热激处理对冷藏“解放钟”枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响

以福建莆田市“解放钟”枇杷为材料,采后50℃热处理30min 后分为冷库(2～5℃)和室温(18～25℃)两种贮藏条件进行贮藏。在贮藏期通过对枇杷果实的木质素含量、硬度、多酚氧化酶(PPO) 、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化的分析,研究贮前热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：低温(2～5℃)条件下贮藏,枇杷果实硬度和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性都有明显升高,且两者呈正相关,相关系数r=0.914。贮前热处理能够延缓冷藏枇杷果实木质素含量及硬度的上升,降低PPO、PAL、CAD、POD 的活性。     

外源GABA对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响

为了探究γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)处理对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响,本文研究了5 mmol/L GABA处理对双孢蘑菇几丁质、纤维素、木质素含量以及细胞壁代谢和木质素合成的相关酶活力的影响(4℃贮藏12 d)。结果表明:GABA处理能显著(P<0.05)抑制双孢蘑菇几丁质酶和纤维素酶的活力,减缓几丁质和纤维素的降解,这说明GABA处理能较好维持细胞膜的结构和抗压力。在贮藏6 d后,双孢蘑菇中的木质素含量不断升高,木质化进程不断加深。相关性分析表明,木质素含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力(PAL)活力呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)活力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。GABA处理组木质素含量低于对照组,PAL活力高于对照组,而CAD活力却低于对照组,这说明GABA能够通过提高PAL活力和抑制CAD活力来降低双孢蘑菇木质素的积累,进而延缓其木质化进程。     

烤烟成熟期烟叶木质素合成关键酶基因的转录分析

木质素对烟叶抗性形成具有重要意义,但含量过高会降低卷烟产品品质。为系统探究木质素在烟叶成熟期合成积累的关键点及调控基因的变化规律,本研究以K326为试验材料,测定烤烟中部叶成熟期叶片硬度、组织结构、木质素含量及相关合成酶基因的表达模式。结果表明,成熟期是烤烟木质素合成积累的重要时期,在整个成熟期后烟叶木质素含量和硬度呈现先增加后降低的变化规律,在打顶后30天,木质素含量和烟叶硬度达到最大值;烟叶成熟期木质素合成酶相关基因的qRT-PCR表达分析表明:PAL、C4H、4CL1、CCR1、CCoAOMT5、COMT1、CAD2、PAO1和F5H1基因表达规律与木质素变化规律较为一致,呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,且在打顶后30天,表达量达到峰值。其中PAL、C4H、CCR1、CAD2和PAO1基因对烟叶木质素合成积累的贡献较大（p<0.01,r=0.93, 0.90, 0.91, 0.90, 0.89;P=0.24, 0.19, 0.16, 0.17, 0.19）,是烟叶木质素合成积累过程中的关键调控基因。      

Accumulation of lignin and involvement of enzymes in bamboo shoot during storage

Fresh bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis.) shoots were harvested, and the changes of firmness, electrical conductivity (EC), respiration rate, ethylene production, total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), lignin and cellulose content and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase POD were investigated during storage at 2 or 20°C for 30 or 12 days, respectively. EC increased quickly, with a more rapid rate at higher temperature, but it increased sharply after 24 days at 2°C. Respiration rate increased slowly at 20°C, while at low temperature (2°C) respiration rate and ethylene production significantly decreased. There was a quickly decrease in TS content at 20°C. Shoot firmness, lignin and cellulose increased and accelerated by higher storage temperature during storage at 2 or 20°C. Shoots firmness showed a positive correlation with accumulation of lignin and cellulose in the flesh. Among the enzymes associated with lignin synthesis, PAL and CAD activity showed a persistent rise over the whole 12 days, while POD activity increased rapidly within 6 days during storage at 20°C, followed by a slowly decrease. Accumulation of lignin in flesh tissue was also positively correlated to activity of PAL, CAD and POD. Our results suggest that the increase in firmness of bamboo shoots during storage is a consequence of tissue lignification, a process associated with increases in PAL, CAD and POD activity.     

