Dietary intake of pesticide residues: cadmium, mercury, and lead.

Information on the dietary intake of chemical contaminants has been obtained from institutions participating in GEMS/Food. Contaminants studied include certain organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, PCBs, cadmium, mercury, and lead. The intakes are compared with toxicologically acceptable intake levels established by international expert groups. In most cases, dietary intakes of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides are well below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of the respective pesticide. Of some 21 countries providing information on the average dietary intake of cadmium, only in one case is the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) exceeded. Several countries identified cereals and cereal products and root and tuber vegetables as the main contributors to the dietary intake of cadmium. For mercury, all reported intakes are below the PTWI of methylmercury. The contribution of fish to the total intake of mercury varied from 20% to 85%, depending on the country. Therefore, the general assumption that fish is the main contributor to the total dietary intake of mercury may, at times, not be justified. Average dietary intake of lead exceeding or approaching the PTWI are reported for adults and infants and children in some countries. Foodstuffs which contribute most to the intake of lead vary from country to country, and have been identified as being alternately drinking water, beverages, cereals, vegetables and fruit.     

Determination of lead and cadmium content in sausages from Iran

The contents of lead and cadmium in five major brands of six types of cooked beef sausages consumed in Iran were determined by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) after hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid digestion. The metal content in the samples, expressed in µg?kg^?1 wet weight, varied from 24.0 to 158.7 with an average of 53.5 for lead and from 2.2 to 13.5 with an average of 5.7 for cadmium. The highest lead and cadmium concentrations were obtained from a German sausage (158.7?µg?kg^?1; brand B) and hot dog (13.5?µg?kg^?1; brand D), respectively. The results indicate that the sausages from Iran have concentrations below the permitted levels for these heavy metals. The daily dietary intakes and the percentage contribution of the two considered metals to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) were calculated for sausages.     

Dietary exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and radionuclides of an adult urban population in Lebanon: a total diet study approach.

Human exposure to toxic chemicals is suspected of being responsible for a wide range of human health disorders. This study is the first in Lebanon to evaluate the dietary exposure of an adult urban population to three heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) and to radionuclides. Exposure assessment was performed by means of the total diet study approach as recommended by the Word Health Organization. Five 'total diets' were collected during 2003-04. Average and maximal consumer exposure estimates to heavy metals were calculated and compared with appropriate reference values and with intakes reported from other countries. The average dietary intakes of lead, cadmium and mercury represented 7, 17 and 5.6%, respectively, of the appropriate provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI). The mean dietary intake of methylmercury represented 17.5% of the appropriate PTWI. Cs-134 and I-131 were not detected in any of the food samples. Traces of Cs-137 were only found in five food samples. The exposure assessment conducted places Lebanon among countries least exposed to heavy metals through the diet and it highlights the safety of the food supply from radioactive contamination.     

菲律宾蛤仔中铅、镉、汞、无机砷的含量分析及食用安全性评价

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法分别对舟山本岛范围内农贸菜场和超市的菲律宾蛤仔中铅、镉、总汞、无机砷含量进行测定,并对其污染状况和食用安全性进行评价。结果显示：菲律宾蛤仔可食部分中铅、镉和总汞均符合GB 2762-2012《食品中污染物限量》要求,部分样品中无机砷含量超标,超标率在6%～10%之间,无机砷污染指数为0.71;菲律宾蛤仔中铅、镉、汞、无机砷含量小于世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织制定的每周可耐受摄入量比例的10%。故舟山农贸菜场和超市中菲律宾蛤仔相对安全。     

Monitoring the content and intake of trace elements from food in Denmark

The content of cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury and selenium in 83 foods was monitored from 1993 to 1997. In comparison with similar results from 1988 to 1992, a general decrease in lead levels had occurred, whereas the contents of cadmium, nickel, mercury and selenium were stable or declined only slightly. The distribution in dietary intake of the five trace elements was estimated by combining the mean trace element concentrations with food consumption data from 1837 Danes aged 15-80 years. The lead intake for 1993-97 showed a decrease in comparison with similar estimates from the previous monitoring cycles: 1983-87 and 1988-92. The intake of cadmium and mercury decreased to a lesser extent, whereas the intake of selenium and nickel remained unchanged in the same period. The dietary intake of trace elements was compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The 95th percentile of the distribution in cadmium intake amounts to 34% of PTWI, which is relatively high, and therefore calls for a more detailed future risk assessment. The intakes of lead and mercury were 11% of PTWI and, like the intake of nickel, did not cause any health concern in the adult population. The Danes ingest close to 100% of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendation for selenium at 50 μg day -1 , and no individuals had an intake less than the lower limit of 20 μg day -1 .     

