Architecture and implementation of the grand alliance HDTV video encoder

A high-definition television (HDTV) video compression encoder is being constructed for use during the standardization process for United States terrestrial broadcast HDTV. The encoder generates an MPEG-2 main profile/high level compliant bitstream at compressed data rates from 10–80 million bits/second. Both interlaced and progressive image formats in image sizes up to 1080 lines × 1920 pixels per line are supported.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

Video compression for the grand alliance: A historical perspective

This article outlines the evolution of the Grand Alliance (GA) highdefinition television (HDTV) standard from its divided beginnings among several systems to its final state as the proposed standard for HDTV transmission in the United Stales today. Earlier video compression standards are briefly described, and their influence on the first four all-digital HDTV proposals is demonstrated. The salient features of each proposed video compression system are high-lighted, and the more recent MPEG-2 compression standard is introduced. MPEG-2 was adopted as the basis for video compression by the GA, a group of the former HDTV competitiors. The formation of the GA is described, and the work of its Video Compression Specialists Group on evaluating modifications to MPEG-2 is reviewed.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

HDTV transmission formats and migration path

The current proposal for terrestrial broadcasting of HDTV in the United States incorporates a flexible approach toward encoding and transmission. Specifically, the format used to encode an HDTV picture will not be fixed. Instead, a variety of transmission formats will be available, unlike the current (NTSC) system. Furthermore, although a basic set of formats will exist initially, it is possible that this set can change over time, depending on the evolution of relevant technologies. This article will consider various topics related to the current and future transmission formats associated with HDTV systems in the United States. This article discusses the usefulness of allowing multiple transmission formats and describes the formats which will be immediately available for HDTV broadcasting, as agreed upon by the Grand Alliance. The relationship between source formats, transmission formats, and display formats are discussed, with reference to some of the signal processing modules required to convert between formats. Finally, the migration of HDTV to incorporate additional formats is addressed. This report describes a method of achieving this migration in a backward-compatible manner, so that the basic HDTV receivers will not become obsolete.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

The IBM POWER visualization system: A system for HDTV postproduction,and more

The unique combination of processing power, memory capacity, and I/O bandwidth found in the IBM POWER Visualization System (PVS) makes it an ideal tool for high-end, format and resolution-independent, digital postproduction applications. From computer graphics rendering to video editing, rotoscoping, and special effects, the versatile nature of this general-purpose computer allows it to adapt constantly to the specific tasks required during almost any phase of the postproduction process. In this articles, we first examine the hardware architecture of the PVS with specific attention paid to the different subsystems and peripherals which provide the large computational power and bandwidth necessary to do HDTV editing and effects work. Next, we describe the PVS system software layer which enables application level software to fully use all of the capabilities of the hardware. We then explore a novel on-line, nonlinear editing and effects environment available for the PVS, which allows HDTV resolution material to be digitally edited and processed at full resolution. Finally, we conclude by describing some of the applications of the PVS which allow it to be used in a variety of other ways.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

高清晰度电视摄像技术

随着高清晰度数字摄像机在影视制作行业的应用 ,电视画面的质量有了质的飞跃。高清晰度电视与标准清晰度电视在技术标准上有很大差异 ,因此 ,对高清晰度电视摄像技术要求更加严格。如果继续墨守成规地沿用标准清晰度电视的摄像技术 ,那么在拍摄高清晰度电视节目时 ,就会遇到一些影响高清晰度画面质量的技术问题 ,如 :曝光、焦点、照明、构图等问题。本文就以上问题浅谈一些解决方法和建议。     

The grand unification theory

Theoretical physicists have long sought to formulate the so-calledgrand unification theory that would consist of a single integratedapproach to describing the strong nuclear force, the electromagneticforce, the weak nuclear force and the gravitational force. Thereby,all the laws of physics could be encompassed in a single theory.The field of radiation protection dosimetry might benefit fromhaving a more consistent formalism that could also be calleda grand unification. The authors of Report 43 of the InternationalCommission on Radiation     