快速热激处理对甘薯愈伤层形成及代谢的影响

为探究快速热激处理（rapid heat treatment,RHT）对促进采后甘薯块根愈伤的影响及机理,本研究以‘大叶红’甘薯为材料,经人工损伤处理后,以传统愈伤处理（35 ℃、2 d,CK＋）和未愈伤处理（CK－）为对照,采用65 ℃热空气对甘薯块根热激15 min,于13 ℃下贮藏7 d,观察愈伤期间甘薯块根伤口处木质素和软木脂的沉积情况;同时,测定块根伤口处组织活性氧代谢中间产物含量和相关酶活力;此外,测定抗氧化活性以及苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶活力和木质素、酚类物质含量。结果表明,RHT能有效促进甘薯块根伤口处木质素和软木脂沉积,与传统愈伤处理效果相近,愈伤并贮藏6 d后块根的木质素和软木脂沉积厚度显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。RHT处理能显著促进H2O2、·OH和O2－·的快速积累,诱导超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活力上升,显著提高愈伤期间甘薯愈伤组织的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力（P＜0.05）。RHT还能诱导愈伤期间苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟基化酶、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶和肉桂醇脱氢酶活力上升并提前达到峰值,促进总酚、芦丁和木质素的积累。此外,RHT还显著增加了块根愈伤组织中新绿原酸、儿茶素、绿原酸和表儿茶素含量。综上,RHT不仅可以通过促进活性氧成分的积累和抗氧化活性上升来维持愈伤组织中活性氧的动态平衡,还能激活苯丙烷代谢途径中关键酶,产生大量的次生代谢产物,加速木质素和软木脂沉积,从而促进甘薯块根伤口的快速愈合。     

鲜切雷竹笋冷藏过程中木质化机理的研究

研究鲜切雷竹笋在4℃冷藏条件下苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力及丙二醛(MDA)、多酚、木质素含量的变化规律,探讨其木质化机理。结果显示：在冷藏过程中,PAL、POD活力、MDA含量呈先上升,后下降的趋势;PPO活力在前6d缓慢上升,第15天开始下降;多酚含量在冷藏前6d急剧下降,后缓慢上升,第12天又开始下降;木质素含量不断增加,基部为5%～26%,中部为3%～24%,尖部为2%～22%。结果表明：在冷藏期内,PAL、POD活力大幅度增加,是导致鲜切雷竹笋木质化的关键酶;酚类物质作为木质素合成的前体物质,参与木质素的合成;MDA可能参与鲜切雷竹笋的木质化进程,但需进一步验证;木质素含量从基部向尖部逐渐降低,木质化进程是从基部向尖部推进的。     

Effect of down-regulation of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase on cell wall composition and on degradability of tobacco stems

The effect of down-regulation of tobacco cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) on cell wall composition and degradability has been assessed. CAD activity was only 20, 16, 14 and 7%, relative to the controls, in four populations of plants (designated 40-1, 40-2, 48 and 50, respectively) transformed with CAD antisense mRNA. Cell wall residues of stem samples were analysed for polysaccharide composition, gravimetric and acetyl bromide lignins and lignin nitrobenzene oxidation products. In situ disappearance and cellulase solubility of both initial dry matter and CWR were determined. The populations of plants with depressed CAD activity showed no change in lignin content but some consistent changes in cell wall composition and digestibility were identified. The syringyl content of lignins decreased and the syringaldehyde to vanillin ratio (S/V) was consequently reduced. Dry matter degradability, as measured by both methods, was significantly improved in all CAD-depressed samples except for population 40-1, which was the least CAD-depressed. Increased in situ disappearance of cell wall (ISCWD) was found in all plants exhibiting more than 80% CAD down-regulation and was maximal (7 percentage units) in population 50 which had the greatest CAD depression. The rates of ISCWD increased slightly in some populations (40-2 and 50). The relationship between S/V and ISCWD was significant (R = -0·68) only in the samples from a selected population of mature, most depleted plants. Other modifications may therefore also contribute to the improvement in degradability. However the changes in lignin composition that were observed in CAD-depressed tobacco are largely similar to those seen in some maize and sorghum mutants with altered lignification and improved digestibility. These data therefore suggest that depressing CAD activity may be an effective method for improving digestibility in forage crops. © 1998 SCI.     

