Aqueous solution properties of poly[3-dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate]

The aqueous solution properties of an ampholytic poly[3-dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate] [poly(DMAPS)] are studied by measurements of cloud point determination, intrinsic viscosity, degree of binding, and ionic strength. The minimum salt concentration and intrinsic viscosity of this polyampholyte are related to the type and concentration of added salt. Both the polymeric and monomeric betaines in the presence of NaCl have the lower degree of binding, indicating that the proton ion (H⁺) is relatively difficult to bind the SO^?₃ at the end of sulfobetaine. An increase in ionic strength causes the pK_a to decrease at the half-neutralization point.     

Preparation and flocculation properties of biodegradable konjac glucomannan-grafted poly(trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride)

Polymer Bulletin - Preparation of konjac glucomannan-grafted poly(trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride) (KGM-g-PTMAAC) was carried out using KGM as polysaccharide matrix and TMAAC as cationic...     

环氧丙基三乙基氯化铵的合成与表征

环氧丙基三乙基氯化铵(GTA)为新型高效活性醚化剂,可用于改性含活泼氢的有机物合成阳离子化产物,用途广泛。以环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)与三乙胺(TEM)反应合成GTA,实验得出GTA的最佳合成条件为:磁力搅拌下,n(TEM)∶n(EPIC)=1∶3,反应时间为2.5 h,反应温度为25℃,GTA的收率为97.36%,熔点为139.6℃。通过元素分析和IR对产品进行了表征。     

Aqueous solution properties of a poly(vinyl imidazolium sulphobetaine)

In this investigation the aqueous solution properties of an ampholytic poly(vinyl imidazolium sulphobetaine) are discussed. This class of polymer is water insoluble and its solubilization is related to the type and concentration of added salt. Cloud point determinations, intrinsic viscosity and light scattering studies are presented to illustrate the solution behaviour of this polyampholyte as a function of the type of cation and anion present. An explanation of its solubility in certain salt solutions is presented.     

Superabsorbent polymeric materials VII: Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate‐CO‐trimethyl methacrylamido‐propyl ammonium iodide] in aqueous salt solutions

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (SA), cationic comonomer trimethyl methacrylamidopropyl ammonium iodide (TMMAAI), and N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (NMBA) were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The water absorbency and the swelling behavior for these highly absorbent polymers in deionized water and various saline solutions were investigated. Results indicated that the water absorbency increased when a small amount of TMMAAI monomer was introduced into the SA gel. The water absorbency decreased with increase in TMMAAI content, but the contrary result was observed for initial absorption rate. Moreover, with more crosslinking agent, the water absorbency was lower. Finally, the adsorption of copper ion by these gels was also investigated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1749–1759, 2000     

3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵的合成

采用以无水乙醇作溶剂,三甲胺盐酸盐(TMAHC)和环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为原料合成3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵。通过研究,探索出3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵的较佳合成条件为:n(ECH)∶n(TMAHC)=0.95∶1,反应温度40~50℃,反应时间0.5 h,溶液pH=8,所得产品纯度>98%。收率可达90%(以ECH计),杂质含量小于美国DOW公司生产的同类产品。以乙醇法合成3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵工艺简单,耗能较少,溶剂可循环使用,产品性能优良,使用效果好。     

聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵的合成研究

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体,过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,合成了聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDMC)。单因素法考察了引发剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间对PDMC相对分子质量的影响。实验发现随引发剂用量的减少,PDMC相对分子质量趋于增大;反应温度从65℃升至85℃过程中,PDMC相对分子质量先增大后减小,75℃时,相对分子质量最大;随反应时间的延长,单体残留率逐渐降低,相对分子质量逐渐增大,但超过2 h后相对分子质量增大趋缓。     

Dilute solution properties of poly(3-dimethyl acryloyloxyethyl ammonium propiolactone)

