀粉变化较大,颗粒形状为片状,凝沉性强,1.0 h后体积仅为3 mL,糊化温度明显降低至55.0 ℃,直链淀粉含量增长为30.75%,溶解度强,为0.59%,酶解力达到45%,X-射线主要衍射峰的强度降低。     

In situ gelatinization of starch using hot stage microscopy

Starch gelatinization is important in food processing and industrial use. Granule swelling and gelatinization temperature of 11 starches from different plants were investigated in situ using hot stage microscopy during heating. The amylose content, swelling power, pasting temperature and thermal property of these starches were also measured. The results showed that hot stage microscopy was suitable for measuring granule swelling and the gelatinization temperature of starch during heating. The sectional area swelling percentage of starch granules measured using hot stage microscopy was significantly positively correlated with the swelling power. The gelatinization temperature measured using hot stage microscopy was significantly positively correlated with the pasting temperature and with the thermal property for all 11 starches. For rice starches with the same crystallinity and similar size, the gelatinization temperature was negatively correlated with the amylose content and positively correlated with the swelling power and the sectional area swelling percentage at 95°C.     

黑米淀粉理化性质分析

通过与普通大米淀粉的性质比较,对黑米淀粉的溶解度、膨润力、凝沉稳定性和冻融稳定性等理化性质进行了深入研究。结果表明:黑米淀粉颗粒属于多角形,粒径较小。当温度达到60℃时,黑米淀粉糊化速度迅速增加,淀粉结构被破坏。当温度达到55℃时,黑米淀粉比大米淀粉具备更优良的膨润力和溶解度。黑米淀粉的凝沉稳定性、冻融稳定性不如大米淀粉,不同浓度的电解质(氯化钠)和非电解质(蔗糖)存在时,其冻融稳定性会增大。      

稻米淀粉的研究进展

本文详细介绍了稻米淀粉的提纯、组成与结构,并对稻米淀粉的物理化学性质,包括淀粉的糊化和老化性质、吸水率、溶解度以及膨润力等进行了较全面的综述;同时,比较了籼米淀粉、粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉在组成、结构和物理化学性质上的差异。     

Rheological Properties of Acidified and UV‐Irradiated Starches

This study evaluated the effect of added lactic acid and/or UV irradiation on the depolymerization and rheological properties of cassava and corn starches. Combination of lactic acid addition and UV irradiation decreased the intrinsic viscosity of corn and cassava starches. Lactic acid addition alone also decreased paste viscosity in both starches. The paste viscosity of cassava (but not corn) starch was also reduced after UV irradiation. Acidification and UV irradiation increased expansion volume during the baking of cassava (but not corn) starch dough. The baking expansion of cassava starch may be due to its high swelling capacity and solubility resulting from molecular degradation after acidification and irradiation. For corn starch, its high gelatinization temperature and internal lipids content could interfere in starch leaching and thus delay the decrease in viscosity and inhibit dough expansion.     

Thermal characteristics of ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours

ABSTRACT:  Thermal properties of conventionally and ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours at various frequencies and voltages were studied. There was an increase in gelatinization temperature for conventionally heated rice starches since they were pregelatinized and became more rigid due to starch–chain interactions. In addition, there was a decrease in enthalpy (energy needed) for conventionally and ohmically heated starches during gelatinization; thus, the samples required less energy for gelatinization during DSC analysis. Ohmically heated commercial starch showed the greatest decrease in enthalpy probably because of the greatest extent of pregelatinization through ohmic heating. Brown rice flour showed the greatest gelatinization temperature resulting from the delay of starch granule swelling by lipid and protein. Enthalpy of ohmically heated starches at 20 V/cm was the lowest, which was most likely due to the lower voltage resulting in a more complete pregelatinization from a longer heating time required to reach 100 °C. Ohmic treatment at 70 V/cm decreased onset gelatinization temperature of white flour; therefore, it produced rice flour that swelled faster, whereas the conventionally heated sample showed a better thermal resistance.     

Physical Properties of Cross-linked and Acetylated Normal and Waxy Rice Starch

Waxy and normal starches present wide biological diversity in their structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the physical properties of cross-linked and acetylated normal (NR) and waxy (WR) rice starch. Cross-linking increased shear stability and decreased swelling power and solubility of NR and WR, but increased viscosity, pasting temperature, and heat of gelatinization of WR, and decreased pasting temperature and heat of gelatinization of NR. Acetylation increased viscosity and solubility of NR and WR, while it increased the swelling power of NR, and decreased the swelling power of WR. Cross-linking increased hardness and adhesiveness of NR and WR gels, while acetylation increased hardness but decreased adhesiveness of the gels. Freeze-thaw stability results showed that both acetylation and cross-linking decreased retrogradation of NR, but increased it in WR.