A fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES frequency stabilizer

This paper presents application of fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES to damp the frequency oscillations of interconnected two-area power systems due to load excursions. The system frequency oscillations appear due to load disturbance. To stabilize the system frequency oscillations, the active power can be controlled via superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES. The error in the area control and its rate of change is used as controller input signals to the proposed fuzzy logic controller. In order to judge the effect of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES, a comparative study is made between its effect and the effect of the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controlled SMES. The studied system consists of two-area (thermal–thermal) power system each one equipped with SMES unit. The time simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES over the conventional PI SMES in damping the system oscillations and reach quickly to zero frequency deviation. The system is modeled and solved by using MATLAB software.     

Coordinated stabilizing control for large-scale interconnected power systems,by superconducting magnetic energy storage unit and power system stabilizers

The purpose of large-scale power system interconnection is to achieve extremely economical and reliable power generation and transmission. It has established the present power systems of high quality. On the other hand, in the large power systems with complex configuration, an undamped power swing with low frequency caused by the synchronous power between interconnected systems tends to occur as well as an undamped power swing caused by the synchronous power of specific generators. Several coordinated stabilizing control schemes for the power systems by sets of power system stabilizers (PSSs) have been investigated so far. PSS is very effective for the stabilization of power swing among a few specific generators because the function of PSS is achieved by the voltage control using the generator field winding circuit. However, it seems that PSSs do not have sufficient ability to stabilize the power swings between interconnected systems. In this paper, the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) which is significantly effective for the power swings between interconnected systems is introduced and a coordinated power system stabilizing control by SMES and PSSs is proposed. The advantages of the proposed control scheme are: 1) high efficiency of the controller by the distribution of functions; 2) independency of the control design for PSS and SMES; and 3) robustness of the controller, and so on.     

Measurement of the damping coefficient of an electric power system by use of a superconducting magnet energy storage system

In this paper, a new application of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for diagnosis of power systems is proposed. Basic experiments for measurement of damping coefficient of power systems by use of SMES are carried out in an experimental system with a small generator, artificial transmission lines, and a small SMES. The SMES produces small power disturbances in the power system without affecting its operating conditions. The small power oscillations in the power system due to continuous power disturbances generated by SMES are observed. The relations among the damping coefficient, the power disturbances, and the power change of SMES are discussed for a one-machine infinite-bus system. The damping coefficients of the power system are obtained by investigating the oscillations due to the sinusoidal power changes of the SMES. The possibility of estimation of the steady-state power system stability by monitoring the damping coefficients of an operating power system by the use of SMES can be shown experimentally. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(3): 40–48, 1997     

Improvement of Dynamic Stability in a Multimachine Power System via SMES with Active Power Modulation Controlled by Frequency Deviation

With the recent increase in demand, power systems have become large and complex and generation plants are located far from the load center. As a result, power system instability has become more serious. On the other hand, the active and reactive powers am controlled rapidly and flexibly by the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. This paper proposes a practical method to suppress power oscillation in a multimachine power system by using SMES wherein its active power is controlled by the signal derived from a bus frequency deviation. This controlled scheme is conducted easily only by detecting the frequency deviation on the site. The proposed method is examined on a 4-machine miniature power system connecting a I-MJ SMES as well as another digital simulation using the same model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.     

Interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage

The objective of this work is to discuss the concept of back‐to‐back interconnection systems with energy storage, especially with a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) incorporated into a back‐to‐back DC link. In this case, each converter of the back‐to‐back system is used as a power conditioning system for the SMES coils. Since the AC–DC converter can be designed independently of the frequency of the power system, a two‐way switch is connected to the AC side of each converter. This two‐way switch can select the interconnected power systems. By using the two‐way switches, this system can provide the stored energy in the SMES system to each interconnected power system through two AC–DC converters. For instance, lower‐cost power of each power network can be stored through two converters during the off‐peak hours and made available for dispatch to each power network during periods of demand peak. Then this system increases the reliability of electric power networks and enables the economical operations depending on the power demand. This paper describes the unique operations of the back‐to‐back interconnection with SMES and discuses the optimal SMES configuration for a 300‐MW‐class back‐to‐back interconnection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 37–43, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20482     

