结构二次二阶矩可靠度指标的回归分析预测算法

针对具有强非线性结构功能函数的可靠度指标计算问题,通过数值抽样及回归分析方法对改进的功能函数二阶展开形式进行了系统研究,揭示了二次二阶矩可靠度指标#x003b2;_SORM与一次二阶矩可靠度指标#x003b2;_FORM之间的关系规律。根据上述规律结合线抽样MonteCarlo法,建立了基于回归分析预测算法的可靠度分析方法。该方法通过对若干基本抽样点的回归分析,确定了#x003b2;_SORM与#x003b2;_FORM之间一般关系规律的具体表达式,从而实现了强非线性可靠度问题的高精度求解。研究表明:所建立的方法能够有效改善传统二阶可靠度算法计算过程繁琐、求解效率低下的问题;在求解精度、适用范围及算法稳定性等方面具有优势;且计算直观简便,易于为一般设计人员掌握,更适合于实际工程应用。     

大跨径钢-混组合梁桥主梁负弯矩区腹板弯-剪弹性屈曲分析

考虑翼缘弹性转动约束的腹板在弯、剪应力单独作用下的临界屈曲应力表达式可通过里兹能量法进行推导,然而在运用里兹能量法求解弹性转动约束边界下弯、剪复合作用的腹板临界屈曲应力时,会出现难以求解的复杂偏微分式。为掌握边界弹性转动约束的组合梁腹板在弯、剪复合作用下的屈曲特性,该文建立了考虑翼缘弹性转动约束的腹板有限元模型,分析腹板上、下边界弹性转动约束系数χ、弯剪应力比η、弯曲荷载应力梯度λ、宽高比γ 等参数对腹板弯、剪复合屈曲的影响。根据有限元计算结果重新拟合弹性转动约束的弯、剪复合屈曲修正方程,与一个钢-混组合梁负弯矩区腹板屈曲试验结果比较,试验结果与修正曲线误差为2.5%。     

混凝土三轴蠕变统计损伤模型研究

为探讨混凝土三轴蠕变特性,采用SAM-2000微机控制电液伺服材料三轴试验机并配备压力自平衡式三轴压力室对混凝土进行了三轴压缩试验和三轴蠕变试验,结果表明:围压的存在可以显著提高混凝土的承载能力,围压越大,混凝土的轴向承载能力越高,蠕变变形量和变形速率越小。假设混凝土破坏为其内部微元破坏累积所致,微元破坏概率与混凝土应变存在一定关系P[#x003b5;],且服从Weibull分布,结合三轴压缩试验结果,计算得到了描述混凝土损伤特性的统计损伤变量;基于Burgers流变模型,通过引入损伤变量建立了混凝土三轴蠕变统计损伤模型,利用MATLAB软件进行了模型参数拟合,经对比分析,模型曲线与试验曲线拟合结果较理想,主偏应力越大,拟合结果越精确。此模型可供今后研究参考。     

多场诱发表面和晶界扩散下沿晶微裂纹的演化

基于表面扩散和晶界扩散的经典理论及其弱解描述,对应力迁移、电迁移诱发表面扩散和晶界扩散下金属材料内部沿晶微裂纹的演化进行了有限元分析。详细讨论了扩散系数之比f、应力场Λ、电场χ 和形态比β 对沿晶微裂纹演化的影响。结果表明:多场下的沿晶微裂纹存在分节与不分节两种演化分叉趋势。f和χ 有助于沿晶 微裂纹扩展,而Λ阻碍沿晶微裂纹扩展。裂腔分节时间随着Λ的增大而逐渐减小,而随着β 的增大而增大。当时,随着χ 的增大,裂纹分节的时间显著减小,即χ 加速裂纹分节;当时,χ 对裂纹分节时间的影响不 明显。     

平行裂隙群岩体强度与破裂特征的试验研究

为考察含平行裂隙群岩体的强度特征及裂纹扩展规律,结合数字照相量测系统,对不同裂隙倾角下类岩石试样进行了单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,受裂隙群的影响,试样的力学参数发生一定的劣化,峰值应力和弹性模量的劣化程度分别在10.84%~35.62%和9.79%~54.17%;随着裂隙倾角的逐渐增大,试样峰值应力呈现出先减小后增大的“U”型变化特征,θ为45°时达到最小值。试样破裂形式与裂隙倾角θ 密切相关,θ为15°和30°时,次生裂纹以倾斜裂纹和中部裂纹扩展为主,试样失稳破坏模式主要由倾斜裂纹主导;而θ为45°、60°和75°时,次生裂纹主要为翼裂纹和共面裂纹,且试样失稳破裂模式主要取决于共面裂纹。     

