A creep rupture model accounting for cavitation at sliding grain boundaries

An axisymmetric cell model analysis is used to study creep failure by grain boundary cavitation at facets normal to the maximum principal tensile stress, taking into account the influence of cavitation and sliding at adjacent inclined grain boundaries. It is found that the interaction between the failure processes on these two types of adjacent facets reduces the failure time significantly when cavitation is creep constrained. In all cases the time to cavity coalescence on transverse facets appears to be a useful lower bound measure of the material life-time. Sliding at the boundaries of the central grain of the cell model is accurately represented; but in some computations a stress enhancement factor is used to incorporate also the effect of sliding between surrounding grains. The influence of grain boundary viscosity is included in the model and it is found that even in the absence of sliding, cavitation on inclined boundaries may significantly reduce the failure time.     

Multiaxial fatigue life calculation model for components in rolling‐sliding line contact with application to gears

Important components such as gears, rollers, or bearings operate in rolling‐sliding contact loading conditions. Determination of their fatigue lives remains a challenging task due to complex states of stress and strain in the contact region, as well as complex contact conditions such as variable loading amplitude and complex geometry of contact. A mathematical model of rolling‐sliding line contact combined with a multiaxial fatigue life calculation model based on the Fatemi‐Socie critical plane crack initiation criterion is proposed. The developed model was applied to gears' teeth in mesh and compared with fatigue lives of gears reported in the literature. Good agreement was determined confirming the validity of the proposed model. A further advantage is obtaining locations of initiated cracks and the orientation of critical plane(s), which can subsequently be used for the estimation of crack shapes in initial phases of their growth and the damage type that they can be expected to develop into.     

A simplified expression for low cleavage probability calculation

This article describes an analysis made to develop a simplified stress-based criterion for brittle fracture focussed on the lowest probability of failure. For that, on the basis of fine numerical interpretation of two series of fracture-tests on 16MND5 reactor vessel steel, a number of variables were proposed:

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A stress threshold σ_th below which cleavage cannot occur. This stress is determined by testing on notch tensile specimen at low temperature.

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A minimum toughness K_min(T) required to make a crack unstable. The originality is here to consider this parameter depends on temperature.

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For K_J > K_min(T), a volume susceptible to cleavage, defined as the volume of material subjected to stress exceeding the threshold stress and noted V_th, representative of the fracture probability.

These three variables are explained in the article then used to establish a tentative criterion for expressing the risk of brittle fracture, in the presence or absence of a crack.     

A fracture mechanics model for the analysis of micro-pitting in regard to lubricated rolling–sliding contact problems

A computational model is presented for the analysis of micro-pitting in regard to lubricated rolling–sliding contact problems. This model assumes the appearance of an initial microcrack on the contact surface due to the mechanical or thermal treatment of the material, and as a consequence of an on-going process in early the stage of exploitation. The discretised model of the contacting mechanical elements is subjected to normal loading (Hertzian contact pressure), tangential loading (friction between contacting surfaces) and internal pressure to the crack surfaces. Crack propagation is predicted as follows: (1) using modified maximum tangential stress criterion, which takes into account the influence of stress intensity factors K_I and K_II, T-stress, stress on the crack’s surface caused by lubricant pressure inside the crack, and the critical distance ahead of the crack tip and (2) the classical maximum tangential stress criterion, which only takes into account the influence of the stress intensity factors K_I and K_II. The stress intensity factor based on these two criteria is then used in a short crack growth theory to determine the fatigue life of an initial crack to extent up to micro-pit. The developed model is applied to a real spur gear pair.     

