A practical soft switching power supply with self-oscillating circuit and resonant converter using a cross transformer

Recently, soft switching power supplies using resonant converters have been attracting notice owing to their high efficiency and low noise characteristics. Conventional resonant-type converters have a complex control circuit, and we solved this problem by using a cross transformer. Various types of switching power supplies which have a simple structure can be realized by a combination of a self-oscillating driving circuit and a resonant converter. This paper presents our development process and describes the latest technology of soft switching power supplies making use of super-small-sized cross transformers. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(1): 60–69, 1997     

高效的LLC谐振变换器变模式控制策略

提出了LLC谐振变换器采用频率调制(FM)和脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的变模式控制策略。输入额定电压时变换器采用FM控制以获得最大性能效率;输入电压降低时,采用非对称占空比PWM控制使变换器处于反激变换模式,获得最大电压增益;在输入电压较高或负载较轻时,采用对称占空比PWM控制,实现全负载范围内开关管零电压开关(ZVS)和整流二极管零电流开关(ZCS),降低开关损耗。对变模式控制策略工作模式以及特性进行了分析,给出了控制方案电路框图。实验结果验证了变模式控制策略的可行性,变换器获得了更高性能效率和更高功率密度。     

Analysis,simulation and verification of a bipolar current source power resonant inverter

A high‐frequency bipolar current source resonant inverter introduced in this paper has dramatic zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) characteristic. The analytic expressions of the resonant voltage and current are given. It indicates that the resonant waveform is composed of two parts, i.e. the oscillatory component and the stationary component. In special cases, the resonant waveform degenerates into the mono‐frequency component, as presents the graceful sinusoidal wave with very low total harmonic distortion (THD) value. Based on the closed‐form voltage and current, the component stresses on reactive elements are obtained. The impact of different component values and operating frequencies on ZVS feature is also discussed. It should be noted that the ZVS merit may be lost if the components are carelessly selected. The validity of the theoretical analysis has been proven with Pspice simulations and experimental results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.     

DARCN全桥变换器的软开关分析与谐振参数设计

本文对一种二极管辅助谐振换流网络（DARCN）的全桥ZVS－PWM软开关DC／DC变换器的软开关过程进行了详细分析，着重讨论了谐振参数与软开关实现、占空比丢失的关系，给出了谐振参数的设计方法，进行了在不同谐振参数下的仿真研究，研制了实验样机并进行了实验研究，给出了这种变换器在软开关条件下的实验波形。     

A novel active auxiliary circuit for efficiency enhancement integrated with synchronous buck converter

In this paper, a novel auxiliary circuit is introduced for the synchronous buck converter. This auxiliary circuit provides zero‐current, zero‐voltage switching conditions for the main and synchronous switches while providing zero‐current condition for the auxiliary switch and diodes. The proposed active auxiliary circuit integrated with synchronous buck converter that emanates to zero‐voltage transition (ZVT)–zero‐current transition (ZCT) pulse width‐modulated (PWM) synchronous buck converter is analyzed, and its operating modes are presented. The additional voltage and current stresses on main, synchronous and auxiliary switches get decimated because of the resonance of the auxiliary circuit that acts for a small segment of time in the proposed converter. The important design feature of soft‐switching converters is the placement of resonant components that mollifies the switching and conduction losses. With the advent of ZVT–ZCT switching, there is an increase in the switching frequency that declines the resonant component values in the converters and also constricts the switching losses. The characteristics of the proposed converter are verified with the simulation in the Power Sim (PSIM) software co‐simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and implemented experimentally. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and implementation of a high‐efficiency zero‐voltage‐zero‐current‐switching DC–DC converter

A high‐efficiency zero‐voltage‐zero‐current‐switching DC–DC converter with ripple‐free input current is presented. In the presented converter, the ripple‐free boost cell provides ripple‐free input current and zero‐voltage switching of power switches. The resonant flyback cell provides zero‐voltage switching of power switches and zero‐current switching of the output diode. Also, it has a simple output stage. The proposed converter achieves high efficiency because of the reduction of the switching losses of the power switches and the output diode. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed converter are carried out. A prototype of the proposed converter is developed and its experimental results are presented for validation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种全桥双谐振CLL谐振变换器的分析与设计

提出一种全桥双谐振CLL谐振DC-DC变换器拓扑。该变换器有两个谐振网络,共用一个变压器。该谐振变换器能在全负载范围内,实现开关管的零电压导通ZVS(zero voltage switching)和副边整流二极管的零电流关断ZCS(zero current switching),变换器开关管的开关损耗低,同时消除了二极管的反向恢复损耗,实现较高效率,适用于分布式电源系统中的直直变换模块。采用基波分析FHA(fundamental harmonic approximation)方法对该谐振变换器进行分析,得到了该变换器的直流增益特性。最后,制作了一台200 W的实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

