Influence of the surface modification of a filler on the properties of high‐impact polystyrene composites

A novel technique of surface modification was used to treat nanomodified aluminum trihydrate (nano‐CG‐ATH). The results of the surface modification were characterized with transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The effects of the surface modification on the properties of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites were studied with limiting oxygen index (LOI) and mechanical tests. The dispersion of nano‐CG‐ATH in the HIPS matrix and the interfacial adhesion between them were observed with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrate that the surface of nano‐CG‐ATH was successfully grafted by an organic substance, and the dispersion of treated nano‐CG‐ATH in ethanol was better than that of untreated nano‐CG‐ATH. At high loadings, the mechanical properties and LOI values of the HIPS composites with treated nano‐CG‐ATH were higher than those of the HIPS composites with untreated nano‐CG‐ATH. The dispersion of treated nano‐CG‐ATH in the HIPS matrix was better than that of untreated nano‐CG‐ATH in the HIPS matrix. Also, the interfacial adhesion between the HIPS matrix and treated nano‐CG‐ATH was better than that between the HIPS matrix and untreated nano‐CG‐ATH. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

无卤阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯的研制

研究了纳米改性氢氧化铝（CG-ATH）、改性聚苯醚（MPPO）和红磷母料对高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）的阻燃作用及SBS对所得阻燃材料的增韧作用，得到了具有良好阻燃性能和物理机械性能的复合材料。结果表明，CG-ATH和MPPO与红磷母料之间有很好的协效阻燃作用，配合使用可以使HIPS的垂直燃烧达到FV-0级，氧指数达到27．5％，但是所得复合材料的冲击强度较低。SBS对复合材料有很好的增韧作用，可以使冲击强度提高一倍以上，并且不影响复合材料的阻燃性能。     

Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

This paper is aimed to illustrate the structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant polymers containing expandable graphite (EG). For this purpose, high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) flame retarded by EG individually or in combination with microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) was prepared. The results indicate that the intumescent char from HIPS/EG/MRP composite, which contains a small amount of phosphorus element and more oxygen element, is much more compact and continuous than that from HIPS/EG composite with identical loading of flame retardant due to binding effect of phosphoric acid and its derivatives. The intumescent char produced by HIPS/EG/MRP composite exhibits much enhanced thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability as well as thermal‐insulating effect, which can withstand destruction of heat and oxygen effectively and thus provide a good fire‐proof barrier. The temperature beneath this intumescent char is decreased significantly in case of action by flame. By comparison, the porous and loose intumescent char generated by HIPS/EG composite has poor thermo‐oxidative endurance, and most of it can be consumed in air at high temperature without effective protection for the polymer. This has resulted in remarkable increase in flame retardancy of the HIPS/EG/MRP composite.     

Toughening study of fire‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene

Fire‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) was modified by melt blending with varying amounts of three types of tougheners. The effects of the tougheners on the properties of the fire‐retardant HIPS were studied by mechanical, combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. The morphologies of fracture surfaces and char layers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the impact properties of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)‐containing composites were better than those of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM)‐containing or ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)‐containing composites. The tensile strength and flexural modulus of the fire‐retardant HIPS decreased evidently with the addition of tougheners. It is found that the compatibility between SBS copolymer and HIPS matrix was best among the three types of tougheners. The addition of SBS had little influence on the thermal property, residue, flammability, and morphology of char layer of the fire‐retardant HIPS, but the addition of EPDM rubber or EVA brought adverse influence on the residue, flammability, and morphology of char layer of the fire‐retardant HIPS, especially for EPDM. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氢氧化铝/有机改性蒙脱土复合改性沥青性能研究

