铸铁冲蚀腐蚀的电化学和显微组织研究

用失重法和电化学测量以及显微形貌分极等手段对灰铸铁（BS1452）在液体冲蚀的固液冲蚀条件下的腐蚀进行了广泛的研究。研究揭示了在无固态条件下和固态恒定速度下冲击速度的有趣影响。这一试验手段可以将力学性能和电化学性能之间重要的交互作用定量化。证明了冲蚀和腐蚀同时发生时，失重量可以换算成单纯腐蚀或单纯冲蚀的失重量。连续周期性的冲蚀－腐蚀会影响后续的静态腐蚀，灰铸铁进行预腐蚀，对灰铸铁的冲蚀－腐蚀有显著的影响。     

蠕墨铸铁中性盐雾腐蚀行为及机理研究

目的揭示蠕墨铸铁的大气腐蚀行为,阐明其腐蚀规律及腐蚀机理。方法采用室内加速中性盐雾腐蚀实验,并用失重法、SEM\EDS、XRD、电化学的方法来表征实验现象。结果蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中锈层截面具有明显的分层现象,前期腐蚀速率为0.53 mg/(cm~2·h),后期腐蚀速率在波动中总体趋于稳定,为0.36mg/(cm~2·h)。蠕墨铸铁带锈试样的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)在-680～-600mV之间先减小后增大,极化电阻(Rp)变化趋势与自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)一致,自腐蚀电流(Icorr)大小在整个腐蚀周期内具有明显的波动。蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀产物为Fe(OH)_3、Fe_2O_3、FeOOH及少量Fe_3O_4和金属碳化物Fe_2C。结论蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中腐蚀84 h后发展为全面腐蚀,形貌呈沟壑状,腐蚀产物微观形貌呈团簇状和片层状。腐蚀早期,基体表面发生电化学腐蚀形成一层氧化膜,腐蚀介质沿石墨侵蚀基体从而产生内应力,导致外部锈层断裂,同时蠕虫状石墨处腐蚀产物呈疏松团簇状,二者共同构成介质传质通道,使腐蚀更容易发展。     

Cr系白口铸铁的相间腐蚀机理及其电化学行为

应用定向凝固技术制备了Ｃｒ系白口铸铁,采用萃取法制备碳化物试样,用失重法测得腐蚀速率,并通过电化学法探讨Ｃｒ系白口铸铁在腐蚀介质中的相间腐蚀机理,结果表明：⑴Ｃｒ系白口铸铁在腐蚀介质中存在严重的相间腐蚀,相间腐蚀失重率占合金总体育馆２失重率的一半以上;⑵碳化物的电化学行为不同于合金和基体,一直处于自钝化状态,Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物比Ｍ３Ｃ型更耐蚀,更稳定;⑶碳化物与基体两相间的腐蚀电位差是相间腐蚀的驱动     

热腐蚀的电化学机理初探

简要叙述至今仍普遍接受的热腐蚀的盐熔模型,以实验事实为依据较系统地阐述这一机理模型的局限性。根据热腐蚀的特点,吸收盐熔模型的合理成分,并考虑到热腐蚀与高温气体腐蚀的共性,提出热腐蚀的电化学模型。用这一新的模型描述金属和合金的热腐蚀历程。     

WC-Co合金在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀行为与腐蚀机理研究

研究了WC-10%Co合金在Na OH(p H=13)、Na2SO4(p H=7)以及H2SO4(p H=1)等3种介质中的电化学腐蚀行为。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和动电位极化曲线2种方法研究合金的耐腐蚀性能,通过传质电阻和自腐蚀电流密度2个动力学参数对合金的耐腐蚀性能进行对比。通过合金腐蚀表面扫描电镜形貌观察和表面腐蚀产物的X射线光电子能谱元素价态分析,结合EIS对应的等效电路图对腐蚀机理进行研究。结果表明,Na OH介质对合金的腐蚀性最弱;H2SO4介质的腐蚀性最强,合金表层的Co全部产生了活化溶解;在3种介质中合金腐蚀的等效电路和腐蚀机理各不相同,在H2SO4介质中,合金的动电位极化曲线中出现了伪钝化现象,腐蚀机理的复杂程度排序如下:Na2SO4H2SO4Na OH。     