不同桩头约束下水平受荷单桩简化计算方法

桩头转动约束对水平加载单桩的响应有显著影响。转动刚度K和桩头约束度λ是常用的桩头转动约束表征量。该文采用p-y曲线法分析了砂土中水平受荷竖直弹性长桩响应随K和λ的变化规律,提出了桩头位移和土面下桩身最大弯矩随λ变化的经验公式。基于上述经验公式和特征荷载的归一化表达式,提出了给定K或λ情况下计算桩头位、桩头弯矩、土面下桩身最大弯矩及其埋深位置的整套简化计算方法。该简化方法实现了考虑桩头转动约束单桩非线性响应的手工计算。该方法与p-y曲线法对比验证了该方法的准确性。     

不同应力路径下石灰岩碎石力学特性的大型三轴试验研究

为了解不同应力路径下,昆明新机场石灰岩碎石填料的力学特性及该填料力学特性受水影响的程度,采用大型三轴试验机,对该填料进行不同应力路径下的三轴试验及等σ′₃压缩应力路径下的干湿对比试验。结果表明:Δσ′₁≥0 时,围压和应力比k (即小主应力增量与大主应力增量的比值)增大,试件峰值应力及初始模量亦增大,但剪胀逐渐受到抑制;石灰岩碎石的剪胀及剪缩特性与应力路径有很强的相关性;石灰岩碎石的强度非线性特征显著,围压减小的应力路径下,试件剪切强度比等σ′₃应力路径下略低;水对石灰岩碎石的剪切强度、初始模量及剪胀性有较大影响。该文的试验成果可为构建考虑应力路径影响的高填方粗颗粒填料本构模型提供试验基础。     

初始应力线和原状土的修正Mohr-Coulomb准则

原状土与重塑土在力学性质方面存在显著差别的原因,本质上在于建立在初始应力状态之上的结构性。重塑土一般是各向同性的,故在三维应力空间中其屈服曲面以等倾线为轴线。原状土由于在形成过程中一直处于三向不等压状态,故理论上讲其屈服曲面不能再以等倾线为轴线而应以初始应力线为轴线。该文以某真三轴试验为例,首先研究了特定八面体应变对应的广义剪应力随加载角的变化特征。随后,基于广义塑性力学和原状土的初始应力状态,提出了初始应力线的概念,并研究了初始应力线与等倾线的关系。进一步给出了三个适用于原状土的修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,即平移模式、缩移模式和旋转模式。其中平移模式、缩移模式的屈服迹线仍然位于π平面上,而旋转模式的屈服迹线位于与初始应力线垂直的χ平面上。前两种模式可以通过等p真三轴试验结果直接对原状土的结构性进行评估;最后一种模式可以通过σ₁+K₀σ₂+K₀σ₃=c真三轴试验或等p真三轴试验数据在χ平面上的映射对原状土的结构性和各向异性进行研究。文献资料的验证表明,旋转模式修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则更能反映原状土的结构性,且物理意义清晰明确。     

结构性黄土劈裂注浆力学机理分析

为了在塑性力学与大变形理论基础上分析黄土地区劈裂注浆力学机理,将注浆初始阶段视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,将孔周围的土体应力分布分为3个区域:弹性区、塑性区及破坏区。结合结构性黄土修正剑桥模型,在弹性区采用小变形理论,在塑性区、破坏区采用大变形理论。根据应力平衡方程、应力应变连续边界条件,推导了考虑排水和大变形时塑性区、破坏区半径及竖向、水平劈裂注浆压力的理论解答,最后结合工程算例进行论证。结果表明:该解答综合考虑了黄土的结构性参数、压缩模量、泊松比、内摩擦角、塑性破坏参数、剪胀系数、扩孔形式k及屈服准则等因素;同时,还分析了浆泡周围土体的应力应变分布解及在参数影响下的递变规律;经对比分析发现,该文的劈裂注浆压力理论计算值与工程实测值比较接近,初步证实了理论的可靠性,在黄土地区劈裂注浆工程中具有一定的实用价值。     

Q420焊接圆钢管轴心受压稳定性能试验和设计方法研究

该文进行了15个Q420高强度钢材埋弧焊接圆钢管柱轴心受压试验研究,基于试验结果总结了其失稳变形特征,分析比较了15个试件的稳定系数与我国规范柱子曲线计算值的关系,并验证了有限元模型的可靠性。基于有限元参数分析计算结果,对比60个试件的稳定系数与我国规范柱子曲线计算值的关系,对Q420高强度钢材埋弧焊接圆钢管的整体稳定设计方法提出两种建议:一是对于我国规范柱子曲线选择的建议,即对于Q420埋弧焊接圆钢管可以按a类截面计算其稳定承载力;二是更新我国柱子曲线整体稳定系数φ的计算参数α₁、α₂、α₃,建议了一条新的设计曲线。     