Use of 1‐methylcyclopropene for alleviating chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis) during cold storage

BACKGROUND: Bamboo shoot is sensitive to chilling, and low‐temperature injury is a major limitation to its long‐term storage. Studies on the causes of postharvest deterioration in bamboo shoot are few. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ethylene and 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatments on the physiological and biochemical responses of bamboo shoot and their ability as a postharvest tool to alleviate chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot during storage at 2 °C. RESULTS: Disease incidence, electrical conductivity (EC), respiration and ethylene production of control bamboo shoot increased after about 2–3 weeks of cold storage, associated with higher chilling injury (CI) index. Increased shoot firmness during cold storage was positively correlated with higher lignin and cellulose accumulation, and this accumulation of lignin in flesh tissue was also positively correlated with the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). Ethylene treatment was associated with higher disease incidence, CI index, EC, respiration and ethylene production, enhanced lignin and cellulose accumulation and accelerated the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. In contrast, 1‐MCP treatment was associated with lower respiration, ethylene production, CI index and EC, reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation and retarded the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. CONCLUSION: The present findings throw light on the role of ethylene in postharvest physiological disorders such as chilling injury and lignification and suggest that 1‐MCP could be used commercially to control these disorders in bamboo shoot during cold storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of heat treatment on lignification of postharvest bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis.)

In order to evaluate the effects of heat treatment on the quality of postharvest bamboo shoots, the firmness, disease incidence, respiration and ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, lignin and cellulose contents, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) were examined during storage at 20 °C after heat treatment at 45 °C for 5 h. Heat treatment inhibited disease incidence and respiration, retarded ethylene production, and decreased ACS and ACO activities in bamboo shoots. Furthermore, heat treatment significantly delayed the rise in the activities of PAL, CAD and POD, which were associated with the inhibition of the synthesis of lignin and the delayed tissue lignification. These findings suggest that heat treatment could be a potential tool to delay lignification and decrease disease incidence in bamboo shoots during storage at 20 °C.     

Trichothecium roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物对苹果青霉病的控制效果及其诱导抗病机理

以‘红富士’苹果为试材,通过粉红单端孢（Trichothecium roseum）菌丝体细胞壁提取物处理后24 h损伤接种扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）,研究其对苹果果实青霉病的抑制效果,并通过生化方法进一步揭示了T. roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物的部分诱导抗病机理。结果表明,T. roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物处理能有效抑制损伤接种P. expansum苹果青霉病的扩展,其中以150 mg/mL T. roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物处理效果最好,处理后第5天病害程度相比于对照组降低了29.5%。进一步研究表明,150 mg/mL T. roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物处理显著提高了贮藏期间果实组织中多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶和肉桂醇脱氢酶的活力（P＜0.05）,同时提高了果实组织中总酚、类黄酮和木质素的含量。进一步推断出T. roseum菌丝体细胞壁提取物可通过促进苯丙烷代谢、提高抗性相关酶的活力和抗性物质的积累而增加果实的抗病性。     