采用氢氧化铝(ATH)和两种有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT-C、OMMT-F)对沥青进行阻燃抑烟改性,旨在提高隧道沥青路面的阻燃抑烟性能。通过测试三大指标来评价ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的常规性能,测试极限氧指数(LOI)与烟密度(SDR)来评价其阻燃抑烟性能,利用动态剪切流变(DSR)试验研究其流变性能。基于综合指数法优选出ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的最佳复掺配比,通过热重(TG)试验分析了ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的热解燃烧特性并建立了阻燃性能预测模型。研究结果表明,ATH/OMMT复合阻燃剂提高了沥青的稠度与软化点,降低了沥青的低温性能。当ATH掺量为10%(质量分数),OMMT-C掺量为3%(质量分数)时,复合改性沥青的综合性能最优,其极限氧指数大于23%,符合路用阻燃沥青的标准,同时烟密度相对基质沥青降低了33.9%,初始分解温度较基质沥青提高了3~6 ℃,分解残余量提高率最高可达61.3%。ATH/OMMT-C复合阻燃剂通过阻隔热交换通道提高了沥青的阻燃抑烟性能,通过增加沥青的弹性成分提高了沥青的复数模量与车辙因子,以及高温抗变形能力。     

氢氧化铝表面改性及在高抗冲聚苯乙烯中的应用

选用钛酸酯偶联剂对高性能纳米氢氧化铝(ATH)进行表面改性,以改善其在高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)中的分散性。利用透射电镜(TEM)和傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)表征了高性能纳米氢氧化铝的改性效果,研究了改性条件对高性能纳米氢氧化铝/高抗冲聚苯乙烯复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,在偶联剂质量分数1.5%,改性时间20 min,改性温度85℃的条件下,高性能纳米氢氧化铝/高抗冲聚苯乙烯复合材料的综合性能较好。改性后高性能纳米氢氧化铝的分散性得以有效的改善,其表面确实包覆了偶联剂分子。     

增韧阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯的研制

采用接枝(乙烯/丙烯/二烯)共聚物(EPDM)、K胶、(苯乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯)共聚物(SBS)和粉末丁腈橡胶(NBR)为高分子材料增韧剂,十溴联苯醚和三氧化二锑为阻燃剂,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)为基体树脂通过共混、挤出过程制得增韧阻燃HIPS复合材料。对该复合材料的力学性能、阻燃性能进行测试,分析了该复合材料的微观结构,并讨论了复合材料的增韧机理。结果表明,SBS比其它3种增韧剂的增韧作用明显,并有良好的阻燃效果。     

PLA/BF/ATH阻燃复合材料的性能研究

将氢氧化铝(ATH)作为阻燃剂与聚乳酸(PLA)、竹粉(BF)共混,得到PLA/BF/ATH阻燃复合材料,并对该复合材料的性能进行了测试与表征。结果表明:随着ATH用量的增加,PLA/BF/ATH阻燃复合材料的力学性能有所降低,但复合材料的热稳定性和残炭率相对提高,而且ATH的引入对复合材料燃烧过程中热量和烟气的释放产生了一定的抑制作用;另外,当ATH用量为25 phr时,复合材料具有最佳综合性能。     

硅酮粉协同膨胀阻燃剂阻燃HIPS研究

通过熔融共混制备硅酮粉(GM)协同膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃的高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)复合材料,并通过红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、X射线衍射以及电子拉力机等对材料和残炭进行表征.结果表明:与只加入IFR相比,GM的加入能明显提升阻燃材料的力学性能,改善IFR与HIPS的相容性,有效提高HIPS的阻燃性能.当加入...     

阻燃抑烟型聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料性能研究

采用模压成型法制备了氢氧化铝（ATH）、聚磷酸铵（APP）及APP+ATH阻燃型聚乳酸/竹粉(PLA/BF)复合材料,通过扫描电子显微镜考察了复合材料拉伸断面和燃烧后炭层的微观结构,并对其力学性能、热稳定性能和燃烧性能进行了测试。结果表明,阻燃剂的引入均降低了复合材料的力学性能,但显著提高了热稳定性,600 ℃时复合材料的残炭率分别达到了20.3 %、27.9 %和26.3 %;ATH对复合材料具有显著的抑烟效果,但抑热作用较APP要差,而ATH与APP复合阻燃剂使复合材料兼具较好的抑热作用和抑烟效果。     

