Challenge testing: principles and practice

It is difficult to predict accurately the ultimate effectiveness of a preservative in any but the simplest cosmetic or pharmaceutical formulation. It is thus necessary to obtain some assurance of its likely in-use performance in a formulated product. A challenge test is a procedure in which a product is challenged by exposure to specified types of bacteria and fungi to determine whether it is adequately preserved. Assessment of preservative efficacy is needed over the intended shelf-life of that product. Test organisms should be representative of those likely to occur as contaminants during use and should consist of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast. In-house factory isolates obtained as a result of contamination of earlier batches of a product may also be included. The organisms, as single or mixed inocula, are inoculated (usually as a single challenge, although some advocate multiple challenges) into samples of the product and aliquots removed at appropriate intervals for the determination of survivors. Interpretation of data is normally based on pharmacopoeial or other official protocols. Challenge testing should be undertaken at the beginning, during and at the end of the shelf-life of the product. An alternative, the D-value, approach is open to criticism and further studies are required that utilize rapid methods, e.g. impedance, for the detection of survivors before these can be considered to be a suitable replacement for the more traditional but very time-consuming, viable counting procedures.     

牦牛乳过氧化物酶体系及其酶热动力学研究

以麦洼牦牛乳为原料,分析了其乳过氧化物酶体系相关成分的浓度,并研究了不同温度下牦牛乳过氧化物酶(LPO)的热稳定性,利用一级反应动力学模型和阿仑尼乌斯方程,分析了牦牛乳中LPO在63～67℃热变性过程中的动力学参数。结果表明,牦牛乳LPO在63℃时具有较高的热稳定性。热动力学分析表明,牦牛乳LPO在63、65和67℃的D值分别为207.43、33.41、13.42min,在63～67℃范围内的Z值和表观活化能(Ea)分别为3.36℃和557.20kJ/mol。     

Effect of the lactoperoxidase system against three major causal agents of disease in mangoes

The antibacterial activity of the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on the growth of Xanthomonas campestris, the causal agent of bacterial black spot in mangoes, Botryodiplodia theobromae, the causal agent of stem-end rot disease in mangoes, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose disease in mangoes, was determined during culture at 30 degrees C and at several pH values (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5). When the results of using the LPS were compared with those from control cultures without the LPS reagents, the growth of the three microorganisms was totally inhibited in all of the conditions tested. Viability tests enumerating cultivable cells of X. campestris showed that the LPS had a bactericidal effect, whatever the pH value. This effect is faster at pH 5.5, corroborating the results reported in the literature (optimal pH for the LPS efficiency). Further, we proved that hydrogen peroxide alone had little inhibition effect on the growth of the microorganisms studied. This compound is essentially used to convert thiocyanate into hypothiocyanate during the lactoperoxidase reaction. The potential of the LPS for the postharvest treatment of the fruits for controlling microbial diseases was thus demonstrated. Nevertheless, further studies are needed on fresh fruits before envisaging any application.     

Inhibition of foodborne bacteria by the lactoperoxidase system in a beef cube system

Biopreservatives are being developed to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens and thus improve food safety. The lactoperoxidase system (LPS) is a naturally occurring system that has potential for use as an antimicrobial agent in foods. Growth of single strains of the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and beef microflora were assessed on LPS-treated meat surfaces in an experimental system. Beef cubes inoculated with approximately 10(4) cfu cm(-2) of bacteria were treated with the LPS and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h, 12 degrees C for 7 days or in a chilling regime: 12 to -1 degrees C over 1 week and held at -1 degrees C for 4 weeks. Treatment with LPS was more effective at storage temperatures non-permissive for rapid bacterial growth with strong inhibition of growth achieved on LPS-treated cubes at 12 degrees C and reduction in pathogen viable counts at chilling temperatures. At chilling temperatures, the LPS inhibited the growth of native pseudomonads but did not prevent the development of native lactic acid bacteria.     