The aqueous solution properties of an ampholytic poly(3-dimethylacryloyloxyethyl ammonium propiolactone), poly(DMAEAPL), are examined in this study by measuring reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, degree of binding and dynamic light scattering. This polyampholyte's intrinsic viscosity is related to the type and concentration of the salt added. The intrinsic viscosity behaviour for the polyampholyte resulting from the associations of the polymer chains is in contrast with cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte. The polyampholyte in high concentration of NaCl has a low degree of binding, indicating that the proton ion (H⁺) has difficulty in binding to the carboxylate group (COO⁻) at the polymer end. The carboxybetaine, DMAEAPL, has a higher degree of binding than the corresponding sulfobetaine, DMAPS. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicate that the poly(carboxybetaine) diffusion coefficients decrease and the chain dimensions increase with an increasing salt concentration. The models proposed in this study can account for the poly(DMAEAPL) solution viscometrics and the degree of binding. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.     

Removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution using poly [N-vinyl pyrrolidone/2-(methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] superswelling hydrogels

Summary A superswelling poly [N-vinyl pyrrolidone/2-(methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride], poly(NVP/METAC) hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. The hydrogels were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and their surface morphology was determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The influence of feed composition of both the monomers and crosslinker on equilibrium swelling and dye adsorption properties of the hydrogels were examined. The equilibrium swelling ratio and binding ratio of the hydrogel/dye systems greatly depends on the METAC and crosslinker concentration in the gels. The effects of pH of the medium and initial dye concentration on the adsorption were also studied. The binding ratio of the hydrogel/dye system increases in the following order: OR-II>RO-14>RO-13.     

The characteristics and flocculation performance of hydrophobic association poly-(3-methacryloylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride)

The cationic polymer plays a crucial role in the flocculation process for solid–liquid separation. A hydrophobic-associated cationic polymer was prepared through micellar free-radical polymerization of cationic monomer 3-methyl acrylamide propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) and hydrophobic monomer Poly (ethylene glycol) Octadecyl methacrylate (OEMA). The Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA can form network structure through intermolecular hydrophobic association in aqueous solution, which leads to the solution viscosity increase and the salt thickening property. The critical associating concentrations (CACs) of Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA are 5818–6992 mg/L in aqueous solution. For the diatomite suspensions, at the dosage above about 5 mg/L, the Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA can show higher flocculation efficiency compared with Poly-MAPTAC. Specifically, at the dosage of 8 mg/L, the enhancement rate of sedimentation rate can reach 7.27%–32.31%. Meanwhile, the hydrophobic association mainly enhances the bridging ability but has no significant effect on the improvement of the electric neutralization ability of Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA. The flocculation performance-enhanced dosage of Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA is obviously lower than the CAC of Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA; this may be because during the flocculation process, the Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA first absorb and deeply concentrate on the particle surface, and then the hydrophobic association and bridging enhancement of Poly-MAPTAC-OEMA can occur more easily on the particle surface.     

Polysulfobetaines and corresponding cationic polymers. VI. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of cationic poly(methyl iodide quaternized acrylamide–N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide copolymer) [poly(MIQADMAPM)]

The copolymer prepared by copolymerizing with acrylamide and maleic anhydride was imidized with N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine. The obtained acrylamide–N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide (ADMAPM) copolymer was then reacted with methyl iodide to yield a poly(methyl iodide quaternized acrylamide–N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide) copolymer [poly(MIQADMAPM)]. Its aqueous solution properties were studied by measurements of reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and flocculation test in this study. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentration of the added salt. “Soft” salt anions were more easily bound to the quaternary ammonium cation (R₄N⁺) of poly(MIQADMAPM) than were “hard” salt anions. Halide anions are hard anions; consequently, hard cations were more easily attracted to halide anions and reduced the binding degree of halide anion on the quaternary ammonium group (R₄N⁺). The intrinsic viscosity behavior for cationic polyelectrolyte resulting from the electrostatic repulsive force of the polymer chain was contrasted with polyampholyte. The effect of various flocculants on flocculation in different pH values was accessed in this study. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermoreversible hydrogels XIII: Synthesis and swelling behaviors of [N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl sulfonate-co-N,N-dimethyl(acrylamido propyl) ammonium propane sulfonate] copolymeric hydrogels

