油脂精炼技术

本文综述油脂精炼新工艺，主要论述连续碱炼法的新技术，碱炼原理、生产工艺和控制方法，分析碱的用量、碱炼温度、碱液浓度等因素对产品质量的影响，并介绍精炼油脱色、脱臭基本方法。     

博落回生物碱的抑菌作用研究

以20％的甲醇作溶剂，盐酸小檗碱及青霉素做对照，将博落回碱，盐酸血根碱，盐酸小檗碱配成9600μg／ml的溶液，并测定了这三种物质对常见的5种细菌的抑菌效力(抑菌圈直径)及最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明，这三种物质具有不同程度的抑菌效力，其中盐酸血根碱具有很强的广谱抑菌作用。     

放空槽,碱灰混合器在麦草浆黑液碱回收中的作用

在硫酸盐法制浆（木浆、竹浆、苇浆等）碱回收燃烧工序中，设置有放空槽、芒硝碱灰黑液混合器，它的主要作用是在黑液中添加芒硝，补偿在纸浆蒸煮和碱回收过程中损失的销和硫，一般设计容积为燃烧量30—50分钟的黑液贮量。碱法麦草浆黑液碱回收由于不需加芒硝，加之碱灰大部分是碳酸钠，可以将对流管束灰斗、尾部灰斗的碱灰直接输人绿液溶解槽。这样，在麦草浆黑液碱回收中又将放空槽做为黑液贮槽，即将碱回收燃烧工序中的芒硝碱灰黑液混合器，变成了麦草浆黑液碱回收燃烧工序中的碱尘混合器，只混合电除尘器的碱尘。硫酸盐浆黑液碱回收燃烧…     

提高碱炉产量的对策与实践

碱炉是碱回收中最关键的设备，增加黑液入炉量，提高绿液产量，是碱炉提高产量的关键。南宁制糖造纸厂碱回收从１９９０年１２月试生产时的月产碱量６吨提高到现在最高月产量２９５吨，取得了很好的成绩，积累了许多经验，但也遇到一些无法解决的问题。１生产工艺流程图１...     

碱回收率的生产测定

青州造纸厂碱回收率一直保持在较高的水平，碱基本上能做到自给（自给率达98．75％）。在生产实践中，我们采用定期碱平衡的生产测定，一方面可以及时获得碱回收率的数据，另一方面又能掌握碱回收系统有关工序质量控制情况。是制浆造纸企业较为方便可行的有效的生产测定方法。生产测定碱回收率的方法是采用“全面展开，同时测定”的方法，也就是从生产流程的第一步蒸煮到苛化产出白液，各工序、各部位的碱的流失情况同时测定。测定碱回收率，必须先求得整个系统各工序部位的碱流失量。结合我厂具体情况，从蒸煮工段到苛化工段的碱流失部位及…     

丝光碱回收--不是梦想,而是现实

采用Koerting Hannover公司生产的、适用于纺织业的丝光废碱回收设备可使用丝光废碱回收率达到95％，有效地降低生产成本，并能减少含碱废水的产生，有利环境保护。     

油脂精炼技术

本文综述油脂精炼新工艺，主要论述连续碱炼法的新技术，碱炼原理，生产工艺和控制方法，分析的用量，碱炼温度，碱液浓度等因素对产品质量的影响，并介绍精炼油脱色，脱臭基本方法     

提高碱回收率的措施

介绍了贺达纸业有限责任公司碱回收系统的生产工艺，分析了碱回收率低的原因，通过对生产系统进行技术改造，有效地解决了碱流失和改善生产现场环境。     

海岛型复合超细纤维的碱处理研究

本文通过对海岛型复合超细纤维在不同碱浓度中的处理研究，分析了纤维失重率、纤维性能与碱浓度和碱处理时的关系，为海岛型复合纤维织物的后处理提供一定的基础数据。     

耐碱渗透剂的研究

本文对浓碱液渗透剂的结构，特性进行论述，并就磷酸脂型进行合成和筛选，试制了渗透剂ＰＰＥ－９４２。本文还对碱缩，丝光，连续式碱减量工艺中使用渗透剂ＰＥ－９４２后的反应情况进行试验，发现加入渗透剂后均能加速反应的进行，在丝光，碱缩工艺并不改变其反应平衡值，而在连续碱减量中却出现了反应生，改变了热力学过程，文中对此作了解释。     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Food oral processing—A review

