Digital input filters for measurement,control and protection in electric power systems

Power system control and protection equipment is subject to especially stringent sensitivity and operational reliability requirements. Projected digital signal processing systems suitable for electric power systems fulfill these requirements by means of fast sampling and digital filtering by a 32-bit floating point DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The sampling rate of 3 kHz is carefully selected in order to separate the power spectra of the A-D conversion output errors from the signal bandwidth. The new 12-bit A-D conversion unit equipped with a recursive-type digital filter achieved a high resolution equivalent to 14-bit conversion. This paper describes the design concept and the operating characteristics and illustrates applications to current differential relays, distance relays and power system controllers.     

New digital control and protection equipment using multiprocessor architecture of distributed functions for power system

Control and protection of equipment in power systems generally require a high-information processing capability to cope with today's power system requirements. Then, new digital control and protection equipment have been developed using high-speed and high-precision processors. Essential requirements for the new control and protection equipment are a multiprocessor architecture of distributed functions to retain sufficient computing power (fast and high-precision operations), and flexible and expandable hardware with high reliability. In multiprocessor architecture, it is important to determine how the distributed processors share the functions. By analysis and synthesis of relaying and control processings, we divided them into six processing circuits. This paper proposes a multiprocessor architecture of distributed functions, using 32-bit floating-point and 16-bit microprocessors depending on the computational requirements. In addition a digital filter for fast sampled data is described along with performance of a digital relay.     

Digital input filters for measurement,control and protection of electric power systems

Power system control and protection equipment has required higher sensitivity and operational reliability than conventional one. Studies of digital signal processing suitable for electric power systems fulfill this objective using fast sampling and digital filtering by a 32-bit floating point DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The sampling rate of 3 kHz is carefully selected in order to separate the power spectrums of the A-D conversion output errors from the signal bandwidth. The new 12-bit A-D conversion unit equipped with a recursive-type digital filter achieved the equivalent high resolution of 14-bit conversion. This paper describes the design concept and the characteristics showing applications to current differential relays, distance relays and power system controllers.     

A new voltage control equipment using fuzzy inference

Power system control equipment needs higher sensitivity and operational reliability. Advanced voltage control equipment is needed for reducing the frequency of tap changes and improving the characteristics (the relationship between the actual voltage and reference voltage) of the voltage to meet today's power system requirements. However, these objectives are in a trade-off relationship. Studies of voltage control derived from a knowledge base suitable for electric power systems can satisfy these objectives using fuzzy inference. Compared with corresponding conventional equipment, the new equipment improved the deviation of 30 min average voltage of 30 percent. This paper describes the design concept of new voltage control equipment using fuzzy inference. In addition, field test results are described along with rules of fuzzy inference, membership functions, and the deviation of 30 min average voltage through detailed simulation.     

谐波与无功综合补偿装置的控制策略

针对高压大容量负荷谐波抑制和无功补偿的要求,以串联谐振注入式有源电力滤波器为基础结合并联型无源滤波器的谐波和无功综合补偿装置为例,通过结构分析.对常用基本控制策略进行比较.基于此,针对结构特点和应用需求进行有效的分频控制方法的研究,形成一套从基本控制策略选择到具体控制方法实现的综合补偿装置控制系统设计与实施的完整方案.为适应负荷变化频繁的复杂工况.提出采用根据电源谐波电流进行控制的基本策略以提高装置的安全稳定性能.同时利用基于直流分量的PI控制和基于广义积分的模糊自整定PI控制2种方法分别实现谐波电流的有效分频控制,后者不但避免了分频检测的环节.降低了计算量,而且很好地保证了控制效果.     