外源亚精胺处理对香菇木质化及相关酶活力的影响

本实验以香菇为原料,分别用10、15 mg/L和20 mg/L亚精胺溶液进行负压渗透处理,4 ℃贮藏16 d,研究了贮藏过程中硬度和木质素、几丁质、纤维素、总酚含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力的变化规律。结果表明：所有处理均不能抑制香菇硬度下降,并均促进了纤维素含量升高;15 mg/L的亚精胺处理能够使贮藏末期几丁质含量不发生明显下降;总酚含量在贮藏过程中先增加后降低;15、20 mg/L的亚精胺处理组能够在4～6 d保持较低的PAL活力;而20 mg/L亚精胺处理在贮藏前期（4～6 d）能抑制POD活力,推迟木质化高峰的到来。     

纳米包装材料对金针菇木质化及相关酶活性的影响

添加纳米银、纳米二氧化钛、凹凸棒土和纳米二氧化硅等材料制备一种纳米聚乙烯包装袋。跟踪检测4 ℃、相对湿度90%～95%贮藏过程中金针菇的菌柄最大剪切力、质量损失率、可溶性蛋白含量、木质素含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性、肉桂醇脱氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和细胞微观结构的变化,分析纳米材料和普通聚乙烯材料包装对金针菇木质化劣变的影响。贮藏14 d后,纳米包装袋内金针菇菌柄最大剪切力、质量损失率和苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶活性分别为1.191 kg、0.51%和20.72、41.23、10.09 U/mg,显著低于普通PE包装组（P＜0.05）;另一方面,纳米包装金针菇样品中的木质素含量相比最初仅增加4.7%,而普通PE包装组木质素含量则增加了14.2%。纳米包装袋能够有效抑制贮藏期间金针菇木质素的积累及相关酶活性的上升,很好地保持金针菇贮藏品质,延长贮藏时间。     

Physiological and biochemical changes of fresh‐cut bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescens) during cold storage

Different selections along the length of a shoot in fresh‐cut bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescens) were used to study the changes of respiratory rate and the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, total phenol, lignin, cellulose and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) during storage at 4 °C. Respiratory rate increased after mechanical stress resulted from cutting, but decreased gradually during storage. PAL activity and PPO activity were higher in the apical and middle sections than in the basal sections of bamboo shoot. The content of total sugar, reducing sugar, MDA, lignin and cellulose changed differently in the three sections during storage. Total sugar and reducing sugar in the basal and middle sections decreased initially, then increased. In the apical section, total sugar and reducing sugar also decreased initially, but remained low thereafter. MDA levels increased sharply after processing but decreased in the apical section after 4 days and remained at high levels in the middle and basal sections during storage. Cellulose and lignin decomposed more rapidly in the apical and middle sections than in the basal section. Lignin content increased in the basal section at the end of the storage. These results suggest that, while softening occurs in the apical and middle sections, lignification also takes place at the same time in the basal section. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

高氧动态气调对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响

研究高氧动态气调（high-oxygen dynamic controlled atmosphere,HO-DCA）贮藏过程中双孢蘑菇的几 丁质、纤维素和木质素含量,以及细胞壁代谢和木质素合成相关酶活力的变化规律。结果表明：在贮藏后期, HO-DCA处理组的双孢蘑菇几丁质含量显著高于静态气调组与对照组（P＜0.05）,几丁质酶活力显著低于对照 组（P＜0.05）,说明HO-DCA处理有效抑制了细胞壁中几丁质的降解。HO-DCA处理显著抑制了纤维素酶活力 （P＜0.05）,维持了较高的纤维素含量,保持了较高的组织抗压力。双孢蘑菇在其贮藏后期,菌柄木质素含量 急剧升高,木质化程度不断加深,菌柄木质化程度大于菌盖。4-香豆酸-辅酶A连接酶（4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase,4CL）和肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）活力与木质素含量呈显著正相关, 而苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力与木质素含量相关性不显著。HO-DCA处理组的双孢蘑菇木质素含量显著低于对照组 （P＜0.05）,说明HO-DCA处理通过抑制双孢蘑菇4CL和CAD的活力抑制了木质素的积累,延缓了其木质化进 程。研究明确高氧动态气调对其细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响,可为有效控制双孢蘑菇质地劣变提供理论依据。     