A real‐time encoding and decoding system for nonlinear HDTV editor

A real‐time encoding and decoding system (REDS) for HDTV that can be used for nonlinear HDTV editing in studio has been developed. The intrapicture coding of motion JPEG is implemented and optimized in the REDS so that a high‐quality image can be recovered for the nonlinear editing. The REDS has a parallel architecture with multiple programmable digital signal processors (DSP) and reconfigurable field programmable logic devices (FPLD). The HDTV image is spatially partitioned and concurrently processed by the multiple processors. The programmable DSPs perform the discrete cosine transform and quantization to reduce the spatial redundancy of the HDTV image, whereas the FPLDs perform the variable length coding to reduce the statistical redundancy. In addition, field‐based quantization matrices are developed for HDTV images. The REDS has the programmability and the random accessibility of image frames, the two most important features for a nonlinear HDTV editing system. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 152–157, 2000     

Wavelength-multiplexing system for single-mode image transmission

The expanding use of optical communication by means of optical fibers and the situation of drastically increasing amounts of data to be transmitted urge the exploration of novel systems permitting the transmission of large amounts of spatial information by fiber with smaller spatial resolution. An optical encoding and decoding system is suggested for transmitting one- or two-dimensional images by means of a single-mode fiber. The superresolving system is based on wavelength multiplexing of the input spatial information, which is achieved with diffractive optical elements. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of the suggested method for the one- and two-dimensional cases.     

A transmission replica system for strain measurement

A low cost, rapid replica method has been developed to monitor the whole strain field near for example, welds, cracks and other sharp stress raisers. The technique uses transparent replicas that can be combined in several different ways to produce optical interference patterns representing the strain information. Several examples of the use of the technique are described.     

The deadlock detection and resolution method for a unified transport system

In a unified transport system, traffic jams and vehicle deadlocks reduce efficiency causing the vehicles involved in it to cease moving. Deadlocks, in particular, halt the flow of vehicles. Therefore, predicting the possibility of a deadlock, identifying it and automatically resolving it are critical to improving lot delivery time. This paper proposes a method to detect a variety of deadlock phenomena in a unified transport system of 300 mm fab, thereby effectively improving lot delivery time.     

一种HDTV视频编码器码率分配策略

以场景切换检测和I帧场景复杂度为依据 ,提出了一种适合基于子图划分HDTV的联合码率分配策略。实验表明 :该策略能很好地保证子图重建质量和HDTV各个子图之间主观重建质量的一致性 ,消除可能出现的子图划分效应。     

Development of a terrestrial chemical spill management system

Adequately preparing for and responding to terrestrial (land-based) chemical spills are critical to the protection of human health and the environment. To facilitate analysis and support decision-making for such events, the authors have developed an environmental risk management system that characterizes the ability of a spilled chemical to immediately impact human health, groundwater, surface water, and soil resources, and incorporates these four risk areas into an overall measure of terrestrial chemical risk. This system incorporates a risk index model, leverages geographic information systems (GIS) technology, and contains a comprehensive chemical and environmental database to assess and delineate the immediate threat posed by a terrestrial chemical spill. It is designed to serve a variety of stakeholders, including managers and policy-makers, who would benefit from generating screening-level environmental risk assessments without requiring a technical background or collection of detailed environmental and chemical data. Areas of potential application include transportation routing, industrial zoning, environmental regulatory compliance and enforcement, spill response, and security planning.     

应用于热声机械的声波平面传递装置

应用于热声机械的声波平面传递装置,由柔性部分和刚性片部分组成.通过引入柔性结构,将传递声波所必需的弹性部分和惯性部分分开,实现刚性片的平面运动,从而达到声波的平面传递.依据弹性部分的不同形式,声波平面传递装置有3种形式:弹性膜型、折环型和弹性环型.将这种装置应用于热声机械中,可以大大改善热声系统中声波传递的性能,拓展热...     

The calibration of a system for measuring the transmission of the atmosphere for laser radiation

A method of calibrating a system for measuring the transmission of laser radiation through the atmosphere along paths about 1 km long is proposed and tested on a model “experiment.” Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 52–54, September, 2008.     

