硫化锌热冲击试验与裂纹间距预报

重点研究了硫化锌热冲击开裂机理和热冲击裂纹间距、深度的预报。10mm厚硫化锌试块的燃气急热试验表明:裂纹间距随热冲击能量的增大而减小,热冲击过程中加热面最先出现非贯穿裂纹,停止加热后,裂纹贯穿试件。结合传热和热强度仿真分析,获得了热冲击过程中试件的瞬态温度场和应力场。基于材料性能的损伤演化理论,以裂纹间距和深度为变量,利用最小能量原理,获得了热冲击裂纹间距的理论预报方法,预测结果与试验吻合较好,进而分析了断裂韧性、热胀系数、材料初始模量对裂纹间距、裂纹深度的影响。该文的研究对深入理解硫化锌的热冲击失效机制,对其改性和研制具有重要意义。     

压缩载荷下陶瓷材料声发射特性的实验研究

对陶瓷材料在两种压缩加载下破坏过程中的声发射特性进行实验研究。三点弯曲和巴西劈裂实验中,采用多通道声发射系统监测了陶瓷试件的破坏过程。对声发射信号进行分析,结果表明,声发射能量数、事件数、振铃数等参数都反映了材料内部损伤演化扩展直至试件宏观断裂的过程。利用声发射参数可以定位陶瓷试件的破坏位置;试件断面的宏细观分析表明,陶瓷的脆性破坏机制主要是颗粒附近的微裂纹开裂。     

试样厚度对ZrB2基超高温陶瓷抗热冲击性能的影响

理论推导了平板材料热冲击过程中瞬时温度分布和热应力分布.通过实验研究了ZrB2-20%SIC-10%AIN(ZSA)超高温陶瓷基复合材料的热物理性能、力学性能和其热冲击开裂过程,确定了不同厚度试样热冲击开裂的临界温差;随着试样厚度的增加,热冲击开裂的临界温差逐渐降低.通过理论计算的分布曲线和实验数据点的比较,预测了不同试样厚度的ZSA陶瓷基复合材料热冲击时的表面换热系数值,并计算了不同厚度试样热冲击过程中表面热应力随时间的变化关系,发现厚度为1mm的平板在其临界温差480℃下热震时,表面达到最大热应力所用的时间最短,然后热应力的降低速度也最快.     

冲击载荷下双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁动态断裂实验

采用数字激光焦散线实验系统,对双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁进行了动态冲击实验,分析了双预置裂纹对试件裂纹尖端扩展速率和动态应力强度因子值的影响。实验结果表明:1双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁在动态冲击实验中,B裂纹作为开裂裂纹,其起裂时间和扩展速率峰值受到冲击载荷加载点与其预置位置之间水平距离值的影响,距离越小,起裂越快,扩展速率峰值越大;2试件开裂后,裂纹的裂纹扩展速度和动态应力强度因子值随时间的变化曲线均具有快速上升然后波动下降的规律;3B裂纹起裂所需能量随着A、B裂纹间距a值减小而增大。     

试样厚度对ZrB2基超高温陶瓷抗热冲击性能的影响EI

理论推导了平板材料热冲击过程中瞬时温度分布和热应力分布.通过实验研究了ZrB2-20%SIC-10%AIN(ZSA)超高温陶瓷基复合材料的热物理性能、力学性能和其热冲击开裂过程,确定了不同厚度试样热冲击开裂的临界温差;随着试样厚度的增加,热冲击开裂的临界温差逐渐降低.通过理论计算的分布曲线和实验数据点的比较,预测了不同试样厚度的ZSA陶瓷基复合材料热冲击时的表面换热系数值,并计算了不同厚度试样热冲击过程中表面热应力随时间的变化关系,发现厚度为1mm的平板在其临界温差480℃下热震时,表面达到最大热应力所用的时间最短,然后热应力的降低速度也最快.     

