Survey of 11 mycotoxins in wheat flour in Hebei province,China

A survey of 11 mycotoxins in 348 wheat flour samples marketed in Hebei province of China were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was carried out. The selected mycotoxins consisted of four aflatoxins (AFs: AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂) and seven Fusarium toxins, i.e. deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, Fusarenon-X and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. Results indicated that most of the wheat samples analysed were contaminated with mycotoxins. Wheat was most susceptible to DON (91.4% contamination), with a mean level of 240 μg kg^?1. On average the probable daily intake (PDI, expressed as µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1) of mycotoxins was within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 2.0 µg kg^?1 of body weight day^?1) as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Nevertheless, exposure assessment revealed that the maximum PDI of mycotoxins was 4.06 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1, which was twice the PMTDI value. Thus, consistent monitoring is recommended, as to keep the contamination level under control.     

山东省小麦粉镉污染状况调查及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解山东省各市小麦、小麦粉的镉污染水平,对居民经小麦粉摄入镉的健康风险进行初步评估。方法 在山东省16市农贸市场、商店超市、农户中采集小麦、小麦粉共计1 789份样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行镉含量测定;结合小麦粉消费量数据,对山东省居民通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险进行评估。结果 检测数据表明,小麦镉含量明显高于小麦粉中镉含量（Z=-12.50,P<0.001）。小麦和小麦粉镉含量均存在地区差异。风险评估结果显示,小麦粉平均消费水平的人群每月镉摄入量（EMI）为1.18 μg/kg·BW,占暂定每月耐受摄入量（PTMI）的4.72%;小麦粉高消费人群EMI为2.87 μg/kg·BW,占PTMI 的11.47%。结论 山东省居民平均消费人群通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险较低,但镉含量较高的地市的小麦粉高消费人群膳食镉暴露风险仍需进一步关注。     

河南省小麦和小麦粉中铝本底调查研究

了解河南省小麦和小麦粉中铝本底情况,为监管部门防控措施提供依据,为小麦及其制品中含铝标准修订提供帮助。在河南省17个地市共采集了569份小麦、小麦粉和麸皮样品,样品直接从农户家或者农村小磨坊中获取,确认没有添加含铝添加剂后采集。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测铝含量。检测结果显示,小麦、小麦粉和麸皮中铝含量的平均值分别为30.92 mg/kg、15.14mg/kg和58.32mg/kg,结果表明小麦中铝元素主要集中在麸皮中。调查结果为相关生产加工者和食品安全监管部门对小麦粉及其制品的生产加工和监管提供技术支撑,结合当地实际情况,还可为制订适合本地的小麦及其制品等相关食品安全标准制修订提供基础数据。     

Fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in corn products,wheat flour and corn oil marketed in Shandong province of China

In this study a total of 522 samples were collected from Shandong province of China in 2014 and analysed for the occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB₁), FB₂ and FB₃ by isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fumonisins were detected in 98.1% of the corn products, with the average total level of 369.2 μg kg^?1. The individual average values of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ in corn products were 268.3, 53.7 and 47.2 μg kg^?1, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ was observed in 76.7% of the corn products. Especially, the results demonstrated that the difference in the contamination levels for fumonisins in these three types of corn products was apparent. In addition, 6.2% of the wheat flour samples were contaminated with FB₁, with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 34.6 µg kg^?1. No FB₂ or FB₃ was detected in wheat flour. In corn oil samples no fumonisins were detected.     

面粉品质改良剂开发应用、安全现状及发展趋势

该文简要介绍面粉品质改良剂概念及其与优质小麦、专用面粉之间关系,重点论述面粉改良剂种类、作用机理及安全现状,最后提出面粉改良剂发展趋势,即天然、安全、营养、高性能面粉改良剂成为发展重点,加强面粉品质改良剂快速、简便分析检测新方法研究,并探讨面粉质量安全对策。     

Deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives in bread and biscuits in Shandong province of China

In the present study, 100 commercial breads and biscuits were investigated for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated derivatives 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-Ac-DON). The target mycotoxins were determined by isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). DON was determined in 95% of the test samples with a mean value of 153.3 µg/kg. Compared with DON, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON were far less frequently detected, with mean values of 1.14 and 0.37 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of the sum of DON and its derivatives in breads and biscuits were 0.0059 and 0.0313 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, which was within the group provisional tolerable daily intake of 1.0 µg/kg bw/day set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. In the future, systematic monitoring programmes of DON and its derivatives in relevant foodstuffs are still necessary for food safety and human health.     