A series of copolymeric hydrogels were prepared from various molar ratios of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl sulfonate (NaAMPS) and N,N′-dimethyl(acrylamido propyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS). The swelling behaviors of these copolymeric hydrogels were investigated in various saline solutions. The result showed that the phase transition temperatures of these gels changed insignificantly, and the thermosensitivity, in contrast, diminished. In addition, the copolymer gels exhibited polyelectrolytic behavior under lower salt concentration (10⁻⁵∼10⁻¹ M), exhibited a nonionic gel (like NIPAAm) behavior at the salt concentration from 0.1 to 0.4 M, and showed an antipolyelectrolytic behavior (polyzwitterionic effect) at a salt concentration over 0.4 M. Finally, the presented coplymeric gels are investigated for use in drug release application.     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-对甲苯磺酸钠溶液流变性研究

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵与对甲苯磺酸钠按摩尔比1∶1复配后可形成粘弹性极好的流体。常温下当剪切频率高于0.863 2 rad/s时,粘性模量值开始超过弹性模量;在剪切频率范围内,流体符合Cole-Cole图的模型;复合粘度与变剪切速率具有相近的值,外推得溶液零剪切粘度为10.5 Pa·s,溶液为良好符合麦克斯韦模型的粘弹性流体。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-对甲苯磺酸钠溶液流变性研究

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵与对甲苯磺酸钠按摩尔比1∶1复配后可形成粘弹性极好的流体。常温下当剪切频率高于0.863 2 rad/s时,粘性模量值开始超过弹性模量;在剪切频率范围内,流体符合Cole-Cole图的模型;复合粘度与变剪切速率具有相近的值,外推得溶液零剪切粘度为10.5 Pa·s,溶液为良好符合麦克斯韦模型的粘弹性流体。     

碘化钾催化合成2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵的研究

以环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)和三甲胺(TMA)为原料,碘化钾为催化剂,在乙醇介质中常温下合成了高活性醚化剂2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)。采用正交实验法考察了反应温度、物料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间对产品收率的影响。GTA最佳合成工艺条件为:n(EPIC)∶n(TMA)∶n(KI)=1∶0.3∶0.02,反应温度20℃,总反应时间4 h,在此优化条件下收率可达87.1%。     

Superabsorbent polymeric materials VIII: Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate‐co‐trimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium iodide] in aqueous salt solutions

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (SA), cationic comonomer, trimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium iodide (TMMAI), and N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (NMBA) were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The water absorbency and the swelling behavior for these high absorbent polymers in deionized water and various saline solutions were investigated. Results indicated that the water absorbency for the present copolymer gel increased when a small amount of TMMAI monomer was introduced into the SA gel, then decreased with increase in TMMAI content. The water absorbency was 583 g H₂O/g for a gel sample in deionized water containing 2.5 × 10⁻³ molar fraction TMMAI. But a contrary result was observed for initial absorption rate, that is, the initial absorption rates increased with an increase of TMMAI in deionized water and 0.9 wt % NaCl solution. The absorbency in the chloride salt solution decreased with an increase in the ionic strength of the salt solution. Finally, the adsorption of copper ion by these gels was also investigated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1665–1674, 2001     

Synthesis and swelling properties of poly[acrylamide-co-(crotonic acid)] superabsorbents