陶瓷材料的冲击弯曲强度

对于结构陶瓷的工程应用来说,抗冲击性最为重要。本文的主要目的是:(1)研究陶瓷材料在高速载荷下的冲击强度和测试方法;(2)从理论上找出冲击时间与冲击靶材料特性之间的关系及临界破坏参数的确定。文中推导了梁试件受冲击的冲击响应,最大冲击力和应力的表达式,并对结构陶瓷的动态破坏机理进行了分析和讨论,认为脆性的本质是材料的裂纹扩展速率。对干脆性材料,从可靠性来考虑并不是强度越高越好。对两种陶瓷材料进行了不同冲击速度的冲击弯曲强度测试,给出了冲击速度与冲击强度间关系的理论和实验曲线以及最大冲击力与系统固有频率的关系。     

混凝土直切槽平台巴西圆盘冲击劈裂拉伸断裂特性试验和数值模拟研究

采用变截面霍普金森压杆(SHPB),对高速冲击荷载下混凝土的断裂特性和裂纹演化进程进行了研究。对含复合型裂纹直切槽平台巴西圆盘(CSTFBD)进行劈裂拉伸试验,并结合理论研究了不同水灰比、不同应变率、不同预设裂纹长度和倾角对裂纹分布及断裂韧性的影响;采用扩展有限单元法(XFEM)模拟了具有不同预设裂纹倾角试件的开裂进程,得出开裂过程中试件内部的应力分布情况。结果表明,复合断裂韧性比对预制裂纹倾角的变化敏感,与裂纹长度和倾角呈负相关,而与应变率无关;次生裂纹的开裂并非发生在预设裂尖处,且裂纹倾角越大,裂尖应力集中越小、主裂纹发展越缓慢。     

冲击荷载下深梁动态断裂行为的光弹性实验

采用动态光弹性实验方法,对简支深梁进行冲击实验,研究其冲击动态断裂行为。实验得到了冲击断裂过程中深梁的等差条纹变化图片,分析了冲击荷载下裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度的变化规律。研究结果表明:由于应力波的作用,在试件开裂前,预制裂纹尖端应力强度因子KdI始终呈波动上升的趋势,最大值为1.995MPa·m~(1/2);试件起裂后,裂尖动态应力强度因子KdI先迅速下降,然后保持在1.222~1.677 MPa·m~(1/2)内震荡,平均值为1.458 MPa·m~(1/2);裂纹起裂后,扩展速度先迅速增大,后保持在310~380 m/s,动态裂纹基本呈匀速扩展,平均扩展速度为345.703 m/s。     

陶瓷基复合材料基体随机开裂的损伤模拟

首先介绍了描述复合材料出现损伤时细观应力场的剪滞模型;给出了模拟陶瓷基复合材料基体随机开裂的有关公式;然后采用Monte Carlo方法模拟了基体随机开裂的过程;最后通过计算机模拟了陶瓷基复合材料基体裂纹的随机演化过程,分析了有关模型参数对基体裂纹演化的影响,并与文献模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明：最终裂纹间距主要分布在 1～2倍滑移长度之间;初始开裂应力越大,最终名义裂纹间距越小;Weibull 模量越大,最终名义裂纹间距越小;热残余应力越大,最终名义裂纹间距越大;模拟长度对裂纹演化影响很小;MonteCarlo方法可以有效地模拟陶瓷基复合材料的随机开裂过程。     

超高性能水泥基复合材料弯拉作用下虚拟应变硬化机制分析

根据 Tjiptobroto 的工作 , 假设初始裂纹为最终失效裂纹 , 引入非初始裂纹纤维基体间的部分剥离能耗散项和单位失效面上随机纤维有效根数 , 依据初始裂纹总耗散能与非初始裂纹耗散能的平衡准则 , 研究了水泥基复合材料的多裂纹扩展失效机制。根据超高性能水泥基复合材料特性 , 修正和简化了各能量耗散项 , 建立了基于能量平衡准则的超高性能水泥基复合材料多裂纹开裂失效机理的理论模型 , 用以预报该材料的裂纹扩展规律。数值预报了 Tjiptobroto 实验模型的多裂纹扩展数目和能量耗散项 , 并与其实验结果进行了对比 , 吻合较好。表明对具有高弹模钢纤维的超高性能水泥基复合材料引入部分剥离能项是必要的。本文中的理论模型也可作为超高性能水泥基复合材料初裂承载能力和极限承载能力预报的理论参考。      