Experimental investigation of matric suction in compacted fine-grained soils

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests performed to study the effect of compaction properties on the development of matric suction in four different soils (three soils were classified as silty clay and one was classified as silty sand). The soils were compacted at the optimum water content (OWC) and wet and dry of optimum according to the standard Proctor procedure (ASTM D698-12). For each sample, matric suction measurements were made using the filter paper technique. When the silty clay soils were compacted at a water content less than the OWC, a significant increase in matric suction was observed. For all the soils tested, matric suction values were very low when the compaction water contents were greater than the OWC. Plots of matric suction vs. compaction water content [ranging from (OWC-2%) to OWC] were developed for the compacted silty clays. The test results indicate that there is a direct relationship between the compaction properties (i.e. compacted dry unit weight and water content) and the matric suction values retained in compacted silty clays. Preliminary relationships were proposed between the matric suction of compacted silty clays and water content based on the data collected in this paper.     

Laboratory compaction of fly ash and fly ash with cement additions

The use of power-industry wastes as a material for earthen structures depends on its compactibility. It has been confirmed that a fly ash/bottom ash mix compacted several times in Proctor's moulds are not representative. The relationship between dry density of solid particles and water content for re-used waste samples was determined. The re-compaction effect on grain-size distribution, density of solid particles, specific surface and sand equivalent of wastes was investigated. Tests were conducted on fly ash samples compacted by the Standard and Modified Proctor methods. Another aim of the paper was to investigate the influence of cement additions on the compactibility of a fly ash/bottom ash mix. Waste samples in the natural state and with different percentages of cement additions (2, 5 and 10%) were compacted by both impact compaction methods to obtain compactibility curves rhod(w). It was found that cement addition resulted in an increased rhod max value, while wopt decreased. Linear regression relationships for changes in compaction parameters after cement stabilisation are also given.     

压实系数对内填砂卵石薄壁方钢管柱在冲击载荷下力学性能的影响分析

利用落锤冲击装置完成了不同压实系数下内填砂卵石薄壁方钢管柱侧向冲击试验,试验中记录了冲击力时程曲线,并获得了试件的破坏形态以及残余变形量。基于剩余承载力损伤评估准则,定义损伤度来判定冲击荷载下内填砂卵石薄壁方钢管柱损伤破坏程度,分析压实系数与柱损伤度的关系。试验结果表明:试件在侧向冲击荷载作用下,主要以局部破坏为主,并伴有一定量的整体弯曲变形;除了试件塑性变形中产生的塑性铰能消耗部分冲击能量外,内填砂卵石也能耗散一部分冲击能量,且压实越紧密,能量消耗越多,该组合柱表现出了较好的抗冲击性能;在一定压实系数范围内,损伤度随着压实系数增大出现先增大后减小的趋势,且砂卵石离散程度越小,损伤度的变化速率就越大。     

Effect of aspect ratio on the compaction characteristics and micromorphology of copper powders by magnetic pulse compaction

Magnetic pulse compaction (MPC) technology has the advantages of near net shape, high efficiency and density. In this paper, the effect of aspect ratio on the deformation characteristics of copper powders compacted by MPC technology was studied. Specifically, the compaction velocity, volume strain, micromorphology and micro hardness of compacts at various aspect ratios were obtained. Results showed that the compaction velocity and volume strain increased and then decreased with the increase of aspect ratio. The maximum compaction velocity reached 10.28 m/s at aspect ratio of 1.2. At the same compaction moment, the volume strain was decreased as the aspect ratio increased. Then the relationship between compaction pressure and volume strain was revealed. The aspect ratio range of the optimal compaction effect was 0.6–1.0, and the fluctuation degree of relative density was only 1.03%. The aspect ratio had less effect on the micromorphology distribution in the axial direction of the compacts. The micro hardness value of the upper surface was higher than that of the lower surface, and the edge position was greater than the center position.     