UV-C辐照处理对高节笋冷藏品质的影响

为研究UV-C辐照处理对采后剥壳后的高节笋的品质、木质化和褐变的控制效果,本文将UV-C 4.0 kJ·m-2强度辐照处理剥壳后的高节笋于(6±1) ℃、85%~90% RH环境下贮藏15 d,分析硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量以及4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性等指标的变化。结果表明:UV-C处理对抑制高节笋切面的褐变,延缓高节笋的硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量的上升,抑制4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性均有显著性作用(p<0.05)。研究发现,UV-C辐照处理能够通过降低木质素合成代谢的相关酶活以抑制采后去壳竹笋木质素的累积,从而延缓采后冷藏竹笋的木质化进程,使其保持良好的食用品质。     

二氧化氯通过激活苯丙烷代谢加速马铃薯块茎的愈伤过程

二氧化氯（ClO2）是一种安全高效的消毒剂,广泛用于果蔬保鲜和疾病的防治,但ClO2处理对马铃薯采后块茎的愈伤效果尚不明确。本研究采用25 mg/L ClO2浸泡切半‘大西洋’马铃薯块茎10 min,然后于室温黑暗条件下愈伤0、3、5、7、14、21 d。测定损伤块茎在愈伤期间的质量损失率以及损伤接种硫色镰刀菌（Fusarium sulphureum）块茎的病情指数,观察伤口处聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累,测定伤口处苯丙烷代谢关键酶和过氧化物酶活力,以及苯丙烷代谢产物和H2O2的含量。结果表明,25 mg/L ClO2处理加速了聚酚软木酯和木质素的沉积,增加了愈伤期间损伤组织的细胞层厚度。此外,ClO2处理降低了损伤块茎的质量损失率以及损伤接种硫色镰刀菌（F. sulphureum）后块茎的病情指数,第14天时,处理块茎的质量损失率和病情指数分别低于对照20.8%和45.3%。另外,ClO2处理通过提高块茎伤口组织处苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶与肉桂醇脱氢酶的活力,增加了5 种酚酸（肉桂酸、p-香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸和芥子酸）及3 种木质素单体（p-香豆醇、芥子醇和松柏醇）的含量;ClO2处理还显著促进了总酚、类黄酮和木质素的合成,提高了H2O2含量和过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力。综上所述,ClO2处理加速了愈伤期间马铃薯损伤块茎伤口处聚酚软木酯、木质素的沉积,降低了损伤块茎的质量损失率及病情指数,激活了苯丙烷代谢,提高了H2O2含量和POD活力。这些发现为ClO2处理加速马铃薯块茎的愈伤提供了理论依据。     

热水处理促进胡萝卜的愈伤

目的：研究热水处理对胡萝卜伤口处聚酚软木脂及木质素积累的影响及相关机制。方法：用45 ℃热水浸泡人工损伤的胡萝卜直根5 min,测定损伤胡萝卜愈伤期间的质量损失率和损伤接种Botrytis cinerea后的病情指数,观察伤口处聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累,测定伤口处苯丙烷代谢相关酶和过氧化物酶活力,以及苯丙烷代谢产物和H2O2含量。结果：热水处理显著降低了胡萝卜愈伤期间的质量损失率和病情指数（P＜0.05）,第5天时,处理组的质量损失率低于对照组21%,第3天时,处理组的病情指数低于对照组22%。热水处理加速了胡萝卜伤口处聚酚软木脂及木质素的沉积,第3天时,伤口处聚酚软木脂厚度高出对照组18%,第5天时,木质素细胞层厚度高出对照组16%。热水处理提高了胡萝卜伤口处苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶及肉桂醇脱氢酶的活性,促进了伤口处肉桂酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸、总酚和类黄酮的合成,提高了肉桂醇、松柏醇、芥子醇及木质素的含量。此外,热水处理还提高了胡萝卜伤口处H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活性。结论：热水处理可通过激活苯丙烷代谢、提高H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活性、加速伤口处聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累来促进胡萝卜愈伤。     