Fracture behaviour of accelerated aged solid rocket propellants

The effect of temperature, strain-rate and ageing on the crack growth mechanism in a composite propellant has been examined to obtain an understanding of the fracture process under service life conditions. Both as-received and aged specimens were tested at each of three strain-rates and temperatures. The materials were aged by subjecting them to various thermal loads (accelerated ageing, thermal cycle and thermal shock) designed to expose them to conditions similar to that experienced by a rocket motor during its service life. The fracture behaviour of the propellant specimens were affected by changes in temperature whilst strain-rate had only a marginal effect over the range studied. It was found that as the material temperature decreased from 60 to – 40 °C the stiffening of the propellant caused increased hysteresis ratios and decreased crack velocities. The deterioration of the mechanical properties of the propellant depended on the severity of the thermal loads. In each case the accelerated aged specimens became harder and more brittle whilst the thermally cycled and thermally shocked specimens were only marginally affected. A distinct difference in the mechanism of crack growth was observed for the accelerated aged specimens, along with a marked decrease in hysteresis ratio, critical stress and critical strain and an increase in crack velocity.     

Ca0.5Sr0.5Zr4（PO4）6低膨胀陶瓷的抗热震性

Ｃａ０．５Ｓｒ０．５Ｚｒ４（ＰＯ４）６陶瓷热震后的强度行为和裂纹扩展依赖于材料的膨胀系数和轴膨胀特性，与Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷的热震行为不同，ＣＳ陶瓷热震后的残留强度大于室温强度。作者提出裂纹部分闭合模式解释了这种现象。利用计算的有效裂纹长度分析了常温强度对临界淬冷温差Δｔｃ的影响。     

Thermal shock behaviour of angle-ply and woven dense ceramic-matrix composites

The behaviour of two Nicalon/calcium aluminosilicate ceramic composite laminates (a (±45°)_3s and a plain-weave woven) under conditions of thermal shock has been studied. Test specimens heated at various temperatures were quenched into room-temperature water. This was followed by detailed damage characterisation. In addition, post-shock mechanical properties were assessed by tensile tests (for the woven laminate) and flexural tests (for both laminates). Both materials were found to have comparable thermal shock resistance. Crack morphologies comprised matrix cracks of various orientations that exhibited similar characteristics to those described for thermally shocked cross-ply laminates with the same constituents, but cracking was found to be less widespread in the woven laminate. Fibre breaks were also detected on the woven material when high-temperature degradation of the fibre–matrix interface was present. A gradual reduction in properties (stiffness, proportional limit stress, fracture strength) of thermally shocked specimens was identified, which began at larger shocks than those at which thermal shock damage initiated. This was attributed to the extension of some matrix cracks into the bulk of material.     

Mechanical property degradation of a Nicalon fiber reinforced SiNC ceramic matrix composite under thermal shock loading

The degradation of mechanical properties of a SiC fiber reinforced SiNC ceramic matrix composite due to thermal shock by water quenching have been investigated. Post thermal shock tensile tests were performed to determine the degradation of mechanical properties of this composite. In situ acoustic emission (AE) tests were also conducted. The tensile tests data and acoustic emission data were correlated. The AE signal indicated a sudden increase in AE events at critical points in the stress–strain relationship. The effects of thermal shock temperature and the number of thermal shock cycles on the mechanical properties, and on the AE responses were also evaluated. It was observed that an increase in either factor resulted in more AE responses. Fracture damage in the tensile test specimens was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was observed that the failure mechanism changed as the thermal shock temperature increased. The fracture surfaces of the specimens tested without thermal shock indicated an extensive fiber pullout while the thermally shocked specimens showed reduced fiber pullout.     