Food oral processing is an essential procedure not only for the consumption and digestion of foods but also for the appreciation and pleasure of food texture and food flavour. The consumption of a food inside mouth involves various oral operations, including first bite, chewing and mastication, transportation, bolus formation, swallowing, etc. Exact mechanisms and governing principles of these oral operations are still not fully understood, despite of continuous efforts made by scientists from food, psychology, physiology, dental and clinical studies, and other disciplines. This article reviews recent progresses and literature findings about food processing and transformation in mouth, with particular attention on the physiology and rheology aspects of oral operations. The physiological behaviour of human's oral device is discussed in terms of biting capability, tongue movement, saliva production and incorporation, and swallowing. The complexity of oral processing is analysed in relation to the rheology and mechanical properties of foods. The swallowing and oral clearing process is also examined for its criteria, triggering mechanism, bolus deformation, and the rheology of swallowing.     

小球藻作为食品利用的国外报道研究进展

普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻作为新食品资源,是国际上广泛研究、养殖、应用的2种小球藻属绿藻,富含蛋白质、维生素等营养物质,可提纯或转化出大量的生物活性化合物,在食品等产业具有广泛的应用潜力。该文基于近10年来普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻在育种、养殖、收获、下游处理、食品研发方面的国外报道,就小球藻营养成分与功效、食品领域应用及存在问题、传统和新兴微藻细胞破碎技术、产业发展策略与趋势4个方面进行综述,重点介绍国内小球藻产业不破壁藻粉消化性差的现状及工业化细胞破碎技术的优缺点,基于微藻生物精炼的理念提出了小球藻产业发展的近、中、远期发展策略,以期为国内高校院所的研发及小球藻养殖加工企业的技术信息提供参考。     

大豆油精炼过程中多环芳烃的迁移规律

明确大豆油精炼过程多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）风险成分的迁移规律,以便于食品中PAHs的风险防范和控制。通过对大豆油精炼生产中脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色油、脱臭油和对应加工助剂磷酸、烧碱、活性白土以及精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物样品中PAHs组分含量的检测,分析PAHs在大豆油精炼生产中的迁移规律。结果显示：大豆油精炼用加工助剂中均含有PAHs,磷酸、烧碱和活性白土中苯并[a]芘（benzo[a]pyrene,BaP）含量分别为0.95、1.84?μg/kg和0.71?μg/kg,欧盟限量控制的4?种PAHs（PAH4）（苯并[a]蒽、?、苯并[b]荧蒽和BaP）含量为2.81、16.81?μg/kg和8.85?μg/kg,美国优先控制的16?种PAHs（PAH16）含量为26.18、112.61?μg/kg和111.85?μg/kg;在大豆油水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱臭过程BaP的脱除率分别为7.57%、23.57%、91.65%,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭过程PAH4的脱除率分别为15.93%、10.41%、19.31%、50.91%,PAH16的脱除率分别为15.45%、11.59%、6.66%、52.99%;大豆油精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物中BaP含量分别为0.45、0.90、0.52、12.49?μg/kg,PAH4含量分别为10.14、7.39、9.69、300.50?μg/kg,PAH16含量分别为261.60、434.49、156.29、2?775.15?μg/kg。     

Textural Modification of Processing Tomatoes

Knowledge of the textural properties of processing tomatoes is crucial to ensuing product acceptability; measurement, control, and optimization of these properties through judicious selection of varieties and control of unit operations results in products that the consumer prefers. It is important to first define the terms texture, rheology, consistency, and viscosity prior to discussing principles of their measurement. The textural properties of processing tomatoes may be measured using both sensory and objective tests, and the latter may be either destructive or nondestructive in nature. The unique anatomy of tomato fruit (peel, pericarp, columella, and locules) in part dictates the method of texture measurement. Numerous factors, including variety, maturity, genetic modification, cultural particles, and environmental conditions, processing conditions, and calcium addition affect the textural integrity of tomatoes. Textural properties of raw tomatoes and most processed tomato products are reviewed in this article.     

