先进飞轮储能电源工程应用研究进展

先进飞轮储能电源研究目前集中于三项关键技术:为提高飞轮储能密度的复合材料设计与制作:高效高速大功率永磁无刷电机研制以及重型飞轮的高温超导磁体悬浮轴承技术.经过30余年以工程应用为目标的飞轮储能电源系统实验研究为飞轮电源的工业化应用奠定了坚实的基础,低速飞轮作为不间断电源UPS的储能元件在10年前开始在不间断电源工程中得到商业推广应用,高速飞轮因其技术难度大而至今处于工程试用研发阶段.飞轮储能电源技术在国内研究广泛,理论研究丰富,但工程应用研究进展缓慢.     

飞轮储能在风电输出功率中的柔性控制研究

阐述了飞轮储能的基本结构和工作原理,介绍了含有飞轮储能装置的风电系统有功功率柔性控制策略,研究了飞轮参考功率指令值的五种获取方法,比较了其优缺点,得出功率平滑控制跟踪效果的差异。     

高温超导飞轮储能系统研究现状

高温超导飞轮储能系统具有功率密度高、控制简单、效率高、寿命长、环境友好等优点,未来在可再生能源发电、地铁制动能量回收、大功率脉冲电源、电力系统电压稳定等方面具有广阔应用前景。本文介绍了高温超导飞轮储能系统的原理结构、国内外的研究现状、亟需解决的关键技术问题及未来的发展趋势。     

飞轮储能在风电系统中的应用及仿真分析

在飞轮储能系统基本结构和工作原理的基础上,对其在独立运行和并网型风力发电系统中的应用进行了阐述,并以Matlab为平台搭建了飞轮储能系统的仿真模型。由于充电模型和放电模型仅转子运动方程部分不同,所以仅建立了充电模型,其中包括电机模块、位置检测模块、系统控制器模块和输出电压模块。最后,基于所建立的仿真模型,对充放电完整过程进行了仿真,并分析了改变转动惯量、摩擦系数和磁极对数对系统转速性能所造成的影响。仿真结果和理论分析一致,证实了所建立的飞轮储能系统的正确性。     

中国未来电力系统储电网初探

双碳目标下可再生能源的快速发展将极大改变我国电力系统能源结构与分布,同时也为电力系统中储能的发展带来了重大的机遇与挑战.首先,研判了未来电力系统中负荷中心位置、电源结构及分布的变化,预测了未来电力系统电力流"外电内送"的新格局.然后,分析了储能对于支撑新格局电力系统安全、高效、低碳运行的重要意义.结合我国地形特点,探索...     

飞轮储能工程应用现状

飞轮储能是一种研究价值高、应用前景广阔的新型储能技术,具有大储能、高效率、无污染、适用广、无噪声、长寿命、维护简单及可实现连续工作等优点,已受到科技界和企业界的密切关注,成为国际能源界研究的热点之一。对飞轮储能的原理、工作模式和五大关键技术(包括飞轮转子、轴承支承系统、能量转换环节、电动/发电机与真空室)进行了较全面的阐述。以飞轮储能三方面典型应用为例,介绍了国外飞轮储能的工程应用实例,并对国内各研究机构的研究成果进行了简单介绍,最后,对飞轮储能的未来研究趋势进行了总结与展望。     

Optimization of the electric power leveling system by using superconducting magnetic energy storage with genetic algorithm

A new optimization method of the electric power leveling system using an SMES is proposed. The SMES is parallelly connected with rolling mills in steel works. The leveling control is based on fuzzy reasoning. The SMES capacity and the scaling factors of the fuzzy controller will be optimized so that the power leveling control can be achieved and then the total cost of the added SMES cost and reduced contract electricity rate becomes lower. The optimization is carried out using a genetic algorithm and a cost reduction of 7.76 billion yen can be achieved. Power leveling simulation confirms that the proposed optimization method is very effective for designing the power leveling system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(3): 62–69, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20049     

Measurement of the damping coefficient of an electric power system by use of a superconducting magnet energy storage system

In this paper, a new application of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for diagnosis of power systems is proposed. Basic experiments for measurement of damping coefficient of power systems by use of SMES are carried out in an experimental system with a small generator, artificial transmission lines, and a small SMES. The SMES produces small power disturbances in the power system without affecting its operating conditions. The small power oscillations in the power system due to continuous power disturbances generated by SMES are observed. The relations among the damping coefficient, the power disturbances, and the power change of SMES are discussed for a one-machine infinite-bus system. The damping coefficients of the power system are obtained by investigating the oscillations due to the sinusoidal power changes of the SMES. The possibility of estimation of the steady-state power system stability by monitoring the damping coefficients of an operating power system by the use of SMES can be shown experimentally. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(3): 40–48, 1997     

