适用于1000Base-T以太网的低抖动低功耗频率综合器

采用高速鉴频鉴相器(TSPC)、经典抗抖动的电荷泵、交叉耦合差分延迟单元以及电阻分压相位内插电路等结构设计了一个应用于1000Base-T以太网收发器的频率综合器电路,并能兼容10/100Mbps模式.该电路同时满足发送电路上升下降斜率控制和时钟恢复电路对于多相时钟(128相)的需要,大大节约了面积和功耗.在晶振的绝对抖动σ约为16ps情况下,输出25MHz测试时钟信号σ仅为11ps.表明该频率综合器有较强的抑制噪声能力,能很好满足发送和接收电路对于时钟性能的要求.芯片采用SMIC 0.18μm的标准CMOS工艺,电源电压为1.8V,功耗小于4mW.     

适用于10/100Base-T以太网的低抖动频率综合器

设计了一种用于10/100Base-T以太网收发器的频率综合器电路.该电路自适应工作在10和100Mbps两种模式下,并能自由切换.电路采用cascode电流源、差分对称负载延迟单元等优化结构,使时钟输出具有良好特性,且能兼具DLL功能,同时满足发送电路上升下降斜率控制和时钟恢复电路对于多相时钟的需要,避免额外的功耗和面积.在一定测试环境下,晶振的cycle-cycle抖动σ约为25ps,输出时钟分频后的25MHz测试时钟信号的σ仅为22ps.测试结果表明,时钟发生电路具有良好的工艺稳定性和较强的抑制噪声能力,满足发送和接收电路对于时钟性能的要求.芯片采用SMIC 0.35μm的标准CMOS工艺,电源电压为3.3V.     

适用于10/100Base-T以太网的低抖动频率综合器

计了一种用于10/100BaseT以太网收发器的频率综合器电路．该电路自适应工作在10和100Mbps两种模式下,并能自由切换．电路采用cascode电流源、差分对称负载延迟单元等优化结构,使时钟输出具有良好特性,且能兼具DLL功能,同时满足发送电路上升下降斜率控制和时钟恢复电路对于多相时钟的需要,避免额外的功耗和面积．在一定测试环境下,晶振的cycle-cycle抖动σ约为25ps,输出时钟分频后的25MHz测试时钟信号的σ仅为22ps．测试结果表明,时钟发生电路具有良好的工艺稳定性和较强的抑制噪声能力,满足发送和接收电路对于时钟性能的要求．芯片采用SMIC 0.35μm的标准CMOS工艺,电源电压为3.3V．     

一种新型的高速时钟数据恢复电路的设计和验证

针对高速(Gbit/s)串行数据通信应用,提出了一种混合结构的高速时钟数据恢复电路。该电路结构结合鉴频器和半速率二进制鉴相器,实现了频率锁定环路和相位恢复环路的同时工作。和传统的双环路结构相比,在功耗和面积可比拟的前提下,该结构系统的复杂度低、响应速度快。电路采用1.8 V,0.18μm CMOS工艺流片验证,测试结果显示在2 Gbit/s伪随机数序列输入情况下,电路能正确恢复出时钟和数据。芯片面积约0.5 mm~2,时钟数据恢复部分功耗为53.6 mW,输出驱动电路功耗约64.5 mW,恢复出的时钟抖动峰峰值为45 ps,均方根抖动为9.636 ps。     

一种低功耗倍频延迟锁相环设计

多相时钟是集成电路的关键模块之一,在模拟数字转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC),或是时间数字转换器(Time-to-Digital Converter,TDC)等电路中有大量的应用.多相时钟通常由延迟锁相环(Delay-Locked Loop,DLL)与锁相环(Phase-Locked Loop,PLL)产生.然而传统DLL无法倍频,PLL会有抖动累积等问题.此外,DLL与PLL的功耗通常较大.针对这些问题,本文提出了一种低功耗防错锁倍频延迟锁相环(Multiplying Delay-Locked Loop,MDLL).该设计采用一种低功耗的电荷泵结构,以及能切换为压控振荡器的压控延迟线,使电路功能在DLL与PLL之间切换,在倍频的同时能够周期地消除抖动累积.同时加入了防错锁电路,以避免MDLL锁定在错误的频率.基于HHGrace 0.11μm COMS工艺进行了流片验证,芯片面积约为0.03 mm 2.测试结果表明,此电路能够将输入参考时钟倍频32倍输出,输出时钟频率范围为54.4 MHz-92.8 MHz,电路功耗为216μW–312μW.在输出时钟频率为80 MHz的情况下,均方根抖动为116.3ps(0.93%).     