A lumped-circuit model for the radiation impedance of a circular piston in a rigid baffle

The radiation impedance of a piston transducer mounted in a rigid baffle has been widely addressed in the literature. The real and imaginary parts of the impedance are described by the first order Bessel and Struve functions, respectively. Although there are power series expansions for both functions, the analytic formulation of a lumped circuit is not trivial. In this paper, we present an empirical approach to the derivation of a lumped-circuit model for the radiation impedance expression, based on observations on the near-field behavior of stored kinetic and elastic energy. The field analysis is carried out using a finite element method model of the piston and surrounding fluid medium. We show that fluctuations in the real and imaginary components of the impedance can be modeled by series and shunt tank circuits, each of which shape a certain section of the impedance curve. Because the model is composed of lumped-circuit elements, it can be used in circuit simulators. Consequently, the proposed model is useful for the analysis of transducer front-end circuits.     

敷设某种吸声材料的声诱饵简化模型隔离度仿真计算

随着水声电子对抗技术的不断发展,对于声诱饵系统边收边发技术的需求日益增强。实现边收边发技术的难点之一在于如何增大声诱饵系统发射端与接收端的隔离度。由于高分子吸声材料对声能的吸收作用,可以考虑采用在声诱饵接收端敷设吸声材料的方式,对声诱饵系统的隔离度进行改善。利用有限元计算软件对简化的声诱饵模型的隔离度进行数值仿真计算,分析声诱饵模型接收端敷设不同厚度的吸声材料时,对声诱饵系统隔离度的影响。计算结果表明,在声诱饵接收端敷设吸声材料时,可以增大声诱饵系统发射端与接收端的隔离度;当吸声材料达到一定厚度以后,对声诱饵系统隔离度的影响几乎不变。     

纯水轴向柱塞泵滑履的静压支承设计

 对纯水轴向柱塞泵滑履摩撩副的最佳水膜厚度进行了计算和分析．结果表明．纯水轴向柱塞泵滑履摩擦副不宜采用完全平衡型静压支承设计． 对纯水轴向柱塞泵滑履的结构参数和材料进行了设计分析．     

A model for the hydrostatic pressure response of a 1-3 composite

An analytical model has been developed for predicting the mechanical response of a composite cylinder that is composed of a solid right circular cylinder of one material surrounded by a cylindrical tube composed of some other material. It is assumed that there is no slippage at the boundary between the two phases. The model employs, throughout, the exact equations of linear elasticity and, thus, provides a solution that is exact for the specific boundary conditions that are imposed, In this paper, the specific case of hydrostatic pressure applied to the surface of the composite cylinder is discussed, The model yields the displacement and stress fields throughout the entire structure. The model was verified by comparing the results with a finite element model at several surfaces and interfaces in the structure, The model can be readily applied to the analysis of passive composite structures as well as to some of the recent active materials such as 1-3 piezocomposites     

A simplified model for glass dissolution in water

Numerical simulations of the water dissolution of a random ternary solid are presented. The three elements represent silica, soluble oxides (alkalis and boron) and quasi-insoluble oxides (Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, Fe₂O₃,...). The soluble species are dissolved immediately when they are in contact with the solution. Their proportion is kept below the percolation threshold. For the other species, one introduces a model of dissolution-recondensation. It is shown that the dissolution rate constants should be dependent on the bonding environment in order to include surface tension. The condensation fluxes are proportional to the concentration of each species in solution. In the dynamic regime (no recondensation), one observes the congruent dissolution of silica and soluble species, after a short initial phase of selective extraction of the soluble species. The common rate of dissolution decreases with the proportion of insoluble species and increases sharply with that of soluble species. This is mainly due to the formation of a porous hydrated layer whose active surface area increases markedly with the proportion of soluble species. In the static regime (finite solution volume), the equilibrium solubility of silica decreases with the proportion of insoluble species and is practically independent of the proportion of soluble species. The porous hydrated layer is rearranged and almost free of soluble species. The ripening of the surface layer makes it protective and inhibits further extraction of the soluble species. These results are in general agreement with the experimental observations on the dissolution of durable glasses.     

A finite element formulation of the large sliding contact

A finite element formulation for the large sliding contact problem is discussed. With respect to a set of two material points the free and contacting state are distinguished. Because of the possibly occurring large slidings, the two points contact conditions are transformed to contact conditions with respect to larger sets of points, the so-called contact units. An incremental solution strategy is presented which calculates the equilibrium solution that obeys these contact conditions using an iterative procedure. Part of this strategy is the identification of actual sets of contacting material points. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by some case-studies.     