基于磁悬浮飞轮储能的脉冲功率电源系统设计

设计构建了一套基于磁悬浮飞轮储能的脉冲功率电源系统,该系统主要包括储能部分、充电部分、放电部分及监控系统。储能部分采用磁悬浮飞轮储能装置,充电部分采用充电电源和充电机,放电部分采用逆变器和变压器,监控系统实现对整个系统的数据采集、存储、监视和控制。系统的运行状态包括静止状态、启动状态、充电状态、放电状态、待机状态和停机状态。通过监控系统对整个系统的运行状态进行协同控制,保持系统正常运行。搭建模拟测试系统进行了实验测试,结果表明,测试系统能够在3 ms内快速响应,输出秒级的脉冲平顶波。该系统采用模块化设计,容量配置灵活,响应速度快,使用寿命长,建设周期短,运维简单,可满足多种应用场景下的脉冲功率电源需求。     

Compensation of power fluctuations of wind power generation by means of biomass gas turbine generator and flywheel energy storage equipment

Power generation using natural energy contains electric power fluctuations. Therefore, in order to put such power generation systems to practical use, compensation for system power fluctuations is needed. In this paper, we propose a power compensation method using a biomass gas turbine generator and flywheel energy storage equipment. The gas turbine generator is used for compensation of low‐frequency power fluctuations in order to decrease the required flywheel capacity. The usefulness of the proposed system is confirmed by experiments using a test plant. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(3): 1–8, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20896     

一种新型电力系统稳定控制装置

提出了一种新型FACTS装置——多功能柔性功率调节器(FPC),它将飞轮储能技术和传统的同步调相技术有机地结合在一起,同时采用交流励磁和矢量控制等先进技术进行控制。这种装置具有储能、发电、调相等多种功能,将其用于电力系统的稳定性控制,可实现动态有功功率和无功功率同时双向大范围的快速调节,具有增强电力系统稳定性的能力。详细论述了柔性功率调节器的工作原理,建立了装置的稳态等值电路模型,分析了装置在不同运行方式下的功率传递关系。同时,还介绍了FPC的一个主要组成部分——基于SPWM的双VSC变频控制器以及三相SVC的矢量控制原理。用数字仿真的方法研究了FPC与电网进行四象限功率交换的特性。最后,用一个单机无穷大系统,通过仿真分析,验证了FPC所具有的巨大的稳定电力系统的能力。     

Experimental study of a PM-HTSC hybrid magnetic levitation system

A principle of hybrid magnetic levitation system using permanent magnets (PMs) and high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) for a linear-motor-type carrier system in a high-quality clean room and a magnetic bearing for the flywheel energy storage system are discussed. A substantial levitation force was generated by the repulsive force between like poles of coupled magnets. However, the repulsion system with magnets is essentially unstable without control. Thus, HTSCs are applied for control elements of the PM-HTSC hybrid magnetic levitation system. In this system, the levitation force becomes stronger than in the system without PM, and we can expect sandwich-type magnetic bearing capable of sustaining greater force.     

A basic study on power storage capacitor systems

Storage batteries or pumped hydraulic power stations have been used to store electric energy. However, there are problems with storage batteries, e.g., long charging time, limited cycle life, low Coulomb efficiency, and inaccurate residual power meters. Because of these problems, practical power applications have not been achieved. To solve these problems, a complex system of capacitors and electronic circuits called the ECS (Energy Capacitor System) is proposed. The capacitor part of the ECS is a group of electric double-layer capacitors of increased energy density. The circuits part is built around switching regulators. Although the capacitors alone are not capable of delivering stable output, the accompanying circuits compensate for various characteristics throughout the charge and discharge cycle. This combination of capacitors and electronic circuits increases the energy density by about 16 times that of the conventional electric double-layer capacitors, close to the level of lead-acid batteries but with lower output resistance and better voltage stability. The ECS inherently features short charging time, very long cycle life, and good Coulomb efficiency. The cells are completely sealed and made from materials which are not harmful to the environment.     