叶幕类型对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒品质的影响

以棚架和篱架两种栽培方式的摩尔多瓦葡萄果实为试材,成熟后采收进行酿酒试验,测定水平叶幕和直立叶幕对葡萄酒品 质的影响。 结果表明,棚架葡萄酒与篱架葡萄酒可滴定酸含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但棚架葡萄酒的pH值比篱架葡萄酒高0.02,葡萄 酒色度提高44.12%,总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别提高18.65%、14.64%,抗氧化能力（铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力）分别提高43.76%、 17.39%。同时,棚架葡萄酒香气物质种类比篱架葡萄酒多7种,酯类、醇类物质含量分别是篱架的3.06倍、1.36倍,其中,正己醇、辛酸乙 酯、苯乙醇含量是篱架葡萄酒的2.08倍、2.26倍、1.93倍,乙酸异丁酯、丙醇、乙酸异戊酯含量也分别高69.80%、41.87%、60.57%。 由此表 明,棚架水平叶幕可提高葡萄酒次生代谢物质含量,增加葡萄酒色调饱和度,增强葡萄酒稳定性,提升葡萄酒风味,改善葡萄酒品质。     

不同地区小曲中可培养细菌的筛选及鉴定

以湖北、安徽和四川地区小曲为研究对象,利用传统培养方法和分子生物学方法研究不同地区小曲中可培养细菌的种类。结果表明,湖北小曲pH值为5.35,含水量为9.93%,密度为0.87 g/mL,共分离出8株可培养细菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）6株,泛菌属（Pantoea spp.）及丰年芽孢杆菌（Bacillus toyonensis）各1株;安徽小曲pH值为5.60,含水量为12.33%,密度为0.84 g/mL,共分离出5株可培养细菌,其中植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）3株,埃希氏菌属（Escherichia spp.）及枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）各1株;四川小曲pH值为5.59,含水量为9.41%,密度为0.92 g/mL,共分离出7株可培养细菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）2株,B. toyonensis、普城沙雷氏杆菌（Serratia plymuthica）、炭疽芽孢杆菌（Bacillus anthracis）、蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）及Burkholderia fungorum各1株。不同地区小曲中可培养细菌种类差异较大,但3种小曲均有芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）细菌。     

纸质文献保存和修复方法专利技术综述

通过对纸质文献保存和修复领域专利技术文献的收集、分析、标引和梳理,分析了该领域专利技术分布及专利申请情况,分别探析了脱酸、修补、加固、装裱4种技术的专利技术演进路线,最后对该领域专利技术进行了总结。     

Differences in the amount and structure of extractable skin and seed tannins amongst red grape varieties

Background and Aims:  Red wine is a very rich source of flavanols, consisting of catechins and oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of the fraction of flavanols, which is extractable from the grape into the wine.
Methods and Results:  Using HPLC-DAD-MS analysis carried out before and after thioacidolysis of wine-like extracts obtained from skins and seeds, the flavanol composition of 20 samples derived from Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Marzemino, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah and Teroldego was determined.
Conclusions:  It was confirmed that grape extracts are mainly rich in monomers and small oligomers (mean degree of polymerization <8). Grape seed extracts contained three monomers (catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate) and procyanidin oligomers. Grape skin extracts contained four monomers (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin), procyanidins and prodelphinidins oligomers. Upper and extension units of PAs were constituted mainly of epicatechin units, with the co-presence of catechin and epicatechin gallate in the seed PAs, and of gallocatechin in the case of skin PAs. The terminal units of the grape PAs were a mixture of five compounds, the same found also as monomers. Catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, which are found in other flavanol-rich, plant-derived foods and beverages, were not present in grape extracts.
Significance of the Study:  The grape variety determines both the amount and the structure of wine flavanols, leading to differences in the composition, which are likely to play an important role in the nutritional and sensorial properties of the wines.     

Effect of common and new gums on the quality,physical, and textural properties of bakery products: A review

Hydrocolloids (gums) have a good functional characteristic such as emulsifying, gelling, solubility, and textural improvement. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving dough performance, bread and cake characteristics, sensorial quality, and extension the products shelf life. Several studies reported the potential use of hydrocolloids in breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formulation. The present review summarized the effect of the most common and new hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, Arabic, carrageenan, karaya, alginate, acacia, methylcellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, locust bean, balangu seed, wild sage seed, basil seed, and cress seed gums) on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Gums addition improved volume and porosity of the breads and cakes. Gums influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch and decreased the retrogradation of starch. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving mixing and increasing the shelf life of the products through moisture preservation and avoidance of syneresis in some frozen foods. This study summarized the influence of the most common and new hydrocolloids on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Addition of seeds gum to the breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formula led to an increase in the viscosity of the batter. Also, the firmness of bakery products showed that they became softer with increasing gum levels.