恒频电流跟踪PWM AC/DC变流器基准正弦电路的设计

基准正弦电路对恒频电流跟踪PWM AC／DC变流器的可靠工作起着极其重要的作用。本文研究了一种采用数字化技术，实现与电网电压同步的基准正弦电路的原理，给出了电路关键参数的设计原则。电路简单实用，在实际应用中取得了良好的使用效果。     

Impact of stray inductances of the power loop on false trigger‐on in the zero‐voltage‐switching full‐bridge converter

Here, we propose an exhaustive theoretical investigation and experimental verification of the false trigger‐on phenomenon, which would lead to the interaction between the upper and lower devices during the switching transient, in the zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) full‐bridge converter. An equivalent model of the converter, which takes not only the parasitic capacitors of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors into account but also the stray inductances of the main circuit, is presented. Based on the model, a comprehensive study of the false trigger‐on phenomenon is carried out. According to the analysis results, the stray inductances of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors have negligible influence on the false trigger‐on phenomena since the soft‐switching is realized. The false trigger‐on phenomenon is induced by the stray inductances of the main circuit. Moreover, the arrangement of the switching sequence would cause significant discriminations in the false trigger‐on phenomena because of the specific working mode of the ZVS full‐bridge converter. According to the investigation results, optimization methods are presented to suppress the induced voltage. At last, the theoretical investigations are verified by tests of a ZVS full‐bridge converter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种四相开关磁阻电动机新型功率变换器的分析与设计

通过对两种常用的四相开关磁阻电动机(SR)功率变换器主电路的分析,并结合研制实践,给出了5.5kW四相SR新型功率变换器的设计实例和实验结果。     

Dimmable integrated CMOS LED driver based on a resonant DC/DC hybrid‐switched capacitor converter

This paper presents a 7.7 ‐ mm² on‐chip LED driver based on a DC/DC resonant hybrid‐switched capacitor converter operating in the MHz range with and without output capacitor. The converter operation allows continuously dimming the LED while keeping control on both peak and average current. Also, it features no flickering even in the absence of output capacitor and for light dimmed down to 10% of the nominal value. The capacitors and switches of the LED driver are integrated on a single IC die fabricated in a low‐cost 5 V 0.18‐μm bulk CMOS technology. This LED driver uses a small (0.7 mm²) inductor of 100 nH, which is 10 times smaller value than prior art integrated inductive LED drivers, still showing a competitive peak efficiency of 93% and achieving a power density of 0.26 W/mm² (0.34 W/mm³).     

Examination of the frequency modulation and lifting techniques for the generalized power factor correction switched‐capacitor resonant converter

A generalized method for switched‐capacitor resonant converter for use in power factor correction is proposed. Using the techniques, the voltage conversion can be generated into step‐up, step‐down and inverting. The requirement of the inductance in the circuit is minimal. The quality of the power factor improvement is substantial. The method used in the converter includes the frequency modulation and lifting techniques. The power factor improvement is significant and the circuit concept is simple. Mathematical analysis and experimental confirmation have been presented to demonstrate the novel idea. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high step‐up half‐bridge DC/DC converter with a special coupled inductor for input current ripple cancelation and extended voltage doubler circuit for power conditioning of fuel cell systems

This paper presents a high step‐up soft switched dc–dc converter having the feature of current ripple cancelation in the input stage that is specialized for power conditioning of fuel cell systems. The converter comprises a special half‐bridge converter and a rectifier stage based upon the voltage‐doubler circuit, in which the coupled‐inductor technology is amalgamated with switched‐capacitor circuit. The input current with no ripple is the principal characteristics of this topology that is achieved by utilizing a small coupled inductor. In addition, the low clamped voltage stress across both power switches and output diodes is another advantage of the proposed converter, which allows employing the metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors with minuscule on‐state resistance and diodes with lower forward voltage‐drop, and thereby, the semiconductors' conduction losses diminish considerably. The inherent nature of this topology handles the switching scheme based on the asymmetrical pulse width modulation in order for switches to establish the zero voltage switching, leading to lower switching losses. Besides, because of the absence of the reverse‐recovery phenomenon, all diodes turn off with zero current switching. At last, a 250‐W laboratory prototype with the input voltage 24 V and output voltage 380 V is implemented to verify the especial features of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exact sampled‐data analysis of quasi‐resonant converters with finite filter inductance and capacitance