A developed control strategy for mitigating wind power generation transients using superconducting magnetic energy storage with reactive power support

The fast variations of wind speed during extreme wind gusts result in fluctuations in both generated power and the voltage of power systems connected to wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper presents a control strategy which has been tested out using two scenarios of wind gusts. The strategy is based on active and reactive powers controls of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). The WECS includes squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) with shunt connected capacitor bank to improve the power factor. The SMES system consists of step down transformer, power conditioning unit, DC–DC chopper, and large inductance superconducting coil. The WECS and SMES are connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used with the DC–DC chopper to control the power transfer between the grid and SMES coil. The FLC is designed so that the SMES can absorb/deliver active power from/to the power system. Moreover, reactive power is controlled to regulate the voltage profile of PCC. Two inputs are applied to the FLC; the wind speed and SMES current to control the amount active and reactive power generated by SMES. The proposed strategy is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®. The proposed control strategy of SMES is robust, as it successfully controlled the PCC voltage, active and reactive powers during normal wind speeds and for different scenarios of wind gusts. The PCC voltage was regulated at 1.0 pu for the two studied scenarios of wind gusts. The fluctuation ranges of real power delivered to the grid were decreased by 53.1% for Scenario #1 and 56.53% for Scenario #2. The average reactive power supplied by the grid to the wind farm were decreased by 27.45% for Scenario #1 and 31.13% for Scenario #2.     

超导磁储能系统抑制风力发电功率波动的研究

建立含超导磁储能装置(SMES)的单机无穷大系统的Phillips-Heffron模型,导出含SMES电力系统总的电磁转矩表达式,从理论上分析SMES对增强系统阻尼的作用.并设计了SMES非线性比例积分微分控制器,数字仿真结果验证了SMES阻尼系统功率振荡的特性,同时表明该控制器具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Enhancement of transient stability by fuzzy logic-controlled SMES considering communication delay

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for the enhancement of transient stability in a multi-machine power system. The control scheme of SMES is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converter (VSC) and a two-quadrant DC–DC chopper using gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristor. Total kinetic energy deviation (TKED) of the synchronous generators is used as the fuzzy input for SMES control. Communication delays introduced in online calculation of the TKED are considered for the actual analysis of transient stability. Global positioning system (GPS) is proposed for the practical implementation of the calculation of the TKED. Simulation results of balanced fault at different points in a multi-machine power system show that the proposed fuzzy logic-controlled SMES is an effective device for transient stability enhancement of multi-machine power system. Moreover, the transient stability performance is effected by the communication delay.     

超导储能改善并网风电场稳定性的研究

建立了风电机组和超导储能(SMES)装置的数学模型以研究SMES对并网风电场运行稳定性的改善.针对风电系统中经常出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用SMES安装点的电压偏差作为SMES有功控制器的控制信号的策略.对实例系统进行的仿真计算结果表明,SMES采用该控制策略,不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击.     

基于超导储能系统的风电场功率控制系统设计

风电场输出功率的波动性和间歇性会给电网带来不利的影响。为了降低风电场并网对电能质量的影响,文中阐述了一种基于超导储能系统的抑制风电场功率波动的间接控制方法。利用超导储能系统的四象限功率运行能力来补偿风电场输出的有功和无功功率波动,并抑制由此产生的电网电压波动;通过合理设计超导储能系统功率调节器的带宽来优化储能量。通过对风电场连接于弱电网的仿真,验证了所提出的功率控制策略的有效性。     

