高校半地下空间室内热环境研究

通过对高校学生宿舍半地下商业空间的测试,证明了夏季在不借助任何制冷设备的情况下该空间仍能达到舒适的室内热环境,因此在高校校园内合理开发浅层半地下空间不但可以扩大建筑面积,提高土地的利用率,还能达到节能的效果,值得高校借鉴和推广。     

火力发电厂自动消防系统的设计

根据火力发电厂的特点，对自动消防系统的设计要点及设计中常见的问题进行探讨。     

Thermal zoning and interzonal airflow in the design and simulation of solar houses: a sensitivity analysis

Many assumptions must be made about thermal zoning and interzonal airflow for modelling the performance of buildings. This is particularly important for solar homes, which are subjected to high levels of periodic solar heat gains in certain zones. The way in which these passive solar heat gains are distributed to other zones of a building has a significant effect on predicted energy performance, thermal comfort and optimal design selection. This article presents a comprehensive sensitivity analysis that quantifies the effect of thermal zoning and interzonal airflow on building performance, optimal south-facing glazing area, and thermal comfort. The effect of controlled shades to control unwanted solar gains is also explored. Results show that passive solar buildings, in particular, can benefit from increased air circulation with a forced air system because it allows solar gains to be redistributed and thus reduces direct gain zone overheating and total energy consumption.     

TEASER: an open tool for urban energy modelling of building stocks

The energy supply of buildings in urban contexts is undergoing significant changes. The increase of renewable sources for electrical and thermal energy generation will require flexible and secure supply systems. To reflect and consider these changes in energy systems and buildings, dynamic simulation is one key element. Sparse and limited access to detailed building information as well as computing time are challenges for building simulation on urban-scale. In addition, data acquisition and modelling for building performance simulation (BPS) are time-consuming and error-prone. To enable the use of BPS on urban-scale, this paper presents TEASER, an open framework for urban energy modelling of building stocks (open-source at https://github.com/RWTH-EBC/TEASER). TEASER provides an interface for multiple data sources, data enrichment and export of ready-to-run Modelica simulation models. The paper presents TEASER's methodology and package structure. Three use cases show TEASER's capabilities on the building, neighbourhood and urban scales.     

智能绿色建筑中楼宇自控系统的设计探讨

从智能绿色建筑中楼宇自控系统的构成和功能分析入手,针对当前智能绿色建筑自控技术的应用技术展开讨论,总结了楼宇自控系统在智能绿色建筑设计中的重点与难点,以设计出功能全面、管理便捷的楼宇自控系统。     

A framework to integrate object-oriented physical modelling with building information modelling for building thermal simulation

This paper presents a framework for integrating building information modelling (BIM) and object-oriented physical modelling-based building energy modelling (BEM) focusing on thermal simulation to support decision-making in the design process. The framework is made of a system interface between BIM and Modelica-based BEM and the visualization of simulation results for building designers. The interface consists of the following two major features: (1) pre-processing BIM models to add required thermal parameters into BIM and generate the building topology and (2) translating BIM to Modelica-based building energy modelling automatically and running the thermal simulation. The visualization component presents the simulation results in BIM for designers to understand the relationship between design decisions and the building performance. For the framework implementation, we have created a ModelicaBIM library and utilized the Modelica Buildings library developed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. We conducted a case study to demonstrate and validate the framework simulation results.     

湖北地区住宅热环境与能耗调查

对城乡住宅进行了抽样调查 ,给出了室内热环境与能耗的部分调查结果。城乡夏季热舒适问题比冬季严重 ,夏季城镇热舒适问题比农村严重 ;被调查住宅的耗电量和空调耗电量分别为 9.0～ 36.9kWh/(m2 ·a)和 1 .0～ 9.8kWh/(m2 ·a)     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗,保证室内热环境质量,确定最适宜的热工特性,是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析,研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系,以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下,将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标,从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题,提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

节能建筑中热桥对供暖负荷和能耗指标的影响

作者用所编制的计算机程序对嵩山节能小区内各建筑物的热桥节点做了详细计算，发现热桥不仅对能耗指标和供暖热负荷影响甚大，而且对不同构造的建筑物的影响大不相同。在传统４９０砖墙的建筑物中，热桥的附加值只占按一维传热计算的５％￣７％，而在砖与岩棉的复合外墙中，却占到２０％以上。     

The reliability of inverse modelling for the wide scale characterization of the thermal properties of buildings

The reduction of energy use in buildings is a major component of greenhouse gas mitigation policy and requires knowledge of the fabric and the occupant behaviour. Hence there has been a longstanding desire to use automatic means to identify these. Smart metres and the internet-of-things have the potential to do this. This paper describes a study where the ability of inverse modelling to identify building parameters is evaluated for 6 monitored real and 1000 simulated buildings. It was found that low-order models provide good estimates of heat transfer coefficients and internal temperatures if heating, electricity use and CO₂ concentration are measured during the winter period. This implies that the method could be used with a small number of cheap sensors and enable the accurate assessment of buildings’ thermal properties, and therefore the impact of any suggested retrofit. This has the potential to be transformative for the energy efficiency industry.     

Development of an adaptive window-opening algorithm to predict the thermal comfort,energy use and overheating in buildings

This investigation of the window-opening data from extensive field surveys in UK office buildings demonstrates: (1) how people control the indoor environment by opening windows; (2) the cooling potential of opening windows; and (3) the use of an ‘adaptive algorithm’ for predicting window-opening behaviour for thermal simulation in ESP-r. It was found that when the window was open the mean indoor and outdoor temperatures were higher than when closed, but it was shown that nonetheless there was a useful cooling effect from opening a window. The adaptive algorithm for window-opening behaviour was then used in thermal simulation studies for some typical office designs. The thermal simulation results were in general agreement with the findings of the field surveys. The adaptive algorithm is shown to provide insights not available using non adaptive simulation methods and can assist in achieving more comfortable, lower energy buildings while avoiding overheating.     

Evaluation of the corrected seasonal energy demand, for buildings classification, to be compared with a standard performance scale

In the European panorama, the relevant increase of the buildings energy consumptions has resulted, from the normative point of view (European directive 2002/91/EC [European Parliament and Council of December 16th, 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 1/65] and the relative national norms - for example Italian Decrees 192/05-311/06), in the imposition of minimum standards of construction, limiting the specific energy requirements specifically for heating and cooling. Moreover, in some countries it is being started to introduce, for buildings that respect the minimum performances levels imposed, incentive and defiscalization measures, function of their particular energetic efficiency and the corresponding performance class.Therefore, to compare the construction quality of different buildings, through energy performance classification, the authors propose a procedure for the determination of the corrected energy demand, separately for heating and cooling, independent of buildings location and directly comparable to a standard seasonal performance scale, defined on the entire territory of application.The procedure is so developed through simulation on a wide range of case-studies and then tested on a different buildings set: its effectiveness results in the attribution to each building test of an univocal performance class, providing an energy performance evaluation not affected by the building localization.     

建立低碳城市规划实施手段:从城市热岛效应模型分解控规指标

通过分析城市热岛效应与城市规划研究的关系,提出了在绿色建筑和低碳城市设计要求中控制城市热岛效应的重要性,以及面临的规划管理操作问题.然后建立城市规划方案热岛效应预测模型,从城市规划的操作应用角度提出热岛效应的控制指标,并分析规划设计可以影响的控制因素,以指导城市控规编制规范.同时,以北京地区某低碳社区详细规划项目为实例,量化评价了规划方案的热岛效应指标,以及与热岛相关的控规地块指标对降低热岛效应的贡献度.最终将减缓热岛效应的目标,分解为法定城市规划管理体制内的发展控制手段.     

高大空间建筑的自然通风模拟案例研究

针对大空间玻璃幕墙建筑,将多区域流体网络计算软件Contamw与热流及热平衡计算的Matlab程序相结合,以实现其自然通风与热的耦合计算,同时,利用建筑性能模拟软件Ecotect计算玻璃幕墙的入射辐射量,以实现精确的室内热流计算。     

Performance study of underground thermal storage in a solar-ground coupled heat pump system for residential buildings

This paper is performed to analyze the performance of underground thermal storage in a solar-ground coupled heat pump system (SGCHPS) for residential building. Based on the experimental results, the system performance during a longer period is simulated by the unit modeling, and its parametric effects are discussed. The results show that the performance of underground thermal storage of SGCHPS depends strongly on the intensity of solar radiation and the matching between the water tank volume and the area of solar collectors. Compared with the solar radiation, the variations of the water tank temperature and the ground temperature rise lag behind and keep several peaks during the day time. For the case of Tianjin, the efficiency of underground thermal storage based on the total solar radiation and absorbed solar energy by the collectors can reach over 40% and 70%, respectively. It is suggested that the reasonable ratio between the tank volume and the area of solar collectors should be in the range of 20–40 L/m².     

夏热冬暖地区建筑节能技术发展现状及趋势

夏热冬暖地区的气候特点与其他热工设计分区有较大的差异。近年来,此类地区的建筑节能技术快速发展,呈现出一些独有的特点。文章综述了近年来我国夏热冬暖地区建筑节能技术研究应用的主要成果,以及在此基础上出现的新发展趋势。     

Evaluation of environmental design strategies for university buildings

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the performance of environmental strategies in seven recently constructed or refurbished university buildings in the UK. These buildings contain a range of administrative spaces, classrooms, libraries and studios, reflecting their often complex, multi-use, heterogeneous nature. The key features of each environmental strategy are described (including passive, mixed-mode or active systems), in the context of the occupants and spaces they serve and the level of interaction that they afford. Energy performance and occupant thermal comfort (assessed by user surveys) are analysed and compared with studies of other non-domestic buildings, which have typically focused on more predictable single administrative uses (e.g. government offices), and unusually effective operation scenarios (e.g. continuous monitoring by expert building managers). The paper concludes by examining two of the case studies that reflect an increasingly common model of ‘flexible’ environmental design in more detail, identifying key features of the strategies for each building that have had a significant impact on their performance. The design assumptions leading to these features will be explored, and key lessons identified, contributing towards the development of a more robust evidential basis for choosing appropriate environmental strategies for university and other non-domestic buildings in the UK.     

外墙反射隔热在夏热冬冷地区节能建筑中的适用性

通过分析夏热冬冷地区重庆、武汉、上海3个典型城市室外综合温度与太阳辐射吸收系数的关系,得出建筑物各朝向外墙反射隔热对全年能耗的影响;采用DOE-2软件计算了外墙反射隔热的节能效果,讨论了反射隔热措施对弥补轻型节能外墙热惰性不足的作用.     

某智能化大楼空调自控系统设计

简要叙述了该智能楼宇空调自控系统的整体结构,详细介绍了定风量和变风量空调系统的控制方案。变风量空调控制系统以变频调速为手段,分时段设定静压值以实现节能。     

Development and application of an updated whole-building coupled thermal,airflow and contaminant transport simulation program (TRNSYS/CONTAM)

The TRNSYS energy analysis tool has been capable of simulating whole-building coupled heat transfer and building airflow for about 10 years. The most recent implementation was based on two TRNSYS modules, Type 56 and Type 97. Type 97 is based on a subset of the airflow calculation capabilities of the CONTAM multizone airflow and contaminant transport program developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper describes the development of new CONTAM capabilities in support of an updated combined, multizone building heat transfer, airflow and contaminant transport simulation approach using TRNSYS. It presents an illustrative case that highlights the new coupling capability and also presents the application of this coupled simulation approach to a practical design problem of the energy use related to airflow through entry doors in non-residential buildings.