变卷吸速度的点接触热弹流润滑分析

非稳态热弹流润滑一直是研究的热点和难点,针对变卷吸速度的点接触热弹性流体动力润滑问题,利用多重网格积分法,得到变卷吸速度的点接触热弹性流体动力润滑完全数值解。结果表明:卷吸速度的变化会引起油膜压力、膜厚和温度的变化;当卷吸速度变化到一定值时,在接触区会产生油膜的凹陷;凹陷的产生可用“温度-粘度楔”机制解释。     

点接触乏油混合润滑的数值模拟研究

基于改进的统一Reynolds方程,对点接触乏油混合润滑进行数值模拟,研究供油量、载荷、卷吸速度等对混合润滑性能的影响。分析时将润滑区域分为两部分,在压力区润滑油完全充满间隙,在空穴区润滑油部分充满间隙,这两区域的润滑特性都采用离散化的Reynolds方程求解;采用快速傅立叶变换算法求解弹性变形,采用GaussSeidal低松弛迭代逐行扫描法求解压力。结果表明:随着初始供油量的变化,润滑油油膜压力、油膜厚度以及部分油膜比例都会受到影响;速度对点接触乏油混合润滑的影响主要表现在油膜厚度分布上,而载荷的影响主要表现在压力分布上;随着载荷的升高,油膜压力将增大,而油膜厚度有轻微的减小,随着速度的升高润滑油油膜厚度减小。     

定量供油条件下面接触油膜润滑特性的数值分析

建立定量供油条件下的面接触流体润滑理论模型,数值分析面接触副的膜厚-速度特性以及各工况参数对接触区润滑的影响。研究结果表明:供油量一定时,乏油现象会在某个卷吸速度下出现,并随卷吸速度增加逐渐恶化,而出口膜厚则随着卷吸速度的增加先增加后逐渐达到稳定,且其值接近于供油膜厚,与实验的结果具有良好一致性;供油量越小,或润滑油黏度越大,出口膜厚随卷吸速度的改变量越小。     

等温点接触弹流的润滑特性研究

针对改善点接触高副接触零件润滑状况的现实问题,对赫兹接触区内的润滑油膜进行了研究。耦合了接触力学和流体动力润滑方程,采用多重网格法,使用Fortran语言编程求解,对等温点接触弹流润滑方程组进行了数值计算,从而得到了不同椭圆率Ke、载荷w、卷吸速度u和粘度η_0等参数影响下的膜厚和压力变化曲线;通过研究膜厚和压力变化过程中最小膜厚和二次压力峰的位置,以及膜厚和压力的变化程度,得到了影响赫兹接触区内油膜变化规律的因素,并进行了分析和阐述。研究结果表明:接触椭圆随着椭圆率、载荷、卷吸速度和粘度等参数的改变而发生变化,接触椭圆的改变不同程度上影响着润滑油的膜厚和压力;在一定范围内增大椭圆率、卷吸速度和粘度及减小载荷,有利于改善润滑性能。     

周期性载荷作用下油池形态试验观察

为了模拟轴承滚动体进入和离开接触区载荷中润滑剂的流动分布形态,采用往复结构实现球-盘接触点处载荷周期性变化,利用光干涉润滑油膜测量技术观察周期性载荷作用下接触区外围油池形态随供油量、速度和加载周期的变化规律。结果表明：低速下油池处于封闭态,载荷的增加将使量纲一入口距离和侧油池宽度减小,表明供油条件变差;速度升高后,载荷增加和加载周期减小将导致尾部油池过早破裂,载荷减小过程中将发生尾部油池合并的现象;速度较高时油池将呈现为分离态,接触区为完全乏油状态,滚道重叠作用将对润滑剂的回填和润滑状态起到一定的增强作用。     

点接触混合润滑闪温分析

基于统一的Reynold方程系统,数值分析点接触混合润滑固体表面温度分布。采用瞬态移动点热源积分方法计算闪温,通过两表面温度平衡方程迭代确定热流分配系数,研究在不同卷吸速度和滑滚比情况下,光滑表面和非高斯随机粗糙表面点接触混合润滑的温度分布。结果表明:数值模拟得出的两表面温差很小,符合实际情况;非高斯随机粗糙表面与光滑表面最大温升都在出口区,非高斯随机粗糙表面比光滑表面温升更高;滑滚比一定时,卷吸速度越大两表面温升越大;卷吸速度一定时,滑滚比越大两表面温升越大。     