超导储能用电压型大功率换流器技术

在500 kVA超导储能系统研制中,为了选择合适的功率变换电路拓扑,使系统具有更高的电压等级和灵活性,比较了近年来国内外采用的几种电压型换流器。针对超导储能特点及其在电力系统中承担电能质量调节的要求,分析了传统2电平桥式换流电路、中点钳位型多电平换流电路以及级联型多电平换流电路的性能。分析结果表明,对于大功率超导储能装置,级联型多电平换流电路在电压等级、控制精度及结构灵活等方面均优于另外2种换流器拓扑,采用级联型换流器的超导储能系统实现了模块化构造,可以实现系统冗余及容错运行。仿真结果证实模块化超导储能系统能够在较低工作频率下精确控制电压质量。     

基于超导储能装置的联络线功率控制

改变了以往将超导储能装置安装在发电机出口处的策略,利用该装置与系统间有功和无功功率交换的灵活性,进行互联系统联络线的功率控制.控制目标由传统的驱使系统恢复到故障前的稳定运行点,转为跟踪系统惯量中心,以较小的控制代价尽快将系统拉回同步,并迅速平息故障后的区域间功率振荡.利用反步法为超导储能装置的有功环节设计了鲁棒控制器,使闭环系统对建模误差及有界的外部扰动具有鲁棒性.最后利用PSS/E对所提出的控制方案在4机2区系统上进行了数字仿真,证明了该方案的有效性.     

蓄电池/超导混合储能系统非线性鲁棒分数阶控制

针对电动汽车(Electric Vehicle, EV)供电端的蓄电池/超导混合储能系统(Battery/SMES Hybrid Energy Storage Systems, BSM-HESS)设计了一种新型非线性鲁棒分数阶控制(Nonlinear Robust Fractional-Order Control, NRFOC),从而快速精准地跟踪负荷需求变化。首先,基于规则式策略(Rule-Based Strategy, RBS)实现最优的负荷需求分配。然后,通过高增益扰动观测器(High-Gain Perturbation Observer, HGPO)对BSM-HESS的非线性、参数不确定性和未建模动态聚合而成的扰动进行快速估计,最终该扰动通过NRFOC进行在线完全补偿。此外,NRFOC不依赖于精确的系统模型,仅需测量蓄电池电流和直流侧电压两个状态量。通过三种算例进行研究,即重载条件、轻载条件以及参数不确定性,仿真结果验证了NRFOC的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Influence of magnetic linkage between coils of a modular SMES

To scale up the capacity of an SMES for a practical application, it is necessary to adopt a high-voltage system, a large current system or a modular system. The first system is difficult because of the very low withstanding voltage of a superconducting coil and the second also involves difficulties such as multiple connections of many convertors on the dc side and large current conductors in the superconducting coil. The third system, composed of several modules with small-scale convertor units and element coils, might be a solution of the above difficulties. In this modular system, the module coils have magnetic linkage with one another. In this paper, the influence of magnetic linkage between coils of a modular SMES is investigated by computer simulation. The magnetic linkage varies with the number of modules and the type of connection of the coils. By the effect of this magnetic linkage, each module's coil current is different at the same power. The current and energy transfer characteristics are determined for discharge from one or more of 6 modules, consisting of 18 coils. The discussion deals with the case in which there is an unused module when quenching occurs. The transfer with the same current in all modules is shown by control of convertor power of the current feedback. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn. 118 (4): 1–9, 1997     

应用储能系统抑制电力系统低频振荡原理研究

基于线性化等面积法则和小干扰分析方法,提出储能系统抑制电力系统低频振荡的原理和方法.通过对装有储能系统的单机无穷大系统进行理论分析和仿真测试,结果表明储能阻尼控制能够提供系统阻尼,且控制储能系统和电力系统之间的有功功率交换获得阻尼的效果比控制无功功率交换获得阻尼的效果要好的多.     