1.2V低功耗时钟发生器设计

基于整数分频锁相环结构实现的时钟发生器,该时钟发生器采用低功耗、低抖动技术,在SMIC 65 nm CMOS工艺上实现。电路使用1.2 V单一电源电压,并在片上集成了环路滤波器。其中,振荡器为电流控制、全差分结构的五级环形振荡器。该信号发生器可以产生的时钟频率范围为12.5～800MHz,工作在800 MHz时所需的功耗为1.54 mW,输出时钟的周期抖动为:pk-pk=75 ps,rms=8.6 ps;Cycle-to-Cycle抖动为:pk-pk=132 ps,rms=14.1 ps。电路的面积为84μm2。     

2.5 Gb/s PS/PI型半速率时钟数据恢复电路设计

采用标准0.18 μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种相位选择(PS)/相位插值(PI)型半速率时钟数据恢复电路。该电路主要由半速率Bang-Bang鉴相器、改进型PS/PI电路、数字滤波器和数字控制器等模块构成。改进型PS/PI电路通过两个相位选择器和两个相位插值器实现正交时钟的产生,相较于传统结构,减少了两个相位选择器,降低了复杂度和功耗。数字滤波器和数字控制器通过Verilog代码自动综合生成,降低了设计难度。Cadence仿真结果表明,输入2.5 Gb/s伪随机数据时,电路在1.8 μs时锁定,锁定后恢复出的时钟和数据峰峰值抖动分别为17.71 ps和17.89 ps,可以满足短距离I/O接口通信的需求。     

适用于HDTV的低抖动时钟电路

采用高速鉴频鉴相器、抗抖动电荷泵和差分对称负载延迟单元优化结构,综合分析环形振荡器各类噪声模型,设计了一种适用于HDTV的低抖动时钟电路。芯片采用SMIC 0.35μm标准CMOS工艺,3.3 V电源电压。在一定测试环境下,输出30 MHz时钟信号抖动σ仅为10.4 ps,能很好地满足电路设计要求。     

12.5Gb/s 0.18μm CMOS时钟与数据恢复电路设计

采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计实现了一个12.5 Gb/s半速率时钟数据恢复电路(CDR)以及1:2分接器,该CDR及分接器是串行器/解串器(SerDes)接收机中的关键模块,为接收机系统提供6.25GHz的时钟及经二分接后速率降半的6.25Gb/s数据.该电路包括Bang-bang型鉴频鉴相器(PFD)、四级环形压控振荡器(VCO)、V/I转换器、低通滤波器(LPF)、1:2分接器等模块,其中PFD采用一种新型半速率的数据采样时钟型结构,能提高工作速率达到12.5 Gb/s.芯片测试结果显示,在1.8V的工作电压下,VCO中心频率在6.25GHz时,调谐范围约为1GHz;输入12Gb/s、长度为231-1的伪随机数据时,得到6GHz时钟的峰峰抖动为9.12ps,均方根(RMS)抖动为1.9ps;整个系统工作性能良好,二分接器输出数据眼图清晰,电路核心模块功耗为150mW,整体芯片面积0.476×0.538mm2.     

1.25Gbps串并并串转换接收器的低抖动设计

对1.25Gbps应用于千兆以太网的低抖动串并并串转换接收器进行了设计,应用了带有频率辅助的双环时钟数据恢复电路,FLL扩大了时钟数据恢复电路的捕捉范围。基于三态结构的鉴频鉴相从1.25Gbps非归零数据流中提取时钟信息,驱动一个三级的电流注入环形振荡器产生1.25GHz的低抖动时钟。从低抖动考虑引入了均衡器。该串并并串转换接收器采用TSMC0.35μm2P3M3.3V/5V混合信号CMOS技术工艺。测试结果表明了输出并行数据有较好的低抖动性能:1σ随机抖动(RJ)为7.3ps,全部抖动(TJ)为58mUI。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks