硅橡胶中空间电荷的形成机理

文中采用电声脉冲法，在不同的直流电场作用下，测量了硅橡胶中空间电荷的分布，并分析了其与加压时间的关系。同时测量了短路电极时空间电荷分布的变化，讨论了电极短路试样中残留电荷的分布及其影响。研究发现，在场强相对较低(5kV／mm)与较高(60kV／mm，70kV／mm)时，电极附近介质中的电荷分布均为异极性电荷，但其形成机理完全不同；而在中场强(10kV／mm，30kV／mm)下可出现同极性电荷。文章还讨论了Al和Cu电极在不同电场强度下的电子或空穴注入现象以及其在空间电荷形成中的作用。     

不同热老化程度油纸绝缘介质在直流电场中的空间电荷特性

为理解油纸绝缘介质的热老化程度与其体内空间电荷特性间的关系,对由#25矿物变压器油和普通植物纤维素绝缘纸组合而成的油浸绝缘纸试样进行加速热老化试验,应用电声脉冲（PEA）法测量了不同热老化程度下试样在直流电场（20 kV/mm）作用时和作用后的空间电荷密度分布图像,讨论了热老化程度对试样内部空间电荷分布及电荷总量的影响。结果表明：随着油浸绝缘纸试样热老化程度的加深,外加直流电场时试样中部空间电荷注入量呈增大趋势,电荷密度到达极值所需时间延长;去压后试样内部积聚电荷消散所需时间明显延长,将致使材料内部场强畸变时间增加。研究得到去压后试样内空间电荷密度极值及电荷总量与消散时间呈现指数衰减关系,可用衰减时间常数τ来表征不同老化状态油纸绝缘的电荷消散能力。该研究成果为进一步评价油纸绝缘介质在不同热老化程度下的空间电荷特性提供了参考依据。     

Time-resolved space charge and electroluminescence measurements in polyethylene under ac stress

Time-resolved space charge (SC) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements are carried out on polyethylene films stressed under ac voltage at industrial frequency to probe injection, trapping and recombination of charge. SC is measured by pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) technique at each zero voltage cross-over point of the ac voltage, thereby getting rid of the capacitive charge. EL is detected using photon counting techniques with a time resolution down to 50 /spl mu/s. Both SC and EL exhibit a threshold response as a function of the applied voltage. Numerical values of these thresholds are in good correspondence for SC and EL measurements in every tested material. Observations are consistent with a model of bipolar injection with an unbalanced situation in positive and negative charge behavior. It is also shown that different polyethylene materials behave differently relative to the field above which the charge is detected, providing thereby a way to compare the space charge behavior of those materials under ac field.     

快速空间电荷测量用高压高频脉冲源的研究

采用电声脉冲法测量空间电荷时需要对试样施加脉冲激励,使试样中的空间电荷发生微弱位移产生机械波。为了获得足够高的信噪比,必须连续采集多个信号进行平均处理,对于多数测试系统平均次数至少需要40次。测量一次所需时间为脉冲频率和平均次数的乘积,因此脉冲源的频率决定了测量的速度。基于高压固体开关设计了高压高频脉冲源,可产生半峰宽5 ns至380 ns的窄脉冲,兼具连续脉冲模式和脉冲簇模式,脉冲重复频率可达3 k Hz,在脉冲簇模式下脉冲间隔最小为1μs,输出脉冲幅值最大为2.5 k V。经设备校验可知脉冲源可有效提高空间电荷测试速度,并适用于交流甚至任意波形下的空间电荷测试。     

Investigating dc polyethylene threshold by space charge. Currentand electroluminescence measurements

It has been proposed recently that the lowest level of dc field, above which electrical degradation may occur, is associated with the formation of space charges in insulation. Therefore, inference of field levels above which space charge accumulates in a given material may provide fundamental information for material characterization and system design. Threshold field values were estimated through evidence of space charge accumulation derived from conduction current, space charge amplitude and electroluminescence (EL) counts vs, electrical field characteristics. Press-molded plates of polyethylene-based materials were used for this investigation. In order to be able to detect even by EL experiments the presence of the space charge accumulated at low fields, measurements were carried out during both polarization and short-circuit of specimens. It is shown that the threshold corresponding to the onset of EL upon grounding the specimen is close to the space charge accumulation threshold derived from space charge and conduction current measurements. This earlier value is considerably lower than the one previously detected from constant dc-voltage EL measurements, thus confirming that even at low fields and in the presence of voltage reversals or transients, space charges can trigger luminescence phenomena. The methodology developed in this paper enlarges the applicability of the EL technique to accommodate a wider electrical field range in view of insulation characterization     

电极材料对高密度聚乙烯中空间电荷的影响

用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了不同电极材料对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)中空间电荷的影响.试样厚度为100μm,实验场强为50kV/mm,电极材料为铝(Al)和半导电橡胶(SC).实验发现对于Al-SC电极系统负压下电子和空穴注入较正压下少,并且镀铝电极可以有效抑制电荷的注入.     

温度对直流电压下油纸绝缘空间电荷特性的影响

油纸绝缘是直流输电设备的主要绝缘材料,其空间电荷特性变化会引起局部电场发生畸变,从而影响材料的介电强度,降低直流输电设备的运行可靠性和稳定性.使用电声脉冲法( PEA)测量装置,分析油纸绝缘中空间电荷的注入、迁移、消散规律,搭建试验平台,通过升压试验获得试品空间电荷注入的参考电压,然后对试品加3 kV的直流电压,分别在15℃、30℃、50℃温度下对油纸介质的空间电荷的特性进行分析.试验结果证明:在不同条件下发生空间电荷的注入,温度会对去压时空间电荷的消散产生很大的影响;温度会影响油纸绝缘介质内电场的大小和分布,使空间电荷严重畸变电场,引起绝缘的进一步破坏.     

热老化对纤维素绝缘纸的空间电荷及陷阱特性的影响

为理解变压器用纤维素绝缘纸在其热老化过程中的空间电荷特性演变规律及其影响机制,采用电声脉冲法研究不同老化程度绝缘纸在不同电压等级(30、15和5kV/mm)下的加压和去压后的电荷密度分布规律,分析了绝缘纸热老化程度与其空间电荷特性演变规律间的联系。结果表明:纤维素绝缘纸体内电荷注入量及注入速率与外施电场等级成正比关系。热老化能够降低纤维素绝缘纸空间电荷注入的起始阈值,并减缓绝缘纸体内电荷注入和迁移的速率,从而削弱了体内电荷的复合现象。随着热老化程度的增加,纤维素绝缘纸体内陷阱的分布密度和陷阱能级的深度都将增大,致使材料体内残留电荷不仅总量逐渐增大,而且衰减速率逐渐降低。研究成果为理解热老化对纤维素绝缘纸空间电荷积聚和消散的影响机制提供了理论支撑。     

固体绝缘中空间电荷测量装置的研制和应用

介绍了电声脉冲法空间电荷分布测量装置的测量原理和性能，并利用此装置测量了试样中的空间电荷密度分布，运用有限元法计算空间电荷对试样内部电场的畸变。为了研制超高压直流塑料电缆料，以少量的极性聚合物混炼到低密度聚乙烯中，降低了交联聚乙的空间电荷效应，大幅度提高了５０％直流预压短路树枝的起始电压。     

Electric field criteria for charge packet formation and movement inXLPE

The formation of space charge packets in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) tapes from un-aged cable insulation has been studied utilizing the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. The 150 μm thick sheets were studied under constant applied DC field of 120 kV/mm at a temperature of 20°C for a period of 48 h. After an inception period of ~3.5 h, during which heterocharge accumulates at the anode and increases the local field there, a sequence of positive charge packets was observed to transit the sample starting from near the anode. Calculation of the internal field showed that the packets required a field of ⩾140 kV/mm for their initiation. Reduction of the applied field step-wise from 120 to 80 kV/mm indicated that the charge packet would keep moving as long as the local field at its front was >100 kv/mm, but with a reducing magnitude. A return to an applied field of 120 kV/mm confirmed that the local field required to initiate a new packet was >135 kV/mm. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of charge packet formation. The first packet appears to be a moving front of field ionization. The generation of subsequent packets is governed by the field at the anode and the balance of charge injection and extraction process, which occur there. The nature of the negative charges produced at the ionization front is not clear, but they are unlikely to be electrons     

Phase-resolved pulsed electro-acoustic technique to detect space charge in solid dielectrics subjected to AC voltage

The PEA technique has been modified to study the space charge development in solid dielectrics subjected to AC electric field. Narrow (5 ns) electrical pulses are applied at various phase angles of the AC waveform. Special software, developed to precisely synchronize the pulse generator with the high voltage supply, applied the narrow pulses at 0deg phase angle and then in steps of 10deg till 360deg. By processing the PEA data at various phase angles of the AC waveform, without resorting to complex mathematical analysis, the electric field at which charges are injected into the polymeric insulation was determined. The phase resolved PEA technique can also provide the dynamics of space charge development under AC fields     

油纸绝缘介质的空间电荷积聚与消散特性

油纸材料的绝缘问题在换流变压器、直流套管、直流电缆等高压大型直流设备大量应用的情况下显得十分突出。为探讨高压直流设备绝缘的最主要问题—空间电荷效应,应用电声脉冲法(PEA)对油纸绝缘材料的空间电荷特性进行了研究。有关外加场强对油纸材料中空间电荷积聚情况的影响和在较高场强下油纸材料的击穿破坏与空间电荷关系的研究结果表明:①低场强下油纸材料中空间电荷以电离产生为主;而在较高场强下,先后在阴极和阳极产生了同极性载流子注入。②相对于聚乙烯而言,由于油纸材料的电导率较大,材料内的空间电荷在外加电场撤去后很快消散。③空间电荷的注入和运动会导致油纸材料的劣化和破坏。油纸材料中的空间电荷快速消散现象有利于直流设备在极性反转条件下的运行,为阐释油纸绝缘良好的长期性能提供了有重要意义的试验依据。     

变频电机用聚酰亚胺薄膜电老化特性研究

为研究变频电机用耐电晕型聚酰亚胺材料耐局部放电老化机理,采用电导电流法分别测量了普通聚酰亚胺薄膜(100HN)和耐电晕型聚酰亚胺薄膜(100CR)电晕老化前、经10kV/mm、20kV/mm电晕强度8h老化后的电老化阈值。结果表明,2种薄膜的电老化阈值随电老化强度的增加而减小,且耐电晕型薄膜的电老化阈值始终高于普通膜的阈值;在2种薄膜的空间电荷限制电流区内,耐电晕型薄膜的电流增长率较大,说明其中含有更多的浅陷阱,测试结果与其170°C下退极化电流测试结果一致。这些浅陷阱有效调节了聚酰亚胺薄膜中电场的分布,改善其耐电晕性能。     

基于脉冲电声法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术的研究进展

空间电荷现象严重制约着高压直流塑料电缆的发展。目前,脉冲电声法（pulse electric acoustic,PEA）是国际上常用的测量固体电介质中空间电荷分布的非破坏性的方法之一。首先从高压脉冲的注入方式出发,简述了几种基于PEA法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术;同时,提出了一种基于高压脉冲从测量电极注入电缆试样的改进测量装置,在该装置中通过蓄电池、环氧底座以及光电转换器等将采集数据的示波器进行对地隔离,从而提高了测量系统测量信号的频带宽度;然后,介绍了同轴塑料电缆空间电荷波形的恢复方法;最后,概述了空间电荷测量技术在评估电力电缆老化程度中的应用和未来在线测量空间电荷的可行性及发展方向。     

氯化聚乙烯共混对聚乙烯的空间电荷效应的影响

在直流电场作用下 ,用电声脉冲法测量了低密度聚乙烯 (LDPE)中空间电荷的分布 ,计算结果表明 ,异极性空间电荷严重畸变试样中的电场的分布。以少量氯化聚乙烯 (CPE)混入低密度聚乙烯中 ,大大降低了试样中的空间电荷 ,电场分布趋向均匀。在正负极性直流预压短路树枝试验中 ,分别提高试样短路树枝起始电压 2 6 8%和 36 3%。通过直流预压和电晕电荷注入后 ,短路过程中空间电荷分布的测量 ,提出氯化聚乙烯的作用机理在于降低了聚乙烯中陷阱的深度和密度。     