常用铸铁材料海水腐蚀行为的研究

对常用铸铁材料在实海和流动海水条件下的腐蚀性能进行了测试，分析了铸铁中不同石墨形态、基体组织、低合金化对铸铁腐蚀性能的影响机理．结果表明：片状石墨铸铁耐腐蚀性能优于球状石墨的铸铁；球状石墨铸铁平均腐蚀率最小，但具有强烈的点蚀倾向；铸铁在实海中的腐蚀行为以化学—电化学溶解为主，流动海水中的冲蚀—磨蚀进一步加剧其化学—电化学溶解．     

耐海水腐蚀铸铁的抗氧化性

探讨HD型铸铁（一种耐海水腐蚀低合金铸铁）高温氧化时能否形成类似保护膜的研究结果表明,HD铸铁在高温下形成的氧化膜与一般铸铁无本质区别,其抗氧化性主要与铸铁中Cr、Al、Si含量有关。     

铸铁在海水中的腐蚀行为

报告了18种铸铁在天然海水和流动海水中的腐蚀试验结果,总结了它们在海水中的腐蚀行为,普通铸铁在天然海水及流动海水中的腐蚀速度与碳钢接近,低合金铸铁在海水中的腐蚀行为与普通铸铁相似。CrSbCu铸铁在海水中的腐蚀比普通铸铁轻,添加Ni,Ni-Cr,Ni-Cr-Mo,Ni－Cr-Cu,Ni-Cr-Re,Cu-Sn-Re,Cu-Cr,Cu-Al等的低合金铸铁在海水中的腐蚀速度与普通铸铁无明显差别,加入少量Ni,Cr,Mo,Cu,Sn,Sb,Re等合金元素可减小铸铁在海洋大气区的腐蚀速度,高镍铸铁在天然海水及流动海水中的腐蚀均较轻。     

硬质合金电化学腐蚀行为的研究进展

硬质合金广泛应用于工业生产中,其服役环境复杂,除了要求其优异的力学性能之外,对其耐腐蚀性也提出了很高的的要求,因此,本文分析了国内外有关硬质合金腐蚀行为的研究及其进展。重点总结了实验室中常用的硬质合金腐蚀性能评价与表征方法,包括浸出法和电化学测试方法;从WC的平均晶粒尺寸、粘结相的种类和含量、溶液pH值、溶液中的阴离子、温度、W在Co中的固溶度(磁饱和强度)和合金元素(Cr、V、Ti、Ta、Ru、Al等)等方面分析了微观结构和服役环境对硬质合金腐蚀性能的影响;从腐蚀热力学与动力学两方面阐述了硬质合金的腐蚀机理。服役条件下硬质合金往往不是受到单一的电化学腐蚀作用,而是其它因素(静载荷、冲击载荷、摩擦等)与电化学腐蚀的联合作用,今后有必要开展这方面的研究;另外以往的研究者多从整体、统计的角度来评价硬质合金的电化学腐蚀行为,今后应该借助更加先进的电化学研究手段(如:电化学扫描探针显微镜、电化学隧道扫描显微镜等)进行微区电化学研究,在一个试样上同时研究粘结相和硬质相的电化学特性,这有利于说明硬质合金腐蚀的本质。     

耐海水腐蚀低合金铸铁

在普通灰铸铁中加入少量合金元素及变质剂,可得到一种新型耐海水腐蚀铸铁,其相对耐蚀率为原铸铁的5倍以上,力学性能可提高到HT250。通过对其表面保护膜的微区成分分析,初步揭示了耐蚀性得以明显改善的原因。     

Microstructures and formation mechanism of hypoeutectic white cast iron by isothermal electromagnetic rheocast process

An investigation was made on the evolution of microstructures of hypoeutectic white cast iron slurry containing 2.5wt.%C and 1.8wt.%Si produced by rheocasting in which the solidifying alloy was vigorously agitated by electromagnetic stirrer during isothermal cooling processes. The results indicated that under the proper agitating temperatures and speeds applied, the dendrite structures in white cast iron slurry were gradually evolved into spherical structures during a certain agitating time. It also revealed that the bent dendrites were formed by either convection force or by the growth of the dendrites themselves in the bending direction; then, as they were in solidifying, they were gradually being alternated into separated particles and into more spherical structures at the end of the isothermal cooling process. Especially, the dendrites were granulated as the bending process proceeding, which suggested that they were caused by unwanted elements such as sulfur and phosphor usually contained in engineering cast iron. Convective flow of the melt caused corrosion on the dendritic segments where they were weaker in strength and lower in melting temperature because of higher concentration of sulfur or phosphor. And the granulation process for such dendrites formed in the melt became possible under the condition. Certainly, dendrite fragments are another factors considerable to function for spherical particles formation. A new mechanism, regarding to the rheocast structure formation of white cast iron, was suggested based on the structural evolution observed in the study.     