Superabsorbent polymers of acrylamide (AAm)/crotonic acid (CA) were synthesized by foamed polymerization in an aqueous solution of AAm with CA as a comonomer, initiated by an initiator couple of ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine. A crosslinking agent N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, a foaming agent sodium bicarbonate, and a foam stabilizer, a triblock copolymer of polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene, were used in the polymerization. The influences of the relative contents of CA, crosslinking agent, and initiator, on the swelling properties of the superabsorbent polymer systems were examined. The superabsorbent polymer synthesized with an AAm/CA ratio of 98:2 by mole, 0.5 wt.% of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and 1 wt.% of ammonium persulfate at 250 rpm and 50 °C for 30 min of polymerization time produced the highest water absorption of 211 ± 9 times its dried weight and could absorb water up to 162 ± 4 g g⁻¹ of the dry copolymer within 10 min. The electrochemical reaction for acrylamide–crotonic acid polymerization was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The anodic current indicated that acrylamide acting as an electron donor whereas crotonic acid performed as an electron receiver, then providing the cathodic current. The diffusion of water into the superabsorbent polymer was non-Fickian (case II and anomalous). Acrylamide–crotonic acid superabsorbents containing various crosslinker concentrations had a water swelling in the range of 79–289 g g⁻¹. The diffusion coefficients varied between 6.9 × 10⁻⁹ and 5.1 × 10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹. Adsorption of the basic dye by the superabsorbent was a monolayer evaluated by the Langmuir isotherm. The superabsorbents can thus be used to adsorb cationic dyes in textile industry.     

Synthesis and characterization of lignin–poly(acrylamide)–poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride copolymer

In this work, two monomers, acrylamide (AM) and [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) were copolymerized from kraft lignin (KL) in an aqueous suspension initiated by free radical copolymerization in the presence of potassium persulfate. The impact of copolymerization conditions on the charge density and molecular weight of the copolymers was investigated. The molecular weight and mass balance analyses confirmed that the homopolymer [polyDMC (PDMC) and polyAM (PAM)] and undesired copolymer (AM–DMC) productions dominated as time, initiator, and DMC dosage increased more than the optimum values. The activation energy of the polymerization of KL and AM (43.02 kJ mol^?1), KL and DMC (21.99 kJ mol^?1), AM (14.54 kJ mol^?1), DMC (10.34 kJ mol^?1), and AM and DMC (18.13 kJ mol^?1) was determined. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis confirmed the production of KL–AM–DMC copolymer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46338.     

Dilute solution properties of poly(benzyl methacrylate)

A series of fractions of poly(benzyl methacrylate) have been prepared with weight-average molecular weights ranging from 0.19 × 10⁶ to 1.74 × 10⁶ g/mol. A theta temperature of 73.2°C was obtained from phase separation studies in cyclopentanol. Intrinsic viscosities have been measured in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone over a range of temperatures, as well as under theta conditions. Unperturbed dimensions and their temperature coefficient have been determined by a number of procedures. A value for the polymer solubility parameter has been calculated from the enthalpy parameter obtained from phase separation data.     

Dilute solution properties of naphthalene-labelled acrylamide/N,N-dimethyl maleimido propyl ammonium propane sulphonate copolymer

The aqueous solution properties of an ampholytic naphthalene-labelled acrylamide/N,N-dimethyl maleimido propyl ammonium propane sulphonate copolymer, poly(ADMMAPS)/NA, are examined in this study by measuring reduced and intrinsic viscosities. The intrinsic viscosity of the poly(ADMMAPS)/NA is related to the type and concentration of the salt added. This behaviour, resulting from the associations of the polymer chains, is in contrast with cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Smaller anions, such as F^-, with a common cation (K⁺) are found to be the most difficult to be bound to the sulphonate group, indicating that a lower intrinsic viscosity of the poly(ADMMAPS)/NA would be found in aqueous KF solution. Smaller cations, such as Li⁺, with a common anion (Cl^-) are found to be the most difficult to be bound to the quaternary ammonium group, indicating that a lower intrinsic viscosity of the poly(ADMMAPS)/NA would be found in LiCl salt aqueous solution. Because a naphthalene label was introduced into the polymer, the behaviour of the solution properties of the poly(ADMMAPS)/NA could be clearly defined in term of macroscopic and microscopic analysis. The models proposed in this study can account for the poly(ADMMAPS)/NA solution viscosities. © 1998 SCI.