Assessment of Slovak population exposure to cadmium from food

Exposure of the Slovak Republic population to cadmium from food and drinks was studied. Calculations were done by means of 1,66,312 food, plant and animal raw materials and drinks sampled within systematic inspection and monitoring of contaminants in 1990–2003. Exposure assessment of average inhabitants to cadmium from actual and model consumption patterns were calculated and compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) value. Considering the model consumption, the exposure doses were assessed also for selected demographic groups. The assessed exposure of the population to cadmium has been persistently low with a moderately decreasing tendency especially for the past few years. The assessed real weekly exposure doses of cadmium from foodstuffs and beverages in the last 5 years while using the mean values and median values were 20–14.8% PTWI and 12.6–7.6% PTWI, respectively.     

我国贝类产品中重金属镉的危害及污染分析

以抽样调查的贝类产品中镉含量数据为依据,从危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估、风险描述等方面对贝类产品中重金属镉的危害及污染水平进行分析。结果显示,虽然按照现行国家标准,所调查贝类中镉含量是超标的,但是食用人群镉的理论最大周摄入量(TMWI)低于食品添加剂专家委员会(JECFA)提出的镉的暂定每人每周允许摄入量(PTWI),因此,被调查区域贝类的食用对人健康造成危害的可能性很小。本文在危害分析的基础上,对现行国家标准贝类中镉限量进行了探讨,为标准修订和指导消费提供依据。     

辽宁沿海城市海鱼和贝类中重金属含量的测定及评价

经微波消解处理样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定辽宁沿海城市常见海鱼和贝类中镉、铬、铜、铅、铁、锌六种元素的含量。其相对标准偏差(RSD)0.53%～4.01%,加标回收率90.0%～110.0%。结果表明:不同地区、不同鱼贝种类中重金属的分布存在差异,所检测鱼贝类中铬、铜、锌含量低于国家限量标准,部分样品中镉、铅含量超标,但低于暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)。因此辽宁沿海城市市售所检测的鱼贝类可食用,但仍有必要降低摄入量。     

Toxic and essential metals in Cyprinus carpio,Carassius gibelio,and Luciobarbus esocinus tissues from Keban Dam Lake,Pertek, Turkey

In various tissues of Luciobarbus esocinus, Cyprinus carpio, and Carassius gibelio which were taken from Keban Dam Lake Pertek region’s freshwaters, Turkey in January–February 2016, concentrations of mercury, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, manganese, chromium, and cobalt were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. In fish muscle mean chromium concentration (0.614 mg kg^?1 in C. carpio muscle) was higher than the maximum limits as set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organisation. Additionally, mean concentration of lead (0.380 mg kg^?1 in C. gibelio muscle) was higher compared to the maximum limit as set by Turkish Standards. Furthermore, in the assessment of the potential health risk, estimated weekly and daily intake of all metals were considerably below permissible tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and permissible tolerable daily intake values. As a result, consumption of these fish species from this region does not pose a problem on human health.     

Metallic contamination in oyster and other seafood in Hong Kong.

Heavy metal contamination in seafood is of great concern in places suffering from pollution. A survey has been carried out since 1986 to monitor the contents of seven heavy metals: antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and tin in oyster and other types of seafood. The daily intakes were estimated and compared to the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) or maximum acceptable daily load recommended by FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1984). In general, the levels were low and left comfortable margins to both the acceptable limits and the local regulatory levels with the exception of arsenic, the average intake of which was close to the PTWI.     

Mercury,lead, arsenic,and cadmium in Norwegian seafood products and consumer exposure

ABSTRACT

Seafood can be a source of contaminants, which may raise health concerns. The aim of this study was to analyse the levels of inorganic contaminants in commercially available seafood products and assess consumer exposure. Commercially available samples were collected from 2015–2018 and analysed as composite samples for mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium, using accredited methods. Levels of cadmium, lead, and arsenic were low and human exposure of these metals would be minimal from consumption of the analysed seafood products. Mercury levels were well below the EU maximum limit for mercury in fish. However, children, who are high consumers, might be at risk of exceeding the tolerable weekly intake for methyl mercury, when eating products with the highest mercury levels. The collected data can be used for future risk-benefit assessments as intake of processed seafood products represent a large proportion of the populations' seafood intake in Europe.     