Formation mechanism of spheroidal carbide in ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron

The formation mechanism of the spheroidal carbide in the ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron fabricated by the metal mold casting technique was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the spheroidal carbide belonged to eutectic carbide and crystallized in the isolated eutectic liquid phase area. The formation process of the spheroidal carbide was related to the contact and the intersection between the primary dendrite and the secondary dendrite of austenite. The oxides of magnesium, rare earths and other elements can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the spheroidal carbide. It was also found that the amount of the spheroidal carbide would increase with an increase in carbon content. The cooling rate has an important influence on the spheroidal carbide under the same chemical composition condition.     

Different thermal fatigue behaviors between gray cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron

The initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks in gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were investigated by Uddeholm method to reveal the complex thermal fatigue behaviors of cast iron. Differences of thermal fatigue behaviors of gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were observed and analyzed. It is found that the observed differences are related to the combination of graphite morphology and the oxidization of matrix. More oxidized matrix is observed in gray cast iron due to its large specific surface area. The brittle oxidized matrix facilitates the propagation of microcracks along the oxidization layer. By contrast, the radial microcracks are formed in vermicular graphite at the edge of graphite due to fewer oxidization layers. It indicates that the thermal fatigue resistance of gray cast iron is dominated by graphite content and morphology while that of vermicular graphite cast iron strongly relates to the strength of the matrix.

     

Damage mechanism of a nodular cast iron under the very high cycle fatigue regime

Fatigue behaviour in the very high cycle regime (VHCF) of 10¹⁰ cycles were investigated with a cast iron (GS51) under ultrasonic fatigue test system (20 kHz) in ambient air at room temperature with a stress ratio R = −1.

The influence of frequency was examined by comparing similar data generated on conventional servo hydraulic test systems. An advanced, high-speed, and high-sensitivity infrared imaging system was used to measure the temperature changes during ultrasonic fatigue test at various load levels caused by internal damping due to a very high frequency cycling. The temperature field on the surface specimen was determined by using a non-destructive measurement technique called infrared pyrometer. An infrared camera made up of a matrix of 320 × 240 detectors was used.

The S-N curves obtained show that fatigue failure occurred beyond 10⁹ cycles, fatigue limit does not exist for the cast iron and there is no evidence of frequency effect on the test results. A detailed study on fatigue specimens subjected to ultrasonic frequency shows that the temperature evolution of the cast iron specimen is very evident, the temperature increased just at the beginning of the test, the temperature increased depending on the maximum stress amplitude. Under the current test conditions, the high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behaviour of the cast iron exhibited a typical fatigue crack growth process, that is, fatigue initiation takes place always at the surface graphite or subsurface void; the distinctive stable fatigue crack growth zone can be found around the fatigue crack initiation site, the change of fatigue initiation site from surface to subsurface is associated with the complex effects of applied maximum stress level, surface condition.

Under lower stress amplitude and high cycle condition, surface graphite fatigue initiation is predominantly depended on cyclic stress amplitude; subsurface void fatigue initiation is determined by maximum cyclic stress.

In the process of small crack propagation, the temperature in local plastic zone increase very sharply. The temperature field of ultrasonic fatigue specimen can be changed with the cooling condition; internal heating can accelerate surface fatigue crack initiation and propagation.

Fatigue properties in VHCF regime were studied for cast iron (GS51) at 20 kHz frequency and for the first time, crack initiation and propagation stages were analyzed using a high-sensitivity infrared camera. The new Paris's model for fish eye formation in the gigacycle fatigue were also confirmed by this study.     