Antimicrobial activity of nisin, reuterin, and the lactoperoxidase system on Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in cuajada, a semisolid dairy product manufactured in Spain

The inhibitory activity of nisin (N), reuterin (R), and the lactoperoxidase system (LPS), added individually or in combination, against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in “cuajada” (curdled milk), a semisolid dairy product manufactured in Spain. Cuajada was manufactured from UHT skim milk separately inoculated with L. monocytogenes and Staph. aureus, each at approximately 4 log cfu/mL, and held under conditions of temperature abuse (10°C). On d 3, a synergistic bactericidal activity was observed for the combinations of biopreservatives assayed, with L. monocytogenes counts of only 0.30 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS vs. 8.31 log cfu/mL in control cuajada. After 12 d, L. monocytogenes could not be detected in cuajada made with added N + LPS or N + R + LPS. Staphylococcus aureus was more resistant than L. monocytogenes to biopreservatives added individually. On d 3, the synergistic effect of the 3 biopreservatives against Staph. aureus resulted in counts of 3.03 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS vs. 6.40 in control cuajada. After 12 d, Staph. aureus counts were 2.61 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS, whereas they ranged from 6.11 to 7.70 log cfu/mL in control cuajada and in cuajada made with other combinations of biopreservatives. The most pronounced decrease in pathogen counts was achieved by the triple combination N + R + LPS, which acted synergistically on the inactivation of L. monocytogenes and Staph. aureus in cuajada over 12 d at 10°C. The treatment combining these 3 natural biopreservatives at low concentrations, within the hurdle concept of food preservation, might be a useful tool to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in nonacidified dairy products.     

姜油对番茄致病菌的抑制效果及抑菌机制初探

目的研究姜油对番茄致病菌的抑制效果及抑菌机制。方法通过体外抑菌试验检测姜油对番茄早疫病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄疮痂病菌3种番茄致病菌的抗菌性及其抗菌强度,通过体内试验验证姜油对番茄致病菌的抑制效果;并通过测定菌体湿重、细胞膜通透性初步探讨姜油抑菌机制。结果姜油对3种番茄致病菌均有一定的抑制作用;体内试验研究发现采用熏蒸方式处理的番茄其腐烂率低于直接接触的方式;姜油能抑制3种番茄致病菌菌体湿重的增加,增大菌体培养液电导率。结论姜油可能通过抑制菌丝体正常的生长和繁殖和破坏菌体细胞膜来达到抑菌效果。     

Lactose oxidase: A novel activator of the lactoperoxidase system in milk for improved shelf life

The lactoperoxidase system (LS), an antimicrobial system naturally present in milk that is activated by H₂O₂, has been used to inhibit microbial outgrowth in raw milk in areas where refrigeration is not viable. This study evaluated lactose oxidase (LO) as a novel activator of the LS. Lactose oxidase oxidizes lactose and produces H₂O₂ needed for the activation of the LS. The antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of LO with and without components of the LS, thiocyanate (TCN) and lactoperoxidase (LP), was evaluated in model systems and then applied in pasteurized milk and raw milk. In general, an increase in LO caused greater reductions of Pseudomonas fragi in the model systems and treatments were more effective at 6°C than at 21°C. At 6°C, the LO solution at 0.12 and 1.2 g/L showed significantly higher microbial reduction than the control when both added alone and combined with LS components. At 21°C, treatments with 1.2 g/L of LO solution achieved a reduction of >2.93 log cfu/mL in 24 h, but at lower levels there was not a significant reduction from the control. Higher concentrations of TCN led to a greater P. fragi reduction at both temperatures when LO was added alone but not when combined with LP. In pasteurized milk, the LO solution at 0.12 g/L caused a reduction of approximately 1.4 log of P. fragi within 24 h when added alone and a reduction of approximately 2.7 log when combined with LP and TCN. Bacterial counts remained at significantly lower levels than the control during storage, and the TCN-supplemented milk exhibited an approximately 6-log difference from the control by d 7. In raw milk, the total bacterial growth curve showed a longer lag phase when the LS was activated by LO (11.3 ± 1.4 h) compared with the control (4.0 ± 1.0 h), but it was not different from the recommended method (9.4 ± 1.0 h). However, the total bacterial count after 24 h for the sample treated with LO and TCN (5.3 log cfu/mL) was significantly lower compared with the control (7.2 log cfu/mL) and the recommended method (6.1 log cfu/mL). Results from this study suggest that LO is an alternative source of H₂O₂ that enhances the microbial inhibition achieved by the LS. Lactose oxidase could be used to develop enzyme-based preservation technologies for applications where cold chain access is limited. This enzymatic approach to improving the shelf life of dairy products also represents a novel option for clean label spoilage control.     