新型高电压测量装置——数字光电式串联感应分压器的研制

笔者研制了一台220kV数字式串联感应分压器。这是一种数字量输出型电子式电压互感器,是用来测量交流高压输电系统的电压并向测量仪表和保护装置提供信号的装置。数字式串联感应分压器由若干个不饱和电感器串联而成。介绍了装置的原理、结构和技术条件,还列出了试验项目和结果。结果表明,该设备能满足IEC60044-7的要求,准确度能达到0.2级,可用于高压电力系统。     

一种基于Hilbert数字滤波的无功功率测量方法

提出了一种基于Hilbert数字移相滤波的无功功率测量方法。该方法不仅能测量正弦电路中的无功功率，而且在给定的定义下，也适合于测量含有谐波的非正弦电路中的无功功率。由于该方法是在对电压、电流信号采样后，通过直接进行移相滤波和简单的数值计算测量出无功功率，避免了现有方法中通过测量电压、电流有效值和有功功率计算无功功率所带来的误差。此外，由于所设计的Hilbert数字移相滤波器具有优越的频率响应特性，即使对于相当高次谐波无功功率的测量，也能获得很高的测量准确度。所测无功功率的正负值还可以直接用于判断负载的性质。该方法在将模拟电压、电流信号转化为数字采样信号之后所进行的处理工作都是数字化的，设计简单、便于实现。文中所提出的方法已用于某种高精度数字多用表的设计中。     

连续高压脉冲方波下局部放电测试系统设计

为解决具有陡上升沿的连续方波脉冲下局部放电(PD)测试系统设计中强电源干扰及宽频带、高速采集的问题,设计了宽带、高频局部放电数据采集、数据传输和脉冲提取系统,可用于上升沿为100ns的连续高压脉冲方波下的局部放电测试。采用不同通带的12阶Butterworth滤波器,对比分析了抑制电源干扰的效果,提出了满足测试信噪比(SNR)要求的配置。基于虚拟仪器技术,实现了高速数字示波器的局部放电数据传输,并结合时域阀值、相位窗脉冲提取及极性辨别算法,实现了干扰抑制和峰值提取。系统可实现连续高压脉冲方波下局部放电长时间连续记录,得到脉冲方波下多周期局部放电脉冲峰值数据库,并计算其统计特性,从而为研究各种材料在脉冲方波下的局部放电特性和绝缘破坏机理奠定基础。     

基于深度Q学习的含用户侧储能微电网频率-电压数字化智能控制策略

频率与电压是衡量电能指标的重要标准。针对微电网受到负荷波动而引起的频率/电压调控问题,提出基于深度Q学习(deep Q-learning, DQN)的含用户侧储能微电网智能监控-控制策略。首先,通过考虑用户行为的随机性,增加了用户侧储能输出的随机约束,并引入四象限充放电的模型,构建用户侧储能的集群充放电模型,从而搭建出微电网频率-电压的协同控制模型。其次,设计基于DQN的频率/电压控制器结构与数字化智能控制平台,以系统实时的频率偏差、电压偏差与用户侧储能输出功率的上、下限约束为状态空间,以系统各机组出力为动作空间,并基于频率及电压2个控制目标,完成包含2个本地奖励的全局奖励函数的设计。算例结果表明：与传统PID控制器相比,所提DQN控制器能同时满足频率与电压的控制需求,更有效地应对负荷波动所引起的电能质量问题。     

柔性直流输电系统的自适应下垂反馈控制方法

提出一种柔性直流输电系统的自适应下垂反馈控制方法,通过利用柔性直流(VSC-HVDC)的灵活可控性为弱交流电网的频率和电压提供辅助支撑能力。首先,分析了柔性直流控制系统的工作原理,建立了VSC双环解耦控制的数学模型;在此基础上,提出了一种改进的双环PI解耦控制系统,分别设计了带有频率附加控制的有功功率控制器和带有电压附加控制的无功功率控制器,能够有效改善弱交流系统频率和电压的稳定性;采用了带功率偏差补偿的下垂反馈控制,改善了系统的动态响应,扩大了柔性直流的稳定运行范围。时域仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

基于Kaiser窗的改进傅氏测频算法

快速、准确测量电频率是电网及电气设备运行、控制、调节的重要基础。电压的谐波和噪声会影响频率的测量,特别是分布式发电引入了各种电力电子设备,产生的谐波较大,谐波中不仅包含整次谐波,还包含有大量的非整次谐波。常规傅氏测频法抗非整次谐波和噪声能力弱,测频精度会受到一定影响。提出了一种基于Kaiser窗的改进傅氏测频算法,提高了谐波和噪声环境下的测频精度。仿真结果显示改进测频算法的测量误差小于0．005Hz,优于常规傅氏算法。     