2014~2018年黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染水平调查与分析

目的 调查分析黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)污染状况。方法 样品经乙腈-水(84:16)溶液浸泡提取,净化柱净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法对黑龙江省90份收购环节小麦和127份市售小麦粉中DON含量进行检测,并对污染情况进行研究。结果 小麦及小麦粉样品DON平均含量分别为133和417 μg/kg,检出率均为100%。在检测的217份样品中,最大检出值为970 μg/kg,DON含量均低于我国限量标准1000 μg/kg。结论 检测数据表明,小麦和小麦粉易受DON污染;我国东北部产区小麦粉中DON的含量较中部地区低,这可能与中部地区的温湿度条件较东北部地区更有利于真菌生长、产毒有关;小麦粉中DON的含量大于小麦中DON的含量,提示小麦粉的运输及储存过程可能导致其DON含量增加;因此,对市售小麦粉的管理应重点关注其出厂后的运输储存条件。     

不同粉路中的小麦粉及其淀粉性质测定

研究了1T下、3M下、1Sf小麦粉及其淀粉的性质,测定了其淀粉、蛋白质、灰分、水分以及直链淀粉的含量,并对淀粉的粒径分布、溶解度和膨润力以及淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性等特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:在小麦胚乳结构中,越接近麦心的部位,淀粉和直链淀粉含量越高,水分和蛋白质含量越低,灰分的差异不大;淀粉颗粒的大小顺序为3M下>1Sf>1T下,粒径呈正态分布;小麦淀粉随温度的升高,溶解度增大,膨润力上升;小麦淀粉糊的透明度较高,冻融稳定性较差。     

杂粮粉与小麦粉粘度特性比较研究

对几种杂粮粉与小麦粉的粘度特性进行了比较研究,结果显示:杂粮粉糊化温度和开始糊化的时间、热粘度及其稳定性、冷粘度及其稳定性等粘度特性都存在着明显的不同。为进一步了解小麦与杂粮淀粉的特性及应用开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

宁糯1~#小麦粉在LL面专用粉中应用研究

由于糯小麦几乎不含直链淀粉,所以在食品工业和非食品工业具有重要应用价值。小麦粉面团粘弹性与小麦粉中直链淀粉含量呈有较大关系,小麦粉直链淀粉含量适中或偏低时,制成面条具有较好韧性和食用品质;直链淀粉增加,面条硬度增加、持水力和粘弹性下降,调整直、支链淀粉比例,能改善面条质地、增加粘弹性。该文报道糯小麦粉在LL–面专用粉中配粉应用,及采用宁糯1#小麦粉替代部分淀粉后LL–面品质变化等研究,以期为面条专用粉配粉研究提供新的思路。     

锌强化营养小麦粉开发的实证研究

营养元素锌是人体必需的微量元素之一,对人体的生长发育起着重要的作用。分析了在小麦粉中强化锌的可行性和必要性,阐述了针对营养强化小麦粉的锌强化剂选择、强化标准、锌强化营养小麦粉的生产工艺等技术问题。     

不同温湿条件下小麦粉储藏期营养品质变化规律研究

将小麦粉在不同温度、不同湿度下进行模拟储藏试验,研究储藏过程中小麦粉营养品质变化规律.结果表明,小麦粉还原糖和游离氨基酸含量在0～90 d储藏期间略微减少,粗蛋白质含量变化不大,脂肪酸值显著升高,90 d时脂肪酸值已超过国家标准.     

小麦粉比对检验结果的分析

目的通过分析比对检验的结果,找出企业在检验技术和管理等方面存在的差距和不足,保证企业化验室数据的准确性,防止在检验过程中由于系统误差、操作不当导致错误的检验结果,确保企业化验室在控制食品质量安全中起到应有的作用。方法各实验室按照国家标准对小麦粉灰分进行测定,提交检验的原始检验记录和检验报告,对企业提交的报告进行数据汇总,先利用格鲁布斯检验法对离群值进行剔除,然后对数据用统计法进行分析和评价。结果运用统计方法对泰兴市小麦粉比对检验的结果进行分析,有2个实验室数据离群。结论小麦粉生产企业检验方面存在一些问题,对少数企业灰分检验结果偏离较大的现象进行了探讨,对实验室在检测过程控制、检测结果评价等方面提出了改进建议。     

面粉白度优化研究进展

面粉白度是评价面粉质量重要指标,也是影响面制食品感官品质重要因素。该文从原粮品质、制粉工艺和色泽改良剂三个方面对影响面粉白度因素进行分析,并总结改善面粉白度具体方法,为提高面粉白度提供科学依据。     

我国小麦粉市场现状及新标准解读

根据我国小麦粉市场现状,就国家标准<小麦粉>GB1355-2005(报批稿)的修订意义进行讨论和阐述.提出赋予小麦粉及其制成品更丰富营养内涵的课题,以期引起业界的重视.     