Severe inhibition of maize wall degradation by synthetic lignins formed with coniferaldehyde

Although the enzymatic or ruminal degradability of plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is often greater than their normal counterparts, factors responsible for these degradability differences have not been identified. Since lignins in CAD deficient plants often contain elevated concentrations of aldehydes, we used a cell-wall model system to evaluate what effect aldehyde-containing lignins have on the hydrolysis of cell walls by fungal enzymes. Varying ratios of coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol were polymerised into non-lignified primary walls of maize (Zea mays L) by wall-bound peroxidase and exogenously supplied H₂O₂. Coniferaldehyde lignins formed fewer cross-linked structures with other wall components, but they were much more inhibitory to cell wall degradation than lignins formed with coniferyl alcohol. This suggests that the improved degradability of CAD deficient plants is not related to the incorporation of p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde units into lignin. Degradability differences were diminished if enzyme loadings were increased and if hydrophobic aldehyde groups in lignins were reduced to their corresponding alcohols by ethanolic sodium borohydride. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

采收成熟度与冷藏枇杷果实木质化关系研究

以七成、八成和九成熟的“解放钟”枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. Jiefangzhong)果实为试材,于4℃贮藏期间测定3 种不同成熟度果实的品质指标及木质化相关酶活性的变化,确定适宜于冷藏的枇杷果实采收成熟度,以减缓冷藏期间果实木质化败坏的发生,延长其贮藏期。结果表明：果实冷藏至35d,成熟度越高,果肉木质化越严重,但七成与八成熟果实木质素含量差异不明显(P ＞ 0.05);木质化程度相对较低;八成熟果实的总糖和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量明显高于七成熟和九成熟果实(P ＜ 0.05)。不同成熟度果实可滴定酸(TA)含量以及4- 香豆酸辅酶A 连接酶(4CL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性差异不显著(P ＞ 0.05),九成熟果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性明显高于七成和八成熟(P ＜ 0.05),PAL 活性与木质素含量之间具有较高的正相关性(r=0.89)。不同采收成熟度与冷藏枇杷果实木质化密切相关,适于冷藏的枇杷果实以八成熟采收为宜。     

The newly extended maize internode: A model for the study of secondary cell wall formation and consequences for digestibility

The upper five internodes were collected from maize (Zea mays L) inbred cell lines Co 125 and W401 harvested at the same developmental stage, 5 days after silking. Each internode was dissected into ten equal lengths labelled A (top) to J (base). The youngest cells were found in section J, which contained the intercalary meristem, and the oldest in section A. Internodes 1, 3 and 5 provided material for chemical analysis and internodes 2 and 4 for degradability measurements. Cell wall material accounted for one-third of dry matter in section J, doubling to two-thirds in the upper half of each internode. Only section J exhibited a polysaccharide profile typical of primary cell walls. In all other sections, 1,4-linked glucose (± 46% of cell wall) and xylan largely free from side chains (± 25% of cell wall) predominated. Net accretion of cell wall polysaccharide reached a maximum by segment G and thereafter little additional carbohydrate was deposited. Lignification appeared to be separated from the biogenesis of structural carbohydrate and continued over much of each internode reaching a maximum in section C. Degradability measurements, made using a modified neutral-detergent cellulase digestibility method, showed substantial differences between sections. In line Co 125, cell wall degradability fell from over 95% in the youngest section (J) to approximately 24% in section B. Internode 4 of line W401 failed to show the same pattern of degradabilities, probably because of a sequential rather than simultaneous pattern of internode elongation. Saponifiable p-coumaric acid appeared to provide a more sensitive marker than lignin of the extent of secondary wall development. The inverse relationship between extent of lignification in each section and its degradability confirmed the value of the internode model for the study of secondary wall formation and its biological consequences.