江苏省食品检测体系现状与构建对策

2010年采用发放调查问卷与实地调研相结合的方式对江苏省内60个质检机构进行调研。通过详实的数据,从设备装备情况、人力资源状况、检验技术能力、业务收入、业务构成等方面对江苏省食品质检机构的现状进行了分析,指出江苏省食品质检机构存在体系不健全,检测能力发展不均衡,质检人员技术能力不够强,食品质量安全技术研究能力不够高等问题,提出构建完善的食品质量安全检验检测体系的一系列对策,对加强食品检测体系建设有一定的借鉴作用。     

纺织品透湿性的透湿杯测试方法比较

介绍了国内外四种常用的纺织品透湿性测试方法,包括正杯吸湿法、正杯蒸发法、倒杯吸湿法和倒杯蒸发法,并对不同国家标准中规定的测试方法、试验条件和结果计算进行了对比.结果表明,倒杯吸湿法的测试结果最大,其次是倒杯蒸发法和正杯蒸发法,最小的是正杯吸湿法.     

2015~2016年食源性致病菌能力验证结果分析

目的 寻找能力验证中致病菌分离鉴定的关键点。方法 收集2015年至2016年实验室参加的致病菌外部能力验证结果, 并对检测结果进行总结分析。结果 7次考核所涉及的8个项目的能力验证结果均为满意。通过分析能力验证结果可知关键点为: 尽可能多采用几种检测方法, 或辅助设备进行检测, 以防漏检; 注重分离平板的制备过程及其质量; 做好防止样品之间交叉污染的措施。结论 通过考核可以确保日常检测结果准确可靠, 同时对提高实验室检测人员技术水平, 加强实验室质量控制起到积极作用。     

实验用木材切削力测试系统的改造设计

该木材切削力测试系统,用于教学实验中对木材切削力的数据采集、分析及结果保存。工作原理:在对木材进行切削时,切削力作用于压电传感器使传感器发出信号,由放大器将信号放大,最后数据采集卡采集到这些信号,传送给计算机进行检测、分析显示,同时将结果保存。该测试系统适用于测量不同树种、不同条件下的主切削力。     

从氨氮的能力验证可疑结果看实验室管理

目的通过对水中氨氮的检测能力验证,提高检测人员技术水平和实验室管理水平。方法 2016年重庆市质量技术监督局组织了水质(氨氮、铅)检测能力验证活动,本实验室参加了氨氮的能力验证,测试方法分别为HJ 535-2009《水质氨氮的测定纳氏试剂分光光度法》和GB/T 5750.5-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法无机非金属指标水杨酸盐分光光度法》。以Z比分值来评价和判定检测结果。结果氨氮理论值为0.44mg/L,本实验室上报值为0.506 mg/L,2|Z|3。氨氮数据为可疑,通过分析原因,采取相应纠正措施,最终获得满意结果。结论采用标准样品进行实验室内部质量控制,提高检测人员操作技能、数据分析能力,可获得满意结果。通过能力验证可疑结果的应用实例描述实验室管理,体现能力验证结果的应用价值。     

番石榴叶对食品中几种常见细菌的抑菌作用

应用药敏纸片法和试管二倍稀释法,对比研究番石榴叶水提取物和乙醇提取物对食品中4种常见细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)的抑菌效果,分析抑菌作用与其总黄酮含量的关系.结果表明:番石榴叶水提取物、乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌均有一定的抑菌活性,总体上,水提取物抑菌活性优于乙醇提取物,水提取物的抑菌效果为金黄色葡萄球菌＞沙门氏菌＞大肠杆菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌;黄酮类化合物是番石榴叶中重要的抑菌物质之一.     