多端柔性直流输电系统动态附加频率控制策略

附加频率控制利用基于电压源型换流器的多端柔性直流输电(VSC-MTDC)系统直流电压变化传递故障交流系统频率变动,促使非故障交流系统所连电压源型换流器(VSC)消纳不平衡功率参与频率调节。然而固定下垂系数灵活性不足,在不平衡功率分配时忽略VSC实时运行状态与交流网络稳定性,无法保证系统参与频率调整的同时安全稳定运行。通过研究频率变动造成的功率不平衡量分配和直流电压下垂系数的定量关系,提出一种计及系统运行状态的VSC-MTDC动态附加频率控制策略,将VSC功率裕度和交流网络频率变化量引入下垂系数,动态调整不平衡功率的分配比例。仿真结果证明,应用动态附加频率控制进行频率调节后,频率偏差较小的交流网络在所连VSC功率裕度较大时能承担更多不平衡功率,而频率偏差较大的交流网络所连换流站不平衡功率配比下降,VSC-MTDC系统安全稳定运行水平得到显著改善。     

Real-time vehicle-to-grid control forfrequency regulation with high frequencyregulating signal

The large-scale popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) brings the potential for grid frequency regulation. Considering the characteristics of fast response and adjustment of EVs, two control strategies of automatic generation control (AGC) with EVs are proposed responding to two high frequency regulating signals extracted from area control error (ACE) and area regulation requirement (ARR) by a digital filter, respectively. In order to dispatch regulation task to EVs, the capacity of regulation is calculated based on maximum V2G power and the present V2G power of EVs. Finally, simulations based on a two-area interconnected power system show that the proposed approaches can significantly suppress frequency deviation and reduce the active power output of traditional generation units.     

A Low-cost Reconfigurable Field-programmable Gate Array Based Three-phase Shunt Active Power Filter for Current Harmonic Elimination and Power Factor Constraints

Non-linear loads, such as switched mode power supply, adjustable-speed drives, arc furnaces, etc., result in deterioration of power quality in terms of current harmonics and reactive power demand. Shunt active power filters are widely used to compensate the current harmonics, thereby improving power quality. Digital signal processors and microcontroller units used in digital control of shunt active power filters are constrained by a complex algorithm structure, adaptability, accuracy, the absence of feedback loop delays, and larger execution time. Shunt active power filters require a faster computation update rate to maintain the closed-loop bandwidth, accurate sensing of voltage and current, proper estimation of parameters, and a high frequency pulse-width modulation. In this article, a low-cost single all-on-chip field-programmable gate array implements the digital control of a three-phase shunt active power filter. This proposed implementation scheme has much less execution time and boosts the overall performance of the system. All required tasks of a typical shunt active power filter are implemented with a low-cost single all-on chip field-programmable gate array module that provides freedom to reconfigure for any other applications. Additional features, such as anti-windup, over-sampling, and time multiplexing, are also added to improve the overall performance. The proposed system is designed to meet IEEE 519 and IEC EN 61000-3 recommendations in terms of harmonic elimination and unity power factor requirements. The entire algorithm is coded, processed, and simulated using Xilinx 12.1 ISE Suite to estimate the advantages of the proposed system. This code is also defused on the low-cost single all-on-chip Xilinx Spartan 3A DSP-XC3SD1800 laboratory prototype, and experimental results obtained match with simulated counterparts. The proposed control scheme for the shunt active power filter results in reduces current harmonics under dynamic and steady-state operating conditions.     