表面速度异向下的点接触润滑油膜试验机研制及膜厚测量

弹流润滑领域中,润滑油膜的形态、厚度、摩擦力是研究接触区润滑状态,探究润滑机制极为重要的信息。研制表面速度异向下的点接触润滑油膜试验机,该试验机以多光束干涉法作为测量手段,结合弧形轨道实现接触副表面速度夹角的变化;使用旋转系统将接触副系统摩擦力转变为压力,利用高精度压力传感器及摩擦力合力公式,实现表面速度异向下的点接触摩擦力测量和计算。在限量供油条件下对表面速度异向的点接触润滑油膜形态与膜厚进行了观测,探究速度夹角对乏油状态改善及油膜形态变化的影响。结果表明：改变接触副表面速度方向,入口油池得到改善,中心膜厚增加。     

具有中央凸起的点接触弹流润滑特性研究

建立具有中央凸起的点接触弹流润滑控制方程,并采用多重网格法及多重网格积分法进行数值求解;比较有凸起表面和光滑表面下的压力及膜厚曲线,讨论载荷及卷吸速度对压力分布及油膜形状的影响。结果表明：具有中央凸起时在接触中心附近,压力经历了急剧升高、骤然下降、再升高的一个波动过程;最小膜厚出现在接触中心,且接触中心前面产生了一个凹陷;增大卷吸速度或减小载荷都使得膜厚曲线整体升高,最小膜厚随着卷吸速度的增大而增大,载荷几乎不影响最小膜厚;载荷增大使得最大压力增大,但中心局部压力波动范围变化很小;增大卷吸速度使得最大压力和中心局部压力波动范围都减小。     

贫油润滑状态下滑动轴承润滑静特性研究

对充分润滑和贫油润滑状态下滑动轴承油膜分布规律进行理论分析,建立贫油润滑状态下油膜分布模型。通过Elrod算法,基于质量守恒边界条件,采用有限差分法求解模型,研究恒定负载下、不同供油流量对滑动轴承油膜分布和轴颈静平衡位置的影响,并在贫油润滑状态下,研究负载变化对滑动轴承油膜静特性的影响。结果表明:在贫油润滑状态下,随着供油流量的减小,轴颈偏心率增加,油膜起始角度增加,油膜终止角度减小,完整油膜覆盖区域缩小,油膜厚度变薄;当供油流量不变时,增加负载会加剧贫油润滑现象。     

点接触弹流润滑入口凹陷的速度域

利用等效黏度将circular流变模型整合进通用Reynolds方程,获得点接触弹流润滑入口凹陷的控制方程。采用多重网格法及多重网格积分法进行数值求解,研究卷吸速度变化导致的入口凹陷变化过程,讨论载荷、黏度、黏压系数、钢球半径及弹性模量对入口凹陷速度域的影响。结果表明：随着卷吸速度的增大,入口凹陷深度从0增大到最大值,然后再减小到0;入口凹陷出现的卷吸速度随着载荷、黏度、黏压系数及弹性模量的增大而减小,随着钢球半径的增大而增大;入口凹陷消失的卷吸速度及入口凹陷的速度域都随着载荷及钢球半径的增大而增大,随着黏度、黏压系数及弹性模量的增大而减小。     

角接触球轴承内圈织构设计及对油气润滑两相流的影响

针对角接触球轴承油气润滑中内圈润滑油含量少和保持性差的问题,提出在轴承内圈滚道设计圆凹坑形表面织构的润滑增效方法。基于气液两相流模型和多重参考系方法,建立内圈织构化角接触球轴承腔内油气两相流数值分析模型,分析内圈织构对轴承油气两相流动及润滑增效的影响。结果表明：织构化轴承可以显著提高润滑油在内圈的保持量,同时改善轴承腔内润滑油分布不均的状况;在微织构附近油气两相流动更不规则,所产生的压力梯度和速度梯度有利于提高气液两相膜的承载力;随着轴承转速的升高,内圈织构润滑增效效果相对减弱;随着供油量的增加,内圈织构润滑增效效果更加显著。     