不同加工条件对茶黄素抑制单增李斯特菌稳定性的影响

目的 探讨不同加工条件对茶黄素(theaflavins, TFs)抑制单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes, LM)稳定性的影响。方法 以LM为指示菌, 采用二倍稀释法测定了TFs的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), 并在此基础上通过牛津杯法进一步探讨不同加工条件(环境因素: 加工温度、pH、NaCl浓度; 食品基质: 脱脂奶粉、卵磷脂、蔗糖)对TFs抑菌稳定性的影响。结果 TFs对LM的MIC为2 mg/mL, 此时的抑菌效果为中敏水平, LM的正常生长被明显抑制; 加工温度在25~121℃时, TFs对LM的抑菌圈直径无显著性差异; pH在2~10时, 其抑菌圈直径从12.74 mm显著降低至9.86 mm; NaCl摩尔浓度在0.2~0.8 mol/L时, 其抑菌圈直径有所增加; 脱脂奶粉质量浓度在60~120 g/L时, 其抑菌圈直径显著降低; 卵磷脂质量浓度在2~12 g/L和蔗糖质量浓度在10~60 g/L时, 其抑菌圈直径无显著性变化。结论 TFs对LM具有较好的抑菌活性且在不同加工条件下能保持良好的抑菌稳定性。本研究为TFs作为一种新型抗菌产品在食品加工和贮藏中的应用提供了理论依据。     

测试抗螨织物驱螨效用的新方法

根据粉尘螨的生理特点,提出一种测试抗螨织物的驱螨效用的新方法。新方法对每一个样品进行独立培养,每个培养皿都盖上皿盖,消除了试验样品与对照样品的相互干扰。通过对几种具有抗螨功能的棉布样品进行驱避效用检测,同时采用常规方法进行对比检测,发现新方法的平行实验重复性好,快速简便,检测结果更准确可靠。     

Effect of activating lactoperoxidase system in cheese milk on the quality of Saint‐Paulin cheese

Saint‐Paulin cheese was made from cow’s milk refrigerated at 4 °C for 72 h and preserved by the lactoperoxidase (LP) system. The effect of the LP system on the microbiological, physicochemical and biochemical properties of cheese over a ripening period of 23 days was investigated, using a control (C0), refrigerated LP‐inactivated cow’s milk (C1) and refrigerated LP‐activated cow’s milk (LPA). The LPA treatment showed the least contamination in flora count, particularly salt‐tolerant bacteria at the end of the ripening period. LPA cheese had significantly lower coliform, yeasts and mould counts (P < 0.05) than the other cheeses; this demonstrated the bacteriostatic effect of the LP system. The proteolysis results showed the least value for LPA cheese as compared with the two other samples, as determined by using sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of casein fractions extracted from the three samples. The findings indicated that the preservation of cow’s cheese milk by the LP system can be used to improve the microbiological quality, inhibit psychotropic germs, correct the losses of soluble nitrogen fractions in the whey and conserve the cheese yield affected by refrigeration.     

基于人工神经网络算法的电子鼻系统在食品无损检测中的应用

电子鼻技术是一门新兴的气体分析技术,因其具有响应速度快、检测时间短等优点而被广泛应用于医疗诊断、环境监测、农副产品与食品的检测中。文章首先介绍了几种常用神经网络算法的,并比较了不同算法的优缺点,然后重点介绍了基于人工神经网络算法的电子鼻系统在水果检测鉴别、肉制品检测、茶叶品质鉴定、乳制品、酒类等食品检测方面的应用,最后对电子鼻技术、ANN算法目前存在问题及发展趋势进行了阐述。