动态熔融插层HIPS/蒙脱土复合材料阻燃性能的研究

采用动态熔融法分别制备高冲击强度聚苯乙烯/有机蒙脱土(HIPS/OMMT)复合材料和高冲击强度聚苯乙烯/钠基蒙脱土(HIPS/Na+-MMT)复合材料,利用锥形量热仪测试复合材料的阻燃性能,结果表明:HIPS/OMMT复合材料的热释放速率(HRR)、生烟速率(SPR)、质量损失速率(MLR)等燃烧性能参数均明显降低,表现出较好的阻燃性和抑烟性;Na+-MMT阻燃HIPS与OMMT阻燃HIPS复合材料比较,HIPS/OMMT复合材料的阻燃性明显优于HIPS/Na+-MMT。通过研究复合材料的阻燃性能,结合燃烧残余物的微观结构和宏观形貌分析,探讨了复合材料的阻燃机理。     

Application of a novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant for acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene

A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR), containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide) (PA4T), was prepared to flame‐retard acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS). The flame retardation of the IFR/ABS composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 test. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and TGA coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR) were carried out to study the thermal degradation behavior of the composite and look for the mechanism of the flame‐retarded action. The morphology of the char obtained after combustion of the composite was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found the intumescent flame retardant showed good flame retardancy, with the LOI value of the PA4T/APP/ABS (7.5/22.5/70) system increasing from 18.5 to 30% and passing UL‐94 V‐1 rating. Meanwhile, the TGA and TG‐FTIR work indicated that PA4T could be effective as a carbonization agent and there was some reaction between PA4T and APP, leading to some crosslinked and high temperature stable material formed, which probably effectively promoted the flame retardancy of ABS. Moreover, it was revealed that uniform and compact intumescent char layer was formed after combustion of the intumescent flame‐retarded ABS composite. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯的增韧研究

分别以SBS、EPDM、EVA为增韧剂，研究了它们对阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯物理机械性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明，以SBS为增韧剂所得复合材料的综合性能优于以EPDM或EVA为增韧剂所得复合材料的综合性能；复合材料的冲击强度随SBS用量的增加而增大。当SBS质量分数为18％时，其冲击强度达到10kJ／m^2左右，较未经增韧改性复合材料的冲击强度增加了8kJ／m^2左右，并且SBS的加入不会对复合材料的阻燃性能产生不利影响。     

Study on char reinforcing of different inorganic fillers for expandable fire resistance silicone rubber

Sodium silicate monohydrate (NSH), glass frits (GF) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were incorporated into room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SR) as char reinforcing materials to improve the fire resistance of intumescent flame retardant silicone rubber. SR composites containing only intumescent flame retardant such as phosphorus nitrogen composite flame retardant (NH₂-C) and expandable graphite (EG) were used as comparison samples. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning test (UL-94), flame resistance test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy tests, as well as volume variation and compression strength of char residues were used to discuss the effects of the above-mentioned fillers on the fire resistance, char residue strength and char integrity of SR composites. The results showed that SR composite filled with only intumescent flame retardants EG and NH₂-C had excellent flame retardancy. After adding ATH, the char residue was relatively dense and had good compressive strength, but its thermal insulation performance was reduced. GF or NSH reduced the flame retardancy of SR composites, but it obviously played a role in binding combustion residues, forming new crystals and improving the stability of char residues.     

环保型阻燃低烟高抗冲聚苯乙烯合金

研究了PPO、SBS、EPDM对HIPS的增韧效果,结果表明HIPS/PPO/SBS/EPDM的组成比例为60/30/5/5时,能使HIPS合金悬臂梁缺口冲击强度达到32.8kJ/m^2。通过添加磷系复合阴燃剂,HIPS合金阴燃性能达到FV-0级,烟密度等级67.35,悬臂梁缺口冲击强度10.1kJ/m^2,实现了无卤阴燃;添加对环境友好的溴系复合险燃剂,HIPS合金氧指数可高达32%,具有良好的综合性能。     

Preparation of aluminum hydroxide/aluminum phosphinate flame‐retardant poly(vinyl alcohol) foam through thermal processing

A novel flame‐retardant poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite foam was prepared successfully through thermal processing, which was filled with high content of flame retardant, based on aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) and using water as plasticizer and blowing agent. The flame‐retardant property and mechanism of the prepared foam matrix were studied by vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results showed that the PVA/ATH/AlPi (1/1.2/0.05) composite achieved LOI value of 41% and UL94 V‐0 (3.2 mm) rate. The addition of ATH and AlPi into PVA matrix significantly decreased flammability of the composites, because a more compact and continuous char layer of the PVA/ATH/AlPi composite could be formed, due to the involvement of AlPi in the char‐forming reaction. Compared with the pure PVA sample, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PVA/ATH/AlPi (1/1.2/0.05) composite were reduced by 76.5% and 58.2%, respectively. Built upon this PVA‐based foam matrix with good flame retardancy, the flame‐retardant PVA‐based foam was successfully prepared through thermal extrusion. In addition, the influence of water content on melt viscosity, foam structure and mechanical strength was also analyzed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42020.     