A multiangle imaging spectroradiometer for terrestrial remote sensing from the earth observing system

The Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument for the Earth Observing System (EOS) will provide a unique opportunity for studying the ecology and climate of the Earth through the acquisition of systematic, global multiangle imagery in reflected sunlight. MISR employs nine discrete cameras pointed at fixed angles, viewing the nadir direction and forward and aftward along the spacecraft ground track. Each camera is a charge-coupled-device –based pushbroom imager. Within a 7-minute period, every point in a 204-km-wide swath is imaged at the nine viewing angles, ensuring observations acquired under virtually identical illumination and atmospheric conditions. The cameras will image the Earth in the nadir direction and at 30.7°, 45.6°, 60.0°, and 72.5° forward and aftward of the local vertical at the Earth's surface. Images at each angle will be obtained in four spectral bands centered at 440, 550, 670, and 860 nm. MISR is capable of taking image data in two different spatial resolution modes: Local Mode, in which selected targets are observed with 240-m spatial sampling, and Global Mode, where the entire sunlit Earth is observed continuously with 1.92-km sampling. Absolute radiometric calibration of the MISR instrument will be performed in-flight using special on-board hardware. The data produced by MISR will be valuable in a number of scientific discipline areas, and MISR images and geophysical products will be archived at the EOS Data and Information System to make them available to the broad scientific community.     

Partial closed-loop versus open-loop motion estimation for HDTV compression

Motion estimation is a vital function of video coders that use motion compensated prediction to exploit the temporal redundancy of video signals. The reference images used in the motion estimation process can be either original images (open-loop architecture) or reconstructed images (closed-loop architecture). While the closed-loop architecture is intuitively superior to the open-loop architecture, closed-loop motion estimation is more difficult to implement in a real-time video encoder. A compromise is to perform open-loop integer-pel accurate motion estimation followed by closed-loop half-pel accurate estimation. In this article we present a comparative study of the performance of half-pel closed-loop versus open-loop motion estimation for coding of high definition television with the MPEG algorithm. Simulation results indicate that on average, closed-loop half-pel accurate motion estimation provides slightly better performance than open-loop half-pel accurate estimation. This improvement depends on the bit rate of the coded video biststream. For relatively high bit rates, the closed-loop implementation often provides no improvement, and sometimes an actual degradation of performance. An analysis of why a closed-loop implementation does not guarantee a better performance is presented.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

An on-line target transport system for short-lived radioisotopes

Equipment has been developed to transport self supporting target films in vacuo at high speeds. The targets may be transferred over 3 m in less than 2 s and are gently accelerated and decelerated. In addition, the targets are accurately positioned at each end to within 25 μm. Non-magnetic materials are used throughout and wear is reduced so that 500 000 transfers should be possible without loss of accuracy or reliability. Such a system should have many applications for on-line experiments using short-lived isotopes. Prototype construction and testing are described.     

电力电缆电力传送实验平台测试系统设计

为研究高效安全传送绿色电力的方法,设计电力传送实验平台测试系统。该系统以S3C2440A微处理器为核心构建嵌入式测试电路,该电路通过MIK-DZU-400 V电压变送器、HD-T101-300A电流变送器、MIK-ST500温度变送器等集成模块实现电力电压、电流及电缆温度的感知与调理。基于Linux操作系统,在Qtopia2.2.0集成开发环境中设计嵌入式测试软件,该测试软件主要包括电力电压、电流及电缆温度信号的采集与保存模块,电力电缆热特征参数分析模块、通信模块、电力电缆寿命疲劳分析模块接口、电缆动态增容传输分析功能接口、电力传送控制模块接口。在上位机PC中利用Visual C++6.0 MFC模块开发上位机分析处理软件。实验表明:测试系统能够感知电缆温度、电力电压和电流,能够基于电缆热路模型分析电力电缆热特征参数,能够通过接口开放地添加电力电缆寿命、疲劳分析、电力传送动态控制等新方法。     

Methodology for identifying near-optimal interdiction strategies for a power transmission system

Previous methods for assessing the vulnerability of complex systems to intentional attacks or interdiction have either not been adequate to deal with systems in which flow readjusts dynamically (such as electricity transmission systems), or have been complex and computationally difficult. We propose a relatively simple, inexpensive, and practical method (“Max Line”) for identifying promising interdiction strategies in such systems. The method is based on a greedy algorithm in which, at each iteration, the transmission line with the highest load is interdicted. We apply this method to sample electrical transmission systems from the Reliability Test System developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and compare our method and results with those of other proposed approaches for vulnerability assessment. We also study the effectiveness of protecting those transmission lines identified as promising candidates for interdiction. These comparisons shed light on the relative merits of the various vulnerability assessment methods, as well as providing insights that can help to guide the allocation of scarce resources for defensive investment.