Annual variation of deoxynivalenol in Danish wheat flour 1998-2003 and estimated daily intake by the Danish population

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Danish wheat flour was studied during the period 1998-2003 by either capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection and liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrophotometer. A total of 151 samples were collected from mills and the retail market in Denmark. Contamination levels varied considerably from year-to-year with the highest concentrations occurring in samples from the 2002 harvest with mean and median concentrations of 255 and 300 µg kg^-1, respectively. Compared to other harvest years, 2002 had the highest amount of precipitation around flowering time, i.e. from the end of June to the beginning of July covering weeks 25-27. The lowest average levels were found in samples from the 2001 harvest, where weeks 25-27 were dry compared with other harvest years. The highest value (705 µg kg^-1) was obtained in a flour sample from the 2002 harvest, but none of the tested samples exceeded the maximum limit of 750 µg kg^-1, which has been recently introduced by the European Commission for DON in flour used as raw materials in food products. Calculation of chronic or usual intake by a deterministic approach showed that intake did not exceed the TDI of 1 µg kg^-1 bw day^-1 either for the whole population or for children. A probabilistic approach also showed that intake in general was below the TDI, but intake for children in the 99% percentile amounted to more than 75% of the TDI. The highest intake is calculated to be 2.5 µg kg^-1 bw day^-1.     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶在小麦粉制品中的应用

本文简要描述了谷氨酰胺转胺酶的生产历史及其反应机理,着重介绍了谷氨酰胺转胺酶在焙烤制品、面条、面粉等小麦制品中的应用,并展望了其广阔的发展前景。     

燕麦粉及其与小麦粉混合后白度的探讨

探讨了16个品种燕麦粉的白度,并将燕麦粉按不同比例与小麦粉混合,对混合粉的白度进行测定分析。结果表明,燕麦粉的白度值为60.00~69.90;不同品种、不同地区的燕麦粉白度有所差异;燕麦粉的白度整体上明显小于小麦粉的白度。分析发现混合粉白度与燕麦粉和小麦粉的比值成显著线性关系,且燕麦粉白度越小,随着小麦粉比例的增大,混合粉的白度上升幅度增大。     

以小麦面粉作为辅料生产小麦啤酒

研究小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料酿造工艺,在小麦面粉的最大添加量占原料的20%的条件下,中性蛋白酶添加量0.10 mL/kg,耐热α-淀粉酶添加量20 u/g,木聚糖酶的添加量1.8 mL/kg,解决小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料中出现黏度大,过滤困难等不利因素;同时采用上面发酵工艺,以其他辅料酿造啤酒的麦汁和发酵液的理化指标为参照,进一步评估工艺的合理性;研究利用蛋白疏水层析色谱法(HIC),对添加小麦面粉作为辅料生产的小麦啤酒的啤酒泡沫中分离疏水蛋白,其疏水蛋白含量显著增加,并显著提高啤酒的泡沫性能。同时酿造的啤酒具有典型的小麦啤酒的特征香味4-乙烯基愈创木酚味道。     

鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干研制及品质分析表征

目的为开发一款低糖、低脂、富含氨基酸和膳食纤维的功能性饼干。方法以低筋粉、鹰嘴豆、全麦粉、玉米油等原料研制鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干,以感官评分为评定指标经单因素和正交试验优化得到最优配方。采用质构仪和低场核磁共振分析表征了不同组分条件下鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干的内在结构和水分分布情况。结果通过正交实验优化了鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干配方为：鹰嘴豆粉17.5%、全麦粉30%+低筋粉70%、木糖醇25%、玉米油22.5%。在此配方下制得的鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干感官评分最高且硬度、脆性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均高于其他试验组。结论本研究为膳食纤维功能饼干研发与生产提供理论参考。