Evaluation of the compactness of subbase and base geomaterials by using stiffness

Stiffness of soil that is defined as ratio of load to deflection depends on some physical properties such as compactness and water content. The purpose of this research study is to use stiffness for estimating compactness of granular geomaterials that are used as subbase and base courses of roads. In this research study, the stiffness of soil samples was determined according ASTM D6758-08 test method by using electro-mechanical device. The dry density of the compacted soil was determined by sand-cone method in the field. More than 80 laboratory and in situ tests were performed. The obtained stiffness data was used to establish a relationship between stiffness, compaction ratio and water content. The results showed that there is a strong relationship between the stiffness, compaction ratio and water content. Also, the result of validation showed that there is good correlation between in situ and laboratory tests results.     

贯通滑面咬合凸体的解锁机理及强度分析

块石凸体的咬合作用是保证滑面贯通型坡体稳定的核心屏障,但其强度机理和解锁模式还不清晰。为此,以岩石力学为基础,通过合理建模分析了咬合失稳模式。继而,借助古典摩擦定律和极限分析理论,分别从接触和能量角度阐明了凸体在滑跃和剪断两类不同模式下解锁的条件和机理,解析了不同荷载环境下凸体咬合强度的表达。最后,算例分析表明:1) 下滑力T与上覆荷载P的绝对值及相对值决定了咬合凸体的稳定状态和破坏模式。当T/P较大且大于临界值ξ后咬合凸体滑跃解锁,反之当T/P较小但T却够大时凸体剪断解锁,否则保持稳定;2) 滑跃解锁是凸体几何形状和荷载环境满足条件下咬合面滑动摩擦的结果,而剪断解锁则是外力功沿潜在破坏面耗散的过程;3) 滑面凸体咬合强度是不同荷载环境下凸体以不同模式失稳的临界力学条件的综合反映。     

爆炸压实中爆轰压力与粉末致密度的关系

在粉末材料爆炸压实试验中,爆轰压力是一个重要的工艺参数.本文结合质量不变条件、粉末材料泊松比与相对密度之间的关系、粉末材料的屈服准则以及粉末材料塑性变形时应力应变关系,研究爆炸压实工艺中爆轰压力与粉末致密度之间的关系,以便为实际的爆炸压实试验选择爆轰压力时提供理论依据.结果表明,随着爆轰压力增加,粉末爆炸压实坯的致密度也增加;当采用与其屈服强度相等的爆轰压力时,只能获得80.4%理论密度的棒坯;只有采用16倍屈服应力的爆轰压力时,爆炸压实才有可能获得99%理论密度的棒坯;无论爆轰压力多么大,爆炸压实法也不能得到完全致密的棒坯.     

Influence of different roller compaction modes on asphalt mix performance

This study aims to investigate the relationship between different roller compaction modes and resulting mechanical performance. In order to accomplish these objectives, a trial asphalt pavement section was observed and monitored both during the paving and compaction processes. Asphalt mix was sampled from the paver to be used later in laboratory and evaluate the differences between compaction in-field and laboratory. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared and compacted in the laboratory using a steel roller compactor, with varying factors that influence compaction in terms of compaction modes (static, vibratory and a combination of both), as well as effort and temperatures in order to attempt to simulate field compaction conditions. The identification of a harmonised compaction procedure for specimen fabrication able to produce mixtures with stiffness properties resembling field compacted mixtures was also investigated based on the performance-based test results.     

Experimental analysis of the effect of some compaction methods on mechanical properties and durability of cement stabilized soil

Cement stabilized soil is usually compacted by different mechanical methods to increase its strength and durability. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study on the effect of different compaction methods on the performance of stabilized soil. The compaction methods investigated were either static compaction by applying a static pressure using an universal compression testing machine, dynamic compaction by a drop weight method, or static compaction coupled with vibration. All methods were applied on unstabilized soil or cement stabilized soil. The effect of each method of stabilization on compressive strength, shrinkage and water resistance are reported. Dynamic compaction with about 8% of cement content seems to give the best performance for the soil investigated.     

A process model for the compaction and saturation of partially impregnated thermoset prepreg tapes

Automated manufacturing of composite materials is key to reducing cost and improving consistency in part quality. Modeling of manufacturing processes can identify influential material, geometric, and process variables, while providing a framework for their optimization and control. A process model has been formulated to describe the compaction and saturation of partially impregnated thermoset prepreg tapes during their placement, using a roller compaction and vacuum consolidation. The roles of various parameters that characterize the initial prepreg tape state and the final prepreg tape state are investigated. The model yields the degree of resin saturation in the tape with changes in its thickness after being compacted, due to an external pressure. The results estimate the degree of dry fiber region within the tape, which can provide vacuum pathways for air or volatile removal before consolidation and cure. The model can be adapted for different material constitutive relationships of tape compaction and saturation.