Previous models of quasi‐resonant converters generally use averaging and assume infinite filter inductance and capacitance to reduce circuit complexity, but at the expense of accuracy. In this paper, exact sampled‐data modelling is used. A general block diagram model applicable to various topologies of quasi‐resonant converters is proposed. Large‐signal analysis, steady‐state analysis and small‐signal analysis are all studied. They agree closely with the experimental results in the literature. Compared with the averaging approach, the sampled‐data approach is more systematic and accurate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

A new control method of a resonant switched‐capacitor converter and the application for balancing of the split DC voltages in a multilevel inverter

This paper proposes a new voltage‐balancing circuit for the split DC voltages in a diode‐clamped five‐level inverter. The proposed circuit is based on a resonant switched‐capacitor converter (RSCC), which consists of two half‐bridge inverters, a resonant inductor, and a resonant capacitor. A new phase‐shift control of the RSCC is proposed to improve voltage balancing performance. Theoretical analysis reveals the rating of the RSCC and stored energy in the resonant inductor. Experimental results confirm the reduction of the inductor to one‐tenth in volume compared to a conventional voltage‐balancing circuit based on buck‐boost topology. Moreover, the proposed phase‐shift control has demonstrated that it is possible to eliminate the voltage deviation between the DC capacitors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 69–79, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20719     

Efficient power regeneration and drive of an induction motor by means of optimal torque derived by the variational method

When the motor speed is reduced by using a regenerative brake, the mechanical energy of rotation is converted to electrical energy. When the regenerative torque is large, the corresponding current increases so that the copper loss also becomes large. On the other hand, the damping effect of rotation increases with time when the regenerative torque is small. In order to use this limited energy effectively, the optimal regenerative torque should be ascertained in order to maximize the regeneration of electrical energy. This paper proposes a methodology, based on the variational method, for the design of regenerative torque for an induction motor in order to maximize the regenerative electric energy. Similarly, the optimal torque for acceleration is derived in order to minimize the driving energy. Finally, an efficient motor drive system with the proposed optimal torque and a power storage system stabilizing the DC link voltage will be proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is illustrated by simulations and experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(1): 41–50, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21010     

Experimental verification of a linear AC LED driver with a light flicker compensating circuit and high power factor operation by modulating the current regulator

This article proposes a linear PFC regulator with a light flicker compensating circuit for LED lighting applications. The proposed circuit is small in size because it includes no reactors or electrolytic capacitors. The light flicker compensating circuit, which is connected in parallel to the LED string, consists of four ceramic capacitors and diodes. These capacitors are operated in series in the charge state and in parallel in the discharge state by using a diode network circuit. Therefore, an external controller and large capacitors are not required. The proposed circuit is experimentally validated using a 9 W prototype. From the experimental results, it is found that the power fluctuation of the LED string is less than the JIS and JLMA limitations, and the power factor is 0.95. In addition, the power loss is analyzed at an efficiency of 89.4% for the prototype circuit. Also, by modulating the current regulator, sinusoidal input current can be achieved. The second proposed circuit is experimentally validated using a 7.5 W prototype, and the power factor and input current distortion are found to be 0.999 and 2.1%, respectively.     

计及直流控制方式转换和换流变变比调整的交直流潮流算法研究

在分析统一迭代法及交替迭代法优缺点的基础上,提出了改进的交替迭代法以计算交直流系统潮流。该算法计及了直流变量的边界约束,对交流及直流系统潮流方程均采用牛顿拉夫逊法求解,确保了直流子系统雅可比矩阵可逆。分析了交流系统修正雅可比矩阵在计算过程中可能出现虚部的原因,给出了换流变分接头调整的策略。以修改后的IEEE39系统为例,验证了所提算法的正确性。重点讨论了当节点负荷缓慢增加时,潮流计算中换流变调整分接头,无功补偿设备的投切和直流控制方式发生改变的详细过程及以上因素对电压稳定极限的影响。     

A novel method of suppressing the inrush current of transformers by using a series‐connected voltage‐source PWM converter

This paper proposes a novel method of suppressing the inrush current of transformers. A small‐rated voltage‐source PWM converter is connected in series to the transformers through a matching transformer. As the connected PWM converter serves as a resistor for the source current, no inrush phenomena occurs. The required rating of the PWM converter, which serves as the damping resistor for the inrush phenomena, is 1/400 that of the main transformers in single‐phase circuits. In three‐phase circuits, it is 1/900. The basic principle of the proposed method is discussed. Digital computer simulation is implemented to confirm the validity and excellent practicability of the proposed method using the PSCAD/EMTDC. A prototype experimental model is constructed and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can perfectly suppress the inrush phenomena. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(4): 56–65, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20174