温度梯度下双层油纸绝缘系统的空间电荷分布特性

换流变压器为直流高压输电系统中的重要设备,但因其运行工况的特殊性,其内部油纸等绝缘材料往往承受较大的内外温度差异作用。针对换流变压器中双层油纸绝缘系统存在的内外温度不同的温度梯度效应对油纸绝缘中空间电荷分布的影响,利用电声脉冲法测量了不同温度梯度下（Δθ=0、20、40°C）,电压分别为-3.4、-10.2、-20.4kV（即平均电场强度分别为10、30、60MV/m）时双层油纸中空间电荷在20min内随时间变化规律及电场分布。实验结果表明：在低场强下,上下电极均有明显的同极性电荷注入;温度梯度使低温侧出现异极性电荷,并且随着温度梯度的增大、电压的升高,低温侧异极性电荷越来越多,从而使低温侧的场强畸变越来越大;加压后,2层油纸界面处开始积累与上电极相同极性的电荷,并且界面处电荷量随温度梯度及电压的增大而增大,但电荷密度出现饱和现象。经分析可知,油纸界面起到阻挡正负电荷通过的作用,而温度对电极注入特性及试样电导特性的影响为温度梯度影响空间电荷分布的主要原因。     

Semi-empirical high-field conduction model for polyethylene andimplications thereof

A semi-empirical model for high-field conduction in polyethylene is developed on the basis of data in the literature for ac conductivity in the range of 30 to 60 kV/mm and `charge injection' from a needle in the range of 160 kV/mm. The model is used to compute high-field conduction-related phenomena by solving Poisson's equation with field-dependent conductivity and time-dependent applied voltage for a highly inhomogeneous field geometry. Parameters computed include field, current density, charge density, power density, and force density. Temperature rise in the dielectric is estimated based on the computed power density     

脉冲电压下聚酰亚胺空间电荷行为及其机理研究

电力电子装备长期处于高重复频率、陡上升时间脉冲电压运行工况,绝缘更容易发生劣化和早期失效。为探究脉冲电压下绝缘失效的微观机理,对ns级别下的脉冲边沿前后空间电荷分布情况进行研究对比,探究了电场强度、硅油对脉冲边沿时刻电荷振动波形的影响。通过分析不同脉冲上升时间下的电荷振动波形及电压波形频谱、电荷积聚特性,阐明了脉冲电压边沿时刻电荷振动机理以及ns脉冲下电荷行为对绝缘劣化影响机理。研究发现,ns脉冲上升沿和下降沿前后电荷分布特性存在差异,在脉冲边沿处发现了特殊的空间电荷迁移行为;电场强度会影响异极性电荷的积累速度及积累量,从而影响电荷振动波形的形状;电极与试样之间涂敷硅油会影响电荷振动波形的极性;5×106～1×107 Hz频段的电压分量对空间电荷振动起主要作用;ns脉冲电压下电荷积聚导致电场畸变更加严重。     

玻璃化温度对环氧树脂空间电荷分布的影响

用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了纯环氧试样在313K(玻璃化温度以下)及343K(玻璃化温度以上)时的空间电荷分布,并测量了两种温度不同电场强度下的空间电荷特性。实验发现两种温度下的空间电荷特性具有明显的差异。并对环氧树脂表面水分对空间电荷特性的影响进行了讨论。     

改进电声脉冲法的交流空间电荷测量新方法

提出一种交流电压下的电声脉冲法空间电荷测试新方法。采用电脉冲作为触发源,利用数字示波器的长存储功能同时获取空间电荷信号和高压交流电压信号,从而避免了传统交流空间电荷测试方法的硬件同步。通过调整脉冲发生器的频率可获取不同相位下的高压交流下的空间电荷响应,并通过平均若干个交流周期的空间电荷信号获得足够信噪比的相位相关的空间电荷信号。通过对低密度聚乙烯工频50 Hz下的空间电荷测量结果表明,在交流电场下,下电极附近区域会形成异号电荷;与传统的交流空间电荷测量系统相比,由于测量时间得到很大程度缩短空间电荷信息能够最大限度保存,并且新系统较老系统有更高的相位分辨率,空间电荷衰减图形更能逼真的反映电荷动态变化。