Algorithm for calculating contact boundaries in the interaction of deformable solids

A brief overview is given of certain methods of calculating the contact boundaries in the dynamic interaction of deformable solids. The individual shortcomings of the methods are discussed, as are the principles of an algorithm developed by the author to avoid these problems.Institute of Strength Problems, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 12, pp. 79–82, December, 1989.     

A variational formulation based contact algorithm for rigid boundaries in two-dimensional SPH applications

Smooth particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is one of the most effective meshless techniques used in computational mechanics. SPH approximations are simple and allow greater flexibility in various engineering applications. However, modelling of particle-boundary interactions in SPH computations has always been considered an aspect that requires further research. A number of techniques have been developed to model particle-boundary interactions in SPH and allied methods. In this paper, an innovative approach is introduced to handle the contact between Lagrangian SPH particles and rigid solid boundaries. The formulation of boundary contact forces are derived based on a variational formulation, thus directly ensuring the conservativeness of the governing equations. In addition, the new elegant boundary contact force terms maintain the simplicity of the SPH governing equations.     

A simplified integral equation method for the calculation of the eigenvalues of Helmholtz equation

An integral equation method is presented for the numerical calculation of the eigenvalues of the scalar Helmholtz equation. By using a particular solution instead of Green's function, the calculations could be simplified due to the elimination of complex numbers.     

A simplified model for V-ATPase H+ extrusion

An analytical model of V-type H/sup +/-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) was developed based on an approximation to the mechanochemical model of Grabe et al. (Biophys. J., pp. 2798-2813, vol. 78, 2000). Grabe's work utilizes structural information and physiological assumptions to construct a detailed mechanochemical model of the V-ATPase. Due to the complexity of their model, it does not give a readily usable mathematical expression for the V-ATPase current. Based on their analysis of the structure of the proton pump, we develop a two-compartment model of the V-ATPase, which contains a membrane "half-channel" for proton translocation separated by a hydrophilic strip and a hydrophobic wall from the cytoplasm. Using the Langevin equation to describe proton transport across the membrane, we simplify the model based on their assumptions on the molecular structure of the pump and arrive at a general form of solution to the proton pump flux driven by ATP hydrolysis based on assumptions on the physiological properties of the strip and the wall, as well as the two fluid compartments. In this process of simplification, we explicitly relate V-ATPase structure, stoichiometry, pump efficiency, and ATP hydrolysis energy to the active pump current. The simplified model is used to provide model-generated approximations to measured data from a variety of laboratories. In addition, it provides a very compact characterization of V-ATPase, which can be used as a proton extruder in a variety of different cell membranes, as well as in the membranes of intracellular organelles.     

A simplified model for the combined wicking and evaporation of a NaCl solution in limestone

Salt weathering is one of the major causes of the damage both in cultural heritage as well as in civil engineering constructions. A special case develops when there is a continuous wicking of a salt solution into a material in combination with evaporation of the moisture at its surface. In this study we are interested in the case where the absorption rate is much higher than the evaporation and as a result a salt concentration will build up at the drying surface resulting in crystallization. To this end we propose a simplified model to describe this mechanism. In order to check the model the NaCl concentration profiles were measured non-destructively by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance during a combined wicking and evaporation experiment with limestone. A good correlation was found between the model and the measured NaCl concentration profiles.     

罕遇地震荷载作用下屈曲约束支撑框架结构弹塑性位移的简化计算方法

针对罕遇地震荷载作用下的屈曲约束支撑框架结构,从附加有效阻尼比的角度出发,系统的分析了罕遇地震时,屈曲约束支撑框架结构体系弹塑性位移的简化求解方法,并将此简化求解方法的计算结果与十条地震波的弹塑性时程分析结果平均值进行对比,结果表明,该简化算法准确有效.