Isoviscous flow past a rigid sphere partially immersed in a thin oil film

Numerical solutions to steady state circular contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems normally employ Reynolds equation, forcing the assumption that the flow through the conjunction is two‐dimensional and single‐phase. In this paper, the full Navier–Stokes equations are used on a simpler rigid isoviscous sliding point contact. The aim of the study was to compute the lubricant flow patterns through and around the conjunction of a point contact when the oil inlet is a free surface that has a similar wavy shape to the wake. This model is like some seen experimentally in a ball and plate machine or industrially in a radial ball bearing with insufficient lubricant supply. There is first a discussion on the alteration with time of the oil wake geometry after it has left the conjunction. Then, the computed results mapped the areas of varying concentration between oil and air. They showed an accumulation of oil and vapour forming a reservoir at the inlet to the conjunction. Within it was a vortex attached to the stationary surface, just downstream of which, the main pressure distribution commences. The computed flow patterns were compared with experimental pictures wherever possible. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication with Oil Droplets

In oil–air lubrication, lubricants are supplied in the form of oil droplets to tribo-pairs. Numerical work has been carried out to investigate transient EHL characteristics when a series of oil droplets are entrained along the center line of the contact zone. Results show that the spacing distance between oil droplets is an important parameter for continuous EHL film formation. For oil droplets with the same volume, the effective lubrication time increases first and then decreases as the droplet distance increases. An optimum droplet distance can be found for the maximum effective lubrication time with continuous EHL films. Moreover, entrainment speed, lubricant viscosity and oil/solid interface can also affect the effective lubrication time significantly and change the optimum droplet distance accordingly. Numerical results showed a close correlation to the experiments. This study is useful to basic understanding of lubrication by limited lubricant supply.     

Measurements of Two-Dimensional Distribution of Refrigerant Concentration in EHL Film Using Micro FT-IR and Effect of Variation of Concentration on Oil Film Thickness

The dissolution of refrigerant into a lubricant causes a decrease in viscosity of the oil and it gives a large effect on the lubrication of sliding parts in a refrigerant compressor. This paper describes an application of micro FT-IR to measure the two-dimensional concentration distribution of refrigerant held in solution in the EHL film surrounded by the refrigerant gas and discusses the refrigerant concentration variation in the vicinity of the Hertzian contact area. In order to measure the concentration distribution, an apparatus which can observe the EHL film in a point contact in the refrigerant atmosphere was developed. The refrigerant concentration was measured using micro FT-IR through a CaF₂ window from outside of the apparatus with polyol ester as a base oil in an atmosphere pressurized with HFC-134a refrigerant gas. The results indicate that the concentration of HFC-134a refrigerant reduces in the inlet boost region of EHL contact and the Hertzian contact area but in the side region of Hertzian contact area it is greater than that in the bulk fluid. In addition, the effect of the variation on the oil film thickness is discussed.     

流体动压润滑油膜厚度及油池的荧光测量

基于面接触润滑油膜厚度荧光测量系统,研究润滑油中荧光剂强度与剪应变率的关系,筛选得到适合油膜厚度测量的润滑油和荧光剂的组合,并研究荧光强度和油膜厚度之间的关系。结果表明:R6G荧光剂和PEG400润滑油组合与Coumarin6荧光剂和PAO8润滑油组合的荧光强度不受剪应变率影响,可用于油膜厚度的荧光测量;荧光强度和油膜厚度存在单值线性关系,通过测量荧光强度可以求解油膜厚度。建立接触区周围油膜厚度及油池分布的测量方法,研究载荷和速度对油膜厚度以及接触区周围润滑剂的迁移特性的影响。结果表明:油膜厚度随速度增加而增加,随载荷增加而减小;随着速度增加,滑块入口处油池产生润滑剂堆积,出口处油池出现双侧脊分离,两侧面油池无明显变化;油池的变化是表面力、机械分离力和离心力综合作用的结果。     