储能技术在电力系统中的应用

储能技术在电力系统中具有削峰填谷、一次调频、提高电网稳定性、改善电能质量、提高电网利用率、提高可再生能源利用率等重要作用.对此,介绍了中国电力系统建设对储能技术的迫切要求,并阐述了电池储能、电磁储能和机械储能等储能技术的发展现状.对电池储能、超级电容器与蓄电池混合储能和飞轮储能在电网中的应用分别作了说明,最后展望了储能技术未来的发展方向.     

风-光-抽蓄零碳电力系统多时间尺度协调调度模型

高比例新能源并网带来的波动性影响和新能源消纳水平不足已成为新型电力系统中亟须解决的问题。为此,基于风、光、负荷预测精度随时间尺度缩短而逐级提高的特点和抽蓄机组日内灵活调节特性,建立风-光-抽蓄零碳电力系统多时间尺度协调调度模型。以运行成本最小为目标,建立日前24 h发电计划、日内1 h发电计划和实时15 min发电计划。通过多时间尺度的协调配合,保证风、光、抽蓄出力良好跟踪负荷,逐级修正发电计划。以含6台抽蓄机组的风-光-抽蓄零碳电力系统为例开展仿真分析,结果表明所提多时间尺度协调调度模型有利于减少系统弃风、弃光量,且系统消纳风光的能力与抽蓄电站装机容量有关。     

Cost analysis of a power system using probabilistic optimal power flow with energy storage integration and wind generation

This paper examines the storage application and its optimal placement for the social cost and transmission congestion relief of wind integration. Probability density functions (PDFs) are used to characterize the uncertainties of wind speed and load. A probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) is developed using two-point estimation which incorporates the storage system either as a variable load or as a variable generator. Storage systems are optimally placed and adequately sized using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize the sum of operation and congestion costs over a scheduling period. A technical assessment framework is developed to enhance the efficiency of wind integration and evaluate the economics of storage technologies and conventional gas-fired alternatives. The proposed method is used to carry out a cost-benefit analysis for the IEEE 24-bus system and determine the most economical technology. Optimal storage distribution and its potential to relieve the transmission congestion are evaluated for higher wind penetration levels.     

电力GPON系统的可行性研究

GPON技术是接入网技术中最有发展潜力的技术之一,文章分析了GPON系统的技术特点、组网技术及网络保护方案,结合电力通信的现状和特点,分析了GPON系统在电力通信中运行的可行性,并在此基础上提出了应用方案.     

A study of the flywheel capacity of the power compensator for the wind turbine generator

Nowadays, the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) system is remarkably increasing as a renewable energy resource in Japan. But in the WTG, the power fluctuations caused by the wind speed fluctuation are the most crucial issue in providing their energy to the utility. It was found that a power compensation system (PCS) of suitable capacity is not yet available. In this paper, the time range and standardized wind speed including fluctuations are discussed. We estimated the storage capacity of PCS at different wind profiles by standardization of wind speed and verified the validity of their capacities using a computer simulation. In this way we determined the suitable capacity of the power compensation system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(4): 64–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10122     

计及源-储-荷功率特性的飞轮储能系统容量配置方法

在电动汽车直流快充站的应用场景下,以限制电网功率爬坡率并补偿母线电压跌落为目标,提出计及源-储-荷功率特性的飞轮储能系统容量配置方法。首先,根据源-储-荷的功率关系得到飞轮机械角速度增量与母线电压跌落幅值之比近似为时间的函数;根据快充站内电网侧变流器的功率特性,推导得到电网最大功率爬坡率与母线电压最大跌落幅度之间近似呈正比关系。然后,针对额定功率不同的快速充电负荷,在满足直流母线电压等级与永磁同步电机电磁约束条件的基础上,重点探讨飞轮转子转动惯量与初始机械角速度的设定,并且分析了飞轮侧储能变流器的容量约束条件。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建系统的仿真模型,验证所提飞轮储能系统容量配置方法的正确性。     

高温超导飞轮储能技术发展现状

高温超导块材式的悬浮现象是目前自然界中已发现的唯一可以实现自稳定的磁悬浮方式。利用这种磁悬浮技术的高温超导飞轮储能系统具有控制简单、储能密度大、效率高、寿命长、低维护等优点,为解决目前广泛关注的能源问题提供了新途径。本文综述了美国波音公司,日本ISTEC,德国ATZ公司等国内外小组开展的高温超导飞轮储能系统的研制现状,分析了当前技术发展趋势,探讨了亟需解决的关键难点问题,阐述了未来在军民两方面的发展前景。预计未来五年内高温超导飞轮储能技术将首先在电力调节、不间断电源等领域实现商业应用。