辽西地区食用鱼中重金属含量的测定及食用安全性评价

经微波消解处理样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定辽西地区常见食用鱼中肉、鳃和内脏3个组织器官内Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn六种元素的含量。方法相对标准偏差0.54%～2.03%,加标回收率94.0%～110.0%。结果表明：所检测鱼中Fe、Zn、Cu含量较高,Cd、Cr、Pb含量较低;鱼内脏和鳃中的重金属含量高于鱼肉;Cr、Zn和Cu的含量均低于国家食品限定量;部分鱼样中Cd和Pb的含量超标,但未超过暂定每周可耐受摄入量。因此辽西地区市售所检测鱼种可食用,但仍有必要降低摄入量。     

Risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain

The presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. The main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain based on Spanish data collected in the period 2003–2006. In general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (mean?=?1291?µg?kg^?1) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (mean?=?326?µg?kg^?1). The results from a point-estimate risk assessment showed that the estimated average intake of lead among different exposure scenarios varied from 0.1 to 6.5 and from 0.3 to 38?µg?kg^?1?week^?1 for red deer and wild boar meat, respectively; and from 0.3 to 35?µg?kg^?1?week^?1 for individuals consuming both red deer and wild boar meat, and that the estimated intake of lead by consumption of big game meat differed significantly between hunters and non-hunters, it being higher for hunters. Besides this, results from the probabilistic risk assessment study corroborated the fact that risk is greater in hunter populations, reaching a maximum in individuals consuming only wild boar and both types of meat, with 0.4% and 0.2% of the population above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), respectively. Likewise, the hunter populations consuming wild boar and both types of big game meat (red deer and wild boar meat) were exposed to the maximum lead level (56?µg?kg^?1?week^?1), which corresponded approximately to 224% of the PTWI. Further data and studies will be needed to give a complete risk estimation in which it will be crucial to consider the contribution to the lead intake level of other foods in the diet of both population groups.     

Seasonal bioaccumulation of toxic trace elements in economically important fish species from the Caspian Sea using GFAAS

This study aimed to determine the concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, lead and nickel in edible muscle of three commercially valuable fish species (Rutilus frisii kutum, Liza aurata and Cyprinus carpio) from four fishing sites of Iranian coastal waters of the Caspian Sea during winter and summer. The samples were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after wet-ashing digestion. The results were expressed as ??g/g of wet weight. The resulted range of metals in fish species was between 0.89?C2.46???g/g for aluminium, 0.03?C0.17???g/g for cadmium, 0.21?C0.38???g/g for lead and 0.12?C0.52???g/g for nickel. Seasonal variation influenced concentration of the metals in fish samples of some fishing sites. The highest concentrations found were 4.63???g/g for aluminium in winter and 0.82???g/g for lead in summer in Cyprinus carpio; while cadmium (0.49???g/g) and nickel (1.14???g/g) were the highest in Rutilus frisii kutum in winter. This demonstrates that estimated daily and weekly intakes of aluminium, lead and nickel and estimated monthly intake of cadmium via consumption of fish flesh are below the established PTDI, PTWI and PTMI values.     

苏州市地产大米重金属污染状况及人群膳食暴露风险评估

目的 研究苏州地产大米中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属污染状况, 并评估4种重金属对苏州居民的膳食暴露风险。方法 2019年从苏州市属9个区县采集本地产大米93份, 采用国标方法检测其中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属的含量, 依据GB2762-2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》对样品中重金属超标情况进行判定; 采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价大米中4种重金属的污染程度; 采用简单分布模型(确定性评估)的方法评价大米中重金属对苏州居民造成的膳食暴露风险。结果 全部大米样品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属均未超过国家限量标准, 铅、镉、总汞和总砷污染水平均值分别为0.0208、0.0419、0.0027和0.0701 mg/kg, 各区县大米中重金属含量水平之间无统计学差别。大米中4种重金属单项污染指数均小于0.7, 污染程度处于优良水平; 综合污染指数小于0.7, 污染程度处于安全水平。苏州地产大米中铅的污染对苏州本地居民95%的儿童及所有成人均不会产生健康危害, 但可能对5%的儿童(高食物消费暴露者)产生潜在健康影响; 镉、总汞、总砷污染对成人和儿童均不会产生健康危害。结论 苏州市地产大米中重金属污染水平较低; 大米中铅的污染可能对高食物消费暴露儿童存在潜在健康危害。     

Heavy metal uptake from greenhouse border soils for edible vegetables

Six essential elements, cadmium and lead were determined in some horticultural species cultivated in greenhouse borders by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to evaluate the contribution of these vegetables to the daily intake of cadmium and lead in Spain. The existence of significant differences ( P <0.001) in the levels of metallic concentration found among the vegetable species has been proved, and the greater capacity of concentration of heavy metals, except copper, in green beans was observed. No statistically significant correlation ( P > 0.05) between the concentration of the soil and that of corresponding vegetable species was found. The heavy metal uptake from soil to plants is a function of the physical and chemical nature of the soil and is altered by innumerable environmental and human factors. If the mean levels of cadmium and lead (0.029 mg kg^?1 and 0.221 mg kg^?1 respectively) are taken into account, the daily intake contribution of these metals will be 1.4 μg day^?1 for cadmium and 11 μg day^?1 for lead.     

Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney

Although the average cadmium intake in Finland is about 10 μg day^-1, some risk groups can be identified. This study assessed cadmium intake from the consumption of moose meat, liver and kidneys by moose hunters. Consumption data from a postal questionnaire were combined with a representative database on moose cadmium concentrations. Cadmium intakes were calculated as point estimates for all respondents (n = 711), for those consuming moose meat, liver and/or kidneys, and for the highest decile of those. Probabilistic modelling using the Monte Carlo technique was used to simulate the distribution of dietary cadmium exposure. Of the respondents, 69% consumed moose liver and only 23% moose kidneys. The consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, whereas moose meat (median consumption 17 kg year^-1 person^-1) contributed only slightly (0.16 μg day^-1 person^-1) to the daily total cadmium intake. In the simulation, 10% of the moose hunters had an intake of > 8.76 μg day^-1 (14.6% of PTWI for a 60-kg person) from moose. Point estimates provided only a partial understanding of the potential exposure. Simulated distributions of intake were more useful in characterizing exposure. The study revealed that heavy users of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin from the levels of cadmium probably causing adverse health effects.     

Risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain

The presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. The main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain based on Spanish data collected in the period 2003-2006. In general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (mean?=?1291?μg?kg(-1)) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (mean?=?326?μg?kg(-1)). The results from a point-estimate risk assessment showed that the estimated average intake of lead among different exposure scenarios varied from 0.1 to 6.5 and from 0.3 to 38?μg?kg(-1)?week(-1) for red deer and wild boar meat, respectively; and from 0.3 to 35?μg?kg(-1)?week(-1) for individuals consuming both red deer and wild boar meat, and that the estimated intake of lead by consumption of big game meat differed significantly between hunters and non-hunters, it being higher for hunters. Besides this, results from the probabilistic risk assessment study corroborated the fact that risk is greater in hunter populations, reaching a maximum in individuals consuming only wild boar and both types of meat, with 0.4% and 0.2% of the population above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), respectively. Likewise, the hunter populations consuming wild boar and both types of big game meat (red deer and wild boar meat) were exposed to the maximum lead level (56?μg?kg(-1)?week(-1)), which corresponded approximately to 224% of the PTWI. Further data and studies will be needed to give a complete risk estimation in which it will be crucial to consider the contribution to the lead intake level of other foods in the diet of both population groups.     

谷物中重金属来源、检测技术及膳食风险研究进展

随着工业化的快速发展,谷物作为人类主要的食物来源之一,受到重金属污染的风险日益加剧。其中,铅、镉、铬、砷和汞等重金属对人体健康有潜在的危害,长期随谷物摄入可能导致中毒和慢性疾病。由于谷物广泛应用于各类饮食和加工食品中,重金属的积累可能对人体健康造成长期影响。本文综述了重金属污染农作物的自然途径和人为途径来源、谷物中重金属检测方法及相关法规和标准,同时针对谷物中重金属的膳食风险进行评估,进而阐述谷物中重金属污染的控制措施和技术手段。通过评估谷物中重金属污染对膳食安全构成的潜在风险,明晰谷物质量安全的潜在威胁,以期为保护我国粮食安全和人体健康提供理论依据和实践指导。     

Assessment of Slovak population exposure to lead

Exposure of the Slovak Republic population to lead from food and drinks was studied. Calculations were done using 150,000 food, plant and animal raw materials, and drinks sampled in 1986–2002. Estimates of exposure to lead from actual and model consumption patterns were calculated for an average inhabitant and compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) value. Existing knowledge and experience from projects run since 1991, as well as information from the database of the Centre for Evaluation of Contaminant Occurrence, located at the Food Research Institute in Bratislava, were utilized. The estimated exposure of the population to lead seems to be persistently low with a tendency to a slight decrease, especially in recent years. The exposure doses estimated for the last 6 years using the mean and median values show that the weekly intake of lead from food and drinks represents 22.3 to 14.1% PTWI and 12.2 to 7.2% PTWI, respectively.