Starvation and Reflow in a Grease-Lubricated Elastohydrodynamic Contact

The lubrication mechanisms of a grease in a rolling-element bearing has been studied through the measurement of film thickness in a rolling point contact. To simulate bearing conditions the contact runs under fully starved conditions; there is no attempt to maintain bulk flow of the grease into the inlet using an external supply. In consequence the film thickness drops off rapidly as the contact progressively starves. After a few minutes rolling (at constant speed) an equilibrium film thickness is attained which has two components: a residual film (h_R) comprised of degraded grease thickener and a hydrodynamic component (h_EHD) due to the liquid phase from the grease. The hydrodynamic contribution represents a balance between lubricant lost from the contact and replenishment from the grease close to the track. The ability of the grease to replenish the rolling track has been inferred from measurements of lubricant reflow around the static contact. These results are discussed in light of current starvation and grease lubrication models.     

全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性及其对服役性能影响规律

相比于金属球轴承,全陶瓷球轴承在极端工况下的服役性能更加突出。为了揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,提高全陶瓷球轴承的运转性能与使用寿命,以6208CE氮化硅全陶瓷深沟球轴承为例,对其在油润滑工况下所表现出的摩擦、振动、温升等特性进行试验研究,探讨供油量对全陶瓷球轴承润滑状态的影响,并对试验后的全陶瓷球轴承接触微区表层进行解析。研究发现：全陶瓷球轴承油润滑服役过程中,在某个特定工况下存在一个最佳供油量,使得轴承可实现全膜润滑,从而表现出最好的摩擦、振动、温升等特性;小于最佳供油量时,为乏油状态,轴承接触微区存在油-固混合润滑状态;大于最佳供油量时,过多润滑油液会产生的黏滞阻力;相比于载荷,轴承的转速对最佳供油量的取值具有决定性影响。研究成果对于揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,丰富其润滑理论与方法具有一定指导意义。     

Thin film lubrication of sliding point contacts of AISI 52100 steel

The mechanism of thin film lubrication of sliding point contacts of AISI 52100 steel has been studied as a function of load, sliding speed, composition and temperature of the lubricant.Below certain critical combinations of Hertzian pressure, speed and temperature the surfaces are kept apart by an elastohydrodynamic lubricant film. The load carrying capacity of this film depends primarily on the effective viscosity of the lubricant in the contact region which decreases with bulk oil temperature and with increasing sliding speed, because of friction induced thermal effects. After breakdown of the EHD film, boundary lubrication may still prevent severe adhesive wear. The transition from the boundary lubricated regime towards the regime of severe adhesive wear is a function of load (normal force), speed and bulk oil temperature and possibly depends on the conjunction temperature. Irrespective of the initial lubrication condition, oxidation of the steel surfaces leads to the (re)establishment of low friction, mild wear conditions.     

不同润滑状态下游离水对点接触油润滑润滑性能的影响*

为研究水污染对润滑油性能的影响,通过点接触光干涉试验得到充分供油、轻微乏油及严重乏油3种润滑状态下的油膜光干涉图和膜厚形状曲线,研究游离水对接触区油润滑润滑性能的影响。结果表明:在充分供油条件下,游离水对点接触润滑油膜厚度的影响不大,主要影响中心膜厚;在乏油润滑状态下,游离水对点接触润滑油膜厚度有增益效果;但3种润滑状态下,游离水都会使气穴区边界变得模糊不清,提高了油润滑的弹流润滑性能。     

Die-Workpiece Interfacial Behaviors in Axisymmetric Forging Processes with Flat Dies

A new piezo-viscous, average flow model combined with an advanced slab method is used to investigate the lubrication in axisymmetric forging processes with flat dies. Interactions between lubricant transport and surface roughness are studied. Influence of friction on the outward motion of the workpiece is also considered. It is shown that the lubricant is transported outward in a speed slower than half the surface speed, and the film thickness is smaller than the case of the smooth surface if asperity contact is not severe. However, when asperity contact is pronounced, the lubricant pressure distribution is quite different from the prior research. Mixed lubrication is observed in most of the region where asperity contact occurs. Boundary lubrication can only be found in a narrow area near the workpiece edge.