考虑有功协调优化的配电网动态电压控制

配电网电压动态变化特征日益凸显,对配电网动态优化控制提出了新的要求。除此之外,配电网有功与无功的耦合特性也使得仅基于无功/电压的控制方法效果降低。因此,提出了一种考虑有功/无功快速协调优化的配电网动态电压控制方法,实现在秒级时间尺度内关键节点的电压恢复。首先建立配电网有功/无功控制设备动态模型,并基于模型预测控制理论建立了动态电压控制系统预测模型。设计了面向配电网电压协调控制的多目标自适应优化策略,基于配电网同步相量测量单元动态测量数据实现有功/无功控制设备出力的动态协调。仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现配电网电压波动的秒级抑制,并将目标节点电压快速无差地恢复至扰动前水平。     

基于模糊PID控制的交流励磁调节系统的MATLAB建模与仿真

交流励磁发电机能够实现变速恒频恒压发电,具有良好的速度适应能力。将该发电机应用到军用车辆上,便可以使装备在车辆行驶过程中获得稳定的电能。由于传统的PID控制在分析非线性系统时存在的局限性,在发动机转速变化时调节的快速性、稳定性上很难满足装备要求,对此,本文提出了一套采用模糊PID控制算法对SPWM波的占空比进行实时控制的方法,以提高调节的快速性和稳定性。利用Matlab／Simulink对交流励磁发电系统进行建模,并对系统进行了负载变化、转速变化实验。结果证明,采用模糊PID控制算法的交流励磁系统在运行工况改变情况下可以得到稳定的输出电压波形曲线,达到了预期效果。     

有源型电能质量治理设备电网适应性评估方法

工程实践表明复杂电网环境对有源型电能质量治理设备性能的影响不可忽略。对此,提出了有源型电能质量治理设备电网适应性的概念及其评估方法。首先将电网适应性与稳定性、鲁棒性的概念进行对比,得出电网适应性的具体内涵。其次构建了电网适应性评价体系,该体系针对电压偏差、频率偏差、三相不平衡、电压谐波4种典型场景,围绕设备损耗、谐波发射水平、补偿性能、响应时间4个评价指标,基于决策试验和评价（DEMATEL）模型建立的模糊综合评价方法开展评价。最后,以某LCL型有源电力滤波器为例进行性能评估与分析,结果证明了所提方法的有效性。     

灵宝背靠背直流输电工程冗余极控系统的实现

直流输电系统中,极控系统输出小的变化可能导致传输功率产生很大的波动。为保证在运行系统故障时冗余系统之间无扰动切换,冗余极控系统的运行点要尽可能保持一致。介绍了灵宝背靠背直流输电工程中冗余极控系统的具体实现方法,系统选择单元的设计采用传统的电子设计技术,没有使用微处理器,从而不依赖于编程软件。该设计方法能保证系统选择单元和极控系统相互独立,不仅提高了系统的可靠性,而且保证了冗余系统之间快速切换。实时数字仿真器(RTDS)上的仿真结果进一步表明这种设计方法适用于直流输电系统冗余的需要。     

低压有源电力滤波器在高电压等级下的仿真和工程应用

提出一种利用低漏抗变压器和并联型低压有源电力滤波器实现对高电压等级补偿的新方法。针对现场工况情况,考虑到变压器的移相特性,采用一种新型数字锁相环技术对原有控制策略进行改进,实现了通过低压有源滤波器对高电压母线的谐波治理和无功补偿。在不改变低压有源滤波器内部结构的前提下,可以替代高压有源电力滤波器完成补偿任务,降低设备投资。低压有源滤波器电压等级较低,可以降低设备运维难度,并能提高运维人员的安全系数。通过PSCAD/EMTDC数字仿真和现场实物试验,验证了相关设计的有效性和可行性。     

一种用于数控功率因数校正的占空比控制算法

功率因数校正技术存在开关周期内需要大量运算操作的问题,受数字控制器计算速度的影响,开关频率的提高受到限制;当负载和输入电压变化时,其调整能力不强.针对此问题提出一种应用于Boost功率因数校正电路中的占空比控制算法.该算法不仅可以使电流环和电压环两方面的计算同时进行,而且运算操作大大减少.当负载和输入电压发生阶跃变化时,算法通过引入输出纹波电压和前馈输入电压来补偿每个开关周期的占空比,保证了输入电流仍是良好的正弦波形,并保证功率因数校正系统具有较快的动态响应速度和较高的稳定性.仿真结果表明,电路工作在开关频率为100 kHz的情况下,功率因数达到0.998以上,能够达到功率因数校正的目的.