硅酸镁对膨胀型阻燃PE/EVA炭层的影响

将超支化三嗪化合物与多聚磷酸铵构成的膨胀型阻燃剂,用于制备阻燃PE/EVA体系。通过锥形量热仪、TG、FTIR、SEM及X射线衍射能谱等分析,考察了硅酸镁对PE/EVA体系阻燃性能及炭层结构的影响。结果表明,2%的硅酸镁能有效促进成炭过程,提高阻燃性能且无熔滴。与未添加硅酸镁相比,燃烧过程延长,燃烧残余率增大,而且炭层更加致密,氧指数由35%提高到38.5%。此外,硅酸镁的加入对体系的力学性能没有明显影响。     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯/微胶囊红磷/膨胀石墨阻燃材料的制备及性能研究

用熔融混合法制备了高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)/微胶囊红磷(MRP)/膨胀石墨(EG)无卤阻燃材料.用氧指数法、垂直燃烧及热重分析等方法研究了EG/MRP复配阻燃剂对高抗冲聚苯乙烯的阻燃作用,并对阻燃前后的HIPS复合阻燃材料进行了红外分析。结果表明,MRP和EG复配,可以使HIPS的氧指数提高到27%,垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0(1.5 mm);但是MRP与EG之间不存在协同阻燃效应;复配阻燃剂的作用机理为凝聚相阻燃机理,抗滴落剂的加入可以有效阻止材料燃烧时的滴落,提高材料的阻燃级别。     

Effect of rubbers on the flame retardancy of EVA/ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered rubber/nanomagnesium hydroxide ternary composites

Two flame retardant ternary composites of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR)/nanomagnesium hydroxide (MH) were studied in this article. It has been found that carboxyl acrylonitrile butadiene UFPR (CNB‐UFPR) and acrylonitrile butadiene UFPR (NB‐UFPR) have different effect on the flame retardancy of related materials when they are used together with nano‐MH. CNB‐UFPR is in favor of lowering the material's heat release rate during its combustion, while NB‐UFPR benefits the material on the resistance to ignition. Observation on the microstructure of the composites by transmission electron micrograph revealed that the aforementioned two ternary composites have quite different morphology. EVA/CNB‐UFPR/nano‐MH composite exhibits partial encapsulation structure, while EVA/NB‐UFPR/nano‐MH composite has full separation structure. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:479–483, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

热塑性聚氨酯/微胶囊化聚磷酸铵/氢氧化铝复合材料的制备及性能研究

通过溶胶?凝胶法制备了硅凝胶微胶囊化聚磷酸铵（MAPP）,并通过红外光谱仪（FTIR）、热重分析仪（TG）对MAPP进行了表征;采用熔融共混技术将氢氧化铝（ATH）和MAPP加入到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体（TPU）中,制备出系列阻燃热塑性聚氨酯弹性体（TPU/FR）复合材料,并通过TG、微型量热计（MCC）研究了TPU/FR的热稳定性和燃烧行为。结果表明,在ATH与MAPP总含量为20 %（质量分数,下同）的情况下,相对于TPU/FR1（20 % ATH）复合材料,ATH与MAPP含量分别为5 %、15 %,10 %、10 %和15 %、5 %的TPU/FR复合材料在700 oC下的残炭量分别由16.7 %提高到29.7 %、25.1 %和20.9 %;热释放容量（HRC）分别从327.1 J/（g·K）降低到154.2、164.2和170.1 J/（g·K）;对比TPU/FR2（20 % MAPP）复合材料,TPU/FR4（15 % ATH,5 % MAPP）炭渣的致密性和石墨化程度显著提高,表明ATH与MAPP复合具有显著的阻燃协同作用。