Al-Mg和V-Ti对Cr15铸铁初生碳化物变质机理的影响

采用Al-Mg、V-Ti 和Al-Mg+V-Ti对3.81wt%C-15wt%Cr铸铁进行变质处理,研究不同变质剂对高铬铸铁初生碳化物的变质机理。结果表明：Al-Mg变质的机理主要表现为脱氧脱硫净化铁液,增加形核的过冷度。低密度的脱氧和脱硫产物在上浮过程中扰乱了液态原子排列,把碳化物形核温度推向了更低的温度,但Al-Mg对初生碳化物的变质作用有限,碳化物仍然呈板状且尖角突出,碳化物尺寸稍有减小。经V-Ti变质处理后,高铬铸铁初生碳化物呈多边形状或条状,形貌和尺寸明显改善。其变质机理主要为V、Ti加入后增加了碳化物的异质形核核心,细化了碳化物。Al-Mg+V-Ti对高铬铸铁的变质效果最好,初生碳化物为细小的六边形,分布较为均匀,主要是Al-Mg净化铁液和V-Ti增加形核率共同作用的结果。     

Carburiser properties transfer into the structure of melted cast iron

Heredity in the microstructure of cast iron produced solely from scrap (synthetic cast iron) was considered experimentally. The carbon deficiencies were adjusted using anthracite, synthetic graphite and petroleum coke as carburisers. The small flakes of anthracite resulted in smaller graphite flakes in the final microstructure, proving that heredity is affected by the carburiser as much as by the particular “pig iron-steel scrap-cast iron” combination.     

不同材料抗气蚀性能的比较

对泵、阀、水轮机等流体机械过流部件常用材料进行了气蚀试验，通过光镜和扫描电对气蚀断口进行了观察，并结合材料的组织特点进行了分析。结果表明，当组织不均匀时，较弱组织道德破坏；具有均匀组织特别是低碳马氏体组织的不锈钢其抗气蚀性能优良；使钢具有均匀组织和高地提高抗气蚀性能有利。     

铸铁喷焊组织及力学性能

为了解决铸铁焊补中焊缝处存在白口、淬硬组织以及裂纹等问题,采用氧乙炔火焰喷枪喷焊自熔性合金粉末F101和Ni60焊接球墨铸铁以及用铸铁焊条Z308电弧冷焊球墨铸铁,并对试样进行抗拉强度、硬度和金相组织分析.结果表明,用铸铁焊条电弧冷焊后焊缝有白口、淬硬组织及裂纹;用Ni60合金粉末喷焊后熔合区硬度出现突变,硬度高达701 HV,与母材硬度值差别很大,用F101合金粉末喷焊后热影响区及焊缝处硬度值与母材差别不大;金相组织分析表明焊缝与母材除了机械结合外,还有冶金结合.喷焊的焊缝无裂纹,且结合强度高于铸铁焊条的焊缝.     

Heat treatment in high Cr white cast iron Nb alloy

Wear resistance of high Cr white cast irons can be improved by means of heat treatment. This type of cast iron alloy may present a microstructure with retained austenite. The amount of retained austenite changes with the applied heat treatment, which will have an influence on wear properties. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of several parameters such as quenching and tempering temperatures and subzero treatment in the wear performance of the high Cr white cast iron Nb alloy. In this way, the performance was evaluated using pin-on-disc abrasion test. The worn surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the main wear mechanisms were identified. The microstructural characterization was also performed with carbide identification. This Fe alloy has proven to be good for applications in mining and alcohol-sugar industries.     

Investigation of the wear mechanism of cubic boron nitride tools used for the machining of compacted graphite iron and grey cast iron

Various experiments were performed to investigate the wear mechanism of cubic boron nitride (cBN) tools used for the machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI). Comparative studies for tools used to machine grey cast iron (CI) were also performed in order to find out why in this case the tool lifetime is significantly higher. Two main effects were found that are responsible for tool wear, namely: (1) oxidation of the tool, and (2) interdiffusion of constituting elements between tool and CGI. These wear mechanisms are more or less the same for the machining of CGI and grey CI. The difference in tool lifetime can be explained by the formation of a MnS layer on the tool surface in the case of grey CI. This layer is missing in the case of CGI. The MnS layer acts as a lubricant and as a diffusion barrier and is the reason for the reduced wear in the case of grey CI.