Thermal shock cracking in a metal-particle-reinforced ceramic matrix composite

We study thermal crack shielding and thermal shock damage in a double-edge cracked metal-particle-reinforced ceramic matrix composite subjected to sudden cooling at the cracked surfaces. Under severe thermal shocks, the crack will grow but will be bridged by the plastically stretched metal particles. A linear softening bridging law is used to describe the metal particle bridging behavior. An integral equation of the thermal crack problem incorporating the bridging effect is derived and the thermal stress intensity factor at the bridged crack tip is calculated numerically. It is found that the thermal stress intensity factor is significantly reduced by the metal particle bridging. While the crack growth in thermally shocked monolithic ceramics is unstable, the composite can withstand sufficiently severe thermal shocks without failure.     

Heat transmission during thermal shock testing of ceramics

The thermal shock resistance of ceramics is generally evaluated by the water-quench test, in which it is important and necessary to understand the heat-transmission behaviour. A novel and simple method for measuring the transitional changes of temperatures in ceramics has been proposed. Changes in temperature at two different positions in zirconia ceramics were measured to estimate the temperature distribution. From the analytical results, it was clear that the heat-transmission behaviour changed with the quenching temperature or water temperature. The Biot number also changed remarkably with time or with the surface temperature in this experiment. These results are useful in practice for examining the cooling conditions in the thermal shock test.     

Investigation of cyclic thermal shock behaviour of fibre reinforced glass matrix composites using non-destructive forced resonance technique

Abstract

A non-destructive forced resonance technique was used to assess the damage development in SiC fibre reinforced glass matrix composite materials subjected to cyclic thermal shock. Both elastic modulus and internal friction measurements were conducted. The thermal shock tests involved quenching the specimens from high temperatures (590–710°C) to room temperature in a water bath. Damage in theform of matrix microcracks was induced by quenchingfrom 620 and 660°C, and the extent of damage increased with the number of thermal shock cycles. After a certain number of shocks, this damage was detected by a decrease in the Youngs modulus and a simultaneous increase in the internal friction. The non-destructive dynamic forced mechanical resonance technique employed was shown to be more sensitive than a destructive three point flexural technique for detecting crack development in the early stages of thermal shock damage. The technique was also used to confirm the occurrence of a crack healing process in the thermally shocked specimens: after an annealing heat treatment for 12 h at 550°C, the initial values of Young's modulus and internal friction were recovered. This was attributed to crack closure due to viscous flow of the glass matrix.     

Measurement of crack volume due to thermal expansion anisotropy in aluminium titanate ceramics

Grain-boundary crack onset and crack volume at room temperature resulting from thermal expansion anisotropy in aluminium titanate ceramics were studied by dilatometry. Investigation revealed that specimens with low bulk density have a smaller temperature difference between sintering and crack-onset temperature than those of the specimens with high density and the same grain size. The fracture surface energy of aluminium titanate on the grain-boundary cracking in the present study was about 22 J m^–2; the grain-boundary crack volume is proportional to (grain size)^0.5.     

Stellite12钴基合金热循环冲击前后拉伸断裂机理研究

对不同缺口的Stellite12钴基合金试样(700℃/20℃进行不同次数的热循环冲击和未冲击)进行原位拉伸,并结合试验数据的分析以及断口形貌的扫描电镜观察,分析了Stellite12钴基合金热循环冲击前后的拉伸断裂过程和断裂机理。结果发现:热循环冲击后不同半径试样的断裂过程略有不同,热循环冲击后的小圆弧缺口试样在缺口根部产生表面微裂纹,试样边缘及微裂纹两侧产生氧化微孔;原位拉伸时,该试样热冲击过程产生的裂纹先向试样厚度方向扩展,待厚度方向贯通,然后裂纹尖端的基体发生变形、黑相(白相)穿晶开裂、少量沿氧化微孔裂开,试样瞬间发生断裂;而经历热循环冲击后的大圆弧试样表面并未产生明显的裂纹,拉伸加载过程经历大圆弧根部基体变形、黑白相内开裂、边缘氧化微孔张开,试样突然断裂;对于未冲击试样,在加载过程中,试样的断裂过程经历基体变形、黑白相内部开裂,能量聚集到一定程度试样突然断裂。对于未热冲击的三种不同试样其断裂过程基本类似,仅仅是由于小圆弧半径的试样应力集中程度更大,从而使得其断裂应力低于平板以及大圆弧试样。