基于超导储能的暂态稳定控制器设计

设计了用于提高电力系统的暂态稳定超导储能(SMES)装置的非线性鲁棒控制器,并从数字仿真和动模实验两方面进行了验证。为了简化动态性能分析和控制器设计,在实验样机的基础上,提出了新的基于电流型变流器的SMES的动态模型,并将其转化为标幺制模型。通过外部干扰的引入,得到了装设SMES的单机无穷大系统的动态模型,并采用精确线性化方法和线性H∞控制理论设计了SMES的非线性鲁棒控制器。为了验证该控制器的效果,对装设SMES单机无穷大系统进行了数字仿真和动模实验,并将其与常规PI控制器进行了比较。仿真和实验结果都证明了非线性鲁棒控制器具有良好性能。     

基于SMES相量模型抑制电力系统的功率振荡分析

根据超导储能装置（SMES）的工作原理,结合其结构特点与电路拓扑的发展趋势,建立了电压源型SMES相量模型。该模型将SMES等效为三相可控电流源,实现有功电流和无功电流独立控制,模拟SMES的功率响应特性,在功能上实现了对系统功率需求的准确跟踪,快速补偿系统的不平衡功率。最后,通过一个算例验证了SMES抑制单机无穷大系统功率振荡的效果,仿真结果表明该电压源型SMES可有效抑制系统的功率振荡,并使系统迅速恢复稳定运行状态,从而大大提高了系统的稳定性。     

Power system stabilizing control by a superconducting magnetic energy storage with a high-speed phase shifter

Electric power demand has increased rapidly and this is expected to continue. Undamped power swings with low frequency tend to occur in large power systems with complex configuration. Therefore, several stabilizing control schemes, e.g., a power system stabilizer (PSS), have already been investigated. On the other hand, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is expected to be an effective apparatus in power systems since any SMES located in power systems is capable of leveling load demand, compensating for load changes, maintaining bus voltages and stabilizing power swings. The effectiveness of each function, however, depends upon the location of the SMES in the power system because output power from the SMES is distributed according to the impedance ratio of the transmission line at the SMES location. Therefore, it is difficult for SMES to serve two different purposes simultaneously. This paper proposes a combination of SMES with a high-speed phase shifter (HSPS). The HSPS, which consists of a phase shift transformer and a set of power converters, is capable of controlling the power flow of the transmission line by adjusting the phase angle of a phase shift transformer. Therefore, it is expected that the combination of SMES and HSPS can realize a highly effective controller independent of its location. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed apparatus located far from a generator in a long distance bulk power transmission system is capable of stabilizing the power swing as effectively as the SMES located at a generator terminal. In addition, the effectiveness of both load change compensation and power system stabilization is confirmed numerically.     

光储联合发电系统的功率振荡特性分析与控制

高渗透光储并网发电系统功率振荡将因缺乏阻尼能力而威胁系统的动态稳定。首先分析通过调节光储系统的有功、无功增加系统阻尼的原理,并在光储联合系统并网功率控制的基础上,提出光储系统基于有功、无功控制的附加阻尼控制策略。该控制策略通过检测光伏侧直流电压变化,实现功率振荡过程中光伏并网逆变器和蓄电池储能系统的控制模式切换,使联合系统具备持续调节注入系统有功、无功功率的能力,并改善电网的阻尼特性。最后,基于渗透率约为30%的光储并网发电仿真系统,验证在系统出现振荡后,光储系统在所提控制策略下,具备通过快速功率调节抑制功率振荡的能力,从而实现多电源协调改善发电系统阻尼的控制目标。     

Neural-network-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage for power system stabilization

It has been clarified that a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is very effective for power system stabilization. The control methods proposed for power system stabilization by SMES are the pole assignment, the optimal control, and so on, each of which, however, has its drawbacks. This paper is concerned with the power system stabilization by neural network control of the active power of SMES. First, the optimal stabilizing control of the SMES power for the model power system is calculated for various power system operating conditions and fault conditions. Then these optimal controls are used as training data for the neural network. The neural network used is a multilayer type with a feedback from the output layer to the input layer. The trained neural